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Pallene (moon)

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Moon of Saturn

Pallene
Discovery
Cassini image of Pallene transiting Saturn on October 16, 2010
Discovered by	Voyager 2 (first discovery) Cassini Imaging Team^[1]
Discovery date	June 1, 2004 (second discovery byCassini-Huygens)
Designations
Designation	Saturn XXXIII
Pronunciation	/pəˈliːniː/^[2]
Named after	ΠαλλήνηPallēnē
Alternative names	S/1981 S 14 (first discovery) S/2004 S 2 (second discovery)
Adjectives	Pallenean/pæləˈniːən/^[3]
Orbital characteristics^[4]
Epoch 20 June 2004 (JD 2453177.5)
Semi-major axis	212300 km^[5]
Eccentricity	0.004^[5]
Orbital period (sidereal)	1.009549 d^[5]
Inclination	0.1810°±0.0014° (to Saturn's equator)
Satellite of	Saturn
Group	Alkyonides
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	5.76 × 4.16 × 3.68 km (± 0.14 × 0.14 × 0.14 km)^[6]^: 2
Mean diameter	4.46±0.14 km^[6]^: 2
Volume	46.5 km³^[a]
Mass	(1.15±0.40)×10¹³ kg^[6]^: 3
Meandensity	0.251±0.075 g/cm³^[6]^: 3
Surface gravity	0.011–0.016 mm/s²^[6]^: 3
Escape velocity	0.0007 km/s at longest axis to 0.0009 km/s at poles
Synodic rotation period	synchronous
Axial tilt	zero

Pallene/pəˈliːniː/ is a very smallnatural satellite ofSaturn. It is one of three small moons known as theAlkyonides that lie between the orbits of the largerMimas andEnceladus. It is also designatedSaturn XXXIII.

Discovery

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Pallene was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Team in 2004, during theCassini–Huygens mission.^[7]^[8] It was given the temporary designationS/2004 S 2. In 2005, the name Pallene was provisionally approved by the IAU Division III Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature,^[9] and was ratified at the IAU General Assembly in 2006. The name refers toPallene, one of theAlkyonides, the seven beautiful daughters of thegiant Alkyoneus.

After the discovery in 2004, it was realized that Pallene had been first photographed on August 23, 1981, by the space probeVoyager 2. It had appeared in a single photograph and had been provisionally namedS/1981 S 14 and estimated to orbit 200,000 km from Saturn.^[10] Because it had not been visible in other images, it had not been possible to compute its orbit at the time, but recent comparisons have shown it to match Pallene's orbit.^[4]

Orbital characteristics

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Pallene is visibly affected by a perturbing mean-longitude resonance with the much larger Enceladus, although this effect is not as large as Mimas's perturbations onMethone. The perturbations cause Pallene'sosculating orbital elements to vary with an amplitude of about 4 km in semi-major axis, and 0.02° in longitude (corresponding to about 75 km). Eccentricity also changes on various timescales between 0.002 and 0.006, and inclination between about 0.178° and 0.184°.^[4]

Ring

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In 2006, images taken in forward-scattered light by theCassini spacecraft enabled the Cassini Imaging Team to discover a faint dust ring around Saturn that shares Pallene's orbit, now named thePallene Ring.^[11]^[12] The ring has a radial extent of about 2,500 km. Its source is particles blasted off Pallene's surface by meteoroid impacts, which then form a diffuse ring around its orbital path.^[13]^[14]

Exploration

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Pallene's crescent illuminated bySaturnshine, imaged byCassini on 14 September 2011

TheCassini spacecraft, which studied Saturn and its moons until September, 2017, performed a fly-by of Pallene on 16 October 2010, and 14 September 2011 at a distance of 36,000 kilometers (22,000 miles) and 44,000 kilometers respectively.^[15]

Notes

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^Calculated from Pallene's volume-equivalent sphere radius of2.23±0.07 km given by Thomas et al. (2020)^[6]^: 2

References

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Citations

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^Cassini Imaging Team.
^Noah Webster (1884)A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
^"JPL (ca. 2008)Cassini Equinox Mission: Pallene". Archived fromthe original on 2016-04-12. Retrieved2020-03-05.
^^a ^b ^cSpitale Jacobson et al. 2006.
^^a ^b ^c"Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters".Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved5 June 2023.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fThomas & Helfenstein 2020.
^IAUC 8389.
^Porco Baker et al. 2005.
^IAUC 8471.
^IAUC 6162.
^IAUC 8759.
^CICLOPS 2006,Moonmade Rings.
^JPL/NASA: Creating New Rings.
^Hedman et al., 2009.
^"Cassini Tour Event Summary – Planned Observations of Small Satellites".Planetary Atmospheres Node. Planetary Data Services. Retrieved31 March 2022.

Sources

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"Cassini Imaging Science Team". Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for OPerationS. Archived fromthe original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved2012-01-01.
"Moonmade Rings". Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for OPerationS. October 11, 2006. Archived fromthe original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved2012-01-01.
Green, Daniel W. E. (April 14, 1995)."Possible Satellites of Saturn".IAU Circular.6162. Retrieved2012-01-01.
Green, Daniel W. E. (August 16, 2004)."S/2004 S 1 and S/2004 S 2"(discovery).IAU Circular.8389: 1.Bibcode:2004IAUC.8389....1P. Retrieved2012-01-01.
Green, Daniel W. E. (January 21, 2005)."S/2004 S 1 and S/2004 S 2"(naming the moon).IAU Circular.8471. Retrieved2012-01-01.
Green, Daniel W. E. (October 11, 2006)."Rings of Saturn (R/2006 S 1, R/2006 S 2, R/2006 S 3, R/2006 S 4)".IAU Circular.8759: 1.Bibcode:2006IAUC.8759....1P. Retrieved2012-01-01.
Hedman, M. M.;Murray, C. D.; Cooper, N. J.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Beurle