P. L. Travers | |
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| Born | Helen Lyndon Goff (1899-08-09)9 August 1899 Maryborough,Colony of Queensland, British Empire |
| Died | 23 April 1996(1996-04-23) (aged 96) Chelsea, London, England |
| Resting place | St Mary the Virgin's Church,Twickenham, London |
| Pen name | Pamela Lyndon Travers |
| Occupation |
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| Genre | Children's literature, fantasy |
| Notable works | Mary Poppins book series |
| Children | 1 |
Pamela Lyndon TraversOBE (/ˈtrævərz/TRAV-ərz; bornHelen Lyndon Goff; 9 August 1899 – 23 April 1996) was an Australian-born British writer who spent most of her career in England.[1] She is best known for theMary Poppins series of books,[2] which feature theeponymousmagical nanny.
Goff was born inMaryborough, Queensland, and grew up in theAustralian bush before being sent to boarding school in Sydney. Her writing was first published when she was a teenager, and she also worked briefly as a professionalShakespearean actress. Upon emigrating to England at the age of 24, she took the name "Pamela Lyndon Travers" and adopted the pen nameP. L. Travers in 1933 while writing the first of eightMary Poppins books.
Travers travelled to New York City duringWorld War II while working for theBritish Ministry of Information. At that time,Walt Disney contacted her about selling toWalt Disney Productions the rights for a film adaptation ofMary Poppins. After years of contact, which included visits to Travers at her home in London, Walt Disney obtained the rights and the filmMary Poppins premiered in 1964.
In 2004, astage musical adaptation of the books and the film opened in theWest End; it premiered onBroadway in 2006. A film based on Disney's efforts to persuade Travers to sell him theMary Poppins film rights was released in 2013,Saving Mr. Banks, in which Travers is portrayed byEmma Thompson. In a 2018 sequel to the original film,Mary Poppins Returns, Poppins, played byEmily Blunt, returns to help the Banks family once again.
Helen Lyndon Goff, also known as Lyndon, was born on 9 August 1899 inMaryborough, Queensland, Australia, at her family's home,[3] which was the upstairs manager's residence at a bank in the city's "Central Business District (CBD)".[4] This bank building, theAustralian Joint Stock Bank Building, Maryborough is on theQueensland State Heritage Register.[5]
Her mother, Margaret Agnes Goff (née Morehead), was Australian and the niece ofBoyd Dunlop Morehead,Premier of Queensland from 1888 to 1890.[citation needed] Her father, Travers Robert Goff, was unsuccessful as a bank manager owing to his alcoholism, and was eventually demoted to the position ofbank clerk.[6] The two had been married on 9 November 1898, nine months before Helen was born.[3] The name Helen came from a maternal great-grandmother and great-aunt. Although she was born in Australia, Goff considered herself Irish and later expressed the sentiment that her birth had been "misplaced".[7]
As a baby she visited her great aunt Ellie inSydney for the first time; Ellie would figure prominently in her early life,[7] as Goff often stayed with her.[8] Goff lived a simple life as a child, given a penny a week by her parents as well as occasional other gifts. Her mother was known for giving Goff maxims and instructions while she loved "the memory of her father" and his stories of life in Ireland. Goff was also an avid reader, later stating that she could read at three years old, and particularly enjoyingfairy tales.[9]
The family lived in Maryborough until Goff was three years old, when they relocated toBrisbane in 1902. Goff recalled an idealised version of her childhood in Maryborough as an adult. In Brisbane, Goff's sister was born.[10] In mid-1905 Goff went to spend time with Ellie in Sydney.[11] Later that year, Goff returned and the family moved toAllora, Queensland.[12] In part because Goff was often left alone as a child by parents who were "caught up in their own importance", she developed a "form of self-sufficiency and [...had an] idiosyncratic form of fantasy life", according to her biographer Valerie Lawson, often pretending to be a mother hen—at times for hours.[13] Goff also wrote poetry, which her family paid little attention to. In 1906 Goff attended the Allora Public School.[14] Travers Goff died at home in January 1907. Lyndon would struggle to come to terms with this fact for the next six years.[15]
Following her father's death, Goff, along with her mother and sisters, moved toBowral, New South Wales, in 1907. In Bowral she attended the local branch of theSydney Church of England Girls Grammar School as a day student.[16] From 1912 Goffboarded atNormanhurst School inAshfield, a suburb ofSydney. At Normanhurst, she began to love theatre. In 1914 she published an article in theNormanhurst School Magazine, her first, and later that year directed a school concert. The following year, Goff played the role ofBottom in a production ofA Midsummer Night's Dream. She became aprefect and sought to have a successful career as an actress.[17][18] Goff's first employment was at theAustralian Gas Light Company as a cashier.[19] Between 1918 and 1924 she resided at 40 Pembroke Street,Ashfield.[20] In 1920 Goff appeared in her firstpantomime.[21] The following year she was hired to work in aShakespearean Company run byAllan Wilkie based in Sydney.[22]
Goff had her first role in the troupe as Anne Page in a March 1921 performance ofThe Merry Wives of Windsor. She decided to go by the stage name of "Pamela Lyndon Travers", taking Travers from her father's name and Pamela because she thought it a "pretty" name that "flowed" with Travers.[23] Travers touredNew South Wales beginning in early 1921 and returned to Wilkie's troupe in Sydney by April 1922. That month, in a review of her performance asTitania inA Midsummer Night's Dream, a critic forFrank Morton'sTriad wrote that her performance was 'all too human'.[24]
The troupe travelled to New Zealand, where Travers met and fell in love with a journalist forThe Sun. The journalist took one of Travers' poems to his editor and it was published in theSun. Even after she left New Zealand Travers continued to submit works to theSun, eventually having her own column called "Pamela Passes: theSun's Sydney Letter". Travers also had work accepted and published by publications including theShakespeare Quarterly, Vision, andThe Green Room. She was told to not make a career out of journalism and turned to poetry.The Triad published "Mother Song", one of her poems, in March 1922, under the name "Pamela Young Travers".The Bulletin published Travers' poem, "Keening", on 20 March 1923, and she became a frequent contributor. In May 1923 she found employment at theTriad, where she was given the discretion to fill at least four pages of a women's section—titled "A Woman Hits Back"—every issue. Travers wrote poetry, journalism, and prose for her section; Lawson notes that "erotic verse andcoquetry" figured prominently.[25] She published a book of poetry,Bitter Sweet.[26]
On 9 February 1924, Travers left Australia for England, settling in London.[27] She only revisited Australia once, in the 1960s. For four years she wrote poetry for theIrish Statesman,[19] beginning while in Ireland in 1925 when Travers met the poetGeorge William Russell (who wrote under the name "Æ") who, as editor of theStatesman, accepted some of her poems for publication. Through Russell, whose kindness towards younger writers was legendary, Travers metW. B. Yeats,Oliver St. John Gogarty and otherIrish poets who fostered her interest in and knowledge of worldmythology.[28]
After visitingFontainebleau in France, Travers metGeorge Ivanovich Gurdjieff, anoccultist, of whom she became a "disciple". Around the same time she was taught byCarl Gustav Jung in Switzerland.[19] In 1931, she moved with her friend Madge Burnand from their rented flat in London to athatched cottage in Sussex.[6] There, in the winter of 1933, she began to writeMary Poppins.[6] During the 1930s, Travers reviewed drama forThe New English Weekly and published the bookMoscow Excursion (1934).Mary Poppins was published that year with great success. Many sequels followed.[19]
During the Second World War, Travers worked for theBritish Ministry of Information, spending five years in the US, publishingI Go by Sea, I Go by Land in 1941.[19] At the invitation of her friendJohn Collier, theUS Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Travers spent two summers living among theNavajo,Hopi andPueblo peoples, studying their mythology and folklore.[29][30] Travers moved back to England at the end of the war, where she continued writing.[19] She moved into 50 Smith Street,Chelsea, London, which is commemorated with an English Heritageblue plaque. She returned to the US in 1965 and becamewriter-in-residence atRadcliffe College from 1965 to 1966 and atSmith College in 1966 and lecturing atScripps College in 1970.[19][31] She published various works and editedParabola: the Magazine of Myth and Tradition from 1976 to her death.[19]
As early as 1926, Travers published a short story, "Mary Poppins and the Match Man", which introduced the nanny character of Mary Poppins and Bert the street artist.[32][33] Published in London in 1934,Mary Poppins, the children's book, was Travers' first literary success. Seven sequels followed, the last in 1988, when Travers was 89.[34]
While appearing as a guest onBBC Radio 4's radio programmeDesert Island Discs in May 1977, Travers revealed that the name "M. Poppins" originated from childhood stories that she contrived for her sisters, and that she was still in possession of a book from that era with this name inscribed within.[35] Travers's great aunt, Helen Morehead, who lived inWoollahra,Sydney, and used to say "Spit spot, into bed," is a likely inspiration for the character.[36][37]
Themusicalfilm adaptationMary Poppins was released byWalt Disney Pictures in 1964. Primarily based on the original 1934 novel of the same name, it also lifted elements from the 1935 sequelMary Poppins Comes Back. The novels were loved by Disney's daughters when they were children, and Disney spent 20 years trying to purchase the film rights toMary Poppins, which included visits to Travers at her home in London.[38] In 1961, Travers arrived in Los Angeles on a flight from London, her first-class ticket having been paid for by Disney, and finally agreed to sell the rights, in no small part because she was financially in dire straits.[39] Travers was an adviser in the production, but she disapproved of the Poppins character in its Disney version; with harsher aspects diluted, she felt ambivalent about the music and she so hated the use of animation that she ruled out any further adaptations of the series.[40] She received no invitation to the film's star-studded première until she "embarrassed a Disney executive into extending one". At the after-party, she said loudly, "Well. The first thing that has to go is the animation sequence." Disney replied, "Pamela, the ship has sailed".
Travers so disliked the Disney adaptation and the way she felt she had been treated during the production that when producerCameron Mackintosh approached her years later about making theBritish stage musical, she acquiesced only on conditions that British writers alone and no one from the original film production were to be directly involved.[41][42] That specifically excluded theSherman Brothers from writing additional songs for the production. However, original songs and other aspects from the 1964 film were allowed to be incorporated into the production.[43] Those points were even stipulated in her last will and testament.[44][45]
In the 1977 interview on the BBC'sDesert Island Discs, Travers remarked about the film, "I've seen it once or twice, and I've learned to live with it. It's glamorous and it's a good film on its own level, but I don't think it is very like my books."[46][47]
The 2013 filmSaving Mr. Banks is a dramatised retelling of both the working process during the planning ofMary Poppins and of Travers's early life, drawing parallels withMary Poppins and that of the author's childhood. The film starsEmma Thompson asP. L. Travers andTom Hanks asWalt Disney. Thompson considered it the most challenging of her career because she had "never really played anyone quite so contradictory or difficult before",[48] but found the complicated character "a blissful joy to embody".[49]
In 2018, 54 years after the release of the original Mary Poppins film, a sequel was released titledMary Poppins Returns, withEmily Blunt starring as Mary Poppins. The film, in which Mary Poppins returns to help Jane and Michael one year after a family tragedy, is set 25 years after the events of the first film.
Travers was reluctant to share details about her personal life, saying she "most identified with Anonymous as a writer" and asked whether "biographies are of any use at all".Patricia Demers was allowed to interview her in 1988 but not to ask about her personal life.[19]
Travers never married.[19] Though she had numerous fleeting relationships with men throughout her life, she lived for more than a decade with Madge Burnand. They shared a London flat from 1927 to 1934, then moved to Pound Cottage nearMayfield, East Sussex, where Travers published the first of theMary Poppins books. Their relationship, in the words of one biographer[who?], was "intense", but equally ambiguous.
At the age of 40, two years after moving out on her own, Travers adopted a baby boy from Ireland whom she named Camillus Travers. He was the grandchild ofJoseph Hone, the first biographer ofGeorge Moore andW. B. Yeats, who was raising his seven grandchildren with his wife. Camillus was unaware of his true parentage or the existence of any siblings until the age of 17, when Anthony Hone, his twin brother, came to London and knocked on the door of Travers's house at 50 Smith Street, Chelsea.[clarification needed] He had been drinking and demanded to see his brother. Travers refused and threatened to call the police. Anthony left but, soon after, following an argument with Travers, Camillus went looking for his brother and found him in a pub onKing's Road.[50][51] Anthony had been fostered and raised by the family of the essayistHubert Butler in Ireland. Through Camillus, Travers had three grandchildren.[52]
Travers was appointedOfficer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the1977 New Year Honours. The investiture ceremony took place later that year atBuckingham Palace, with theDuke of Kent standing in for QueenElizabeth II. She died in London on 23 April 1996 at the age of 96.[53] She is buried at St Mary the Virgin's Church,Twickenham, London.[54] Although Travers never fully accepted the way the Disney film version ofMary Poppins had portrayed her nanny figure, the film did make her rich.[55] Her estate was valued for probate in September 1996 at £2,044,708.[56]
Travers' birthplace and childhood home in Maryborough is now a museum dedicated to her legacy, called The Story Bank.[4] There is also an annual Mary Poppins festival in Maryborough, celebrating the city's connection to Travers.[57]
In 2018, acrater on the planetMercury was named in her honour.[58]
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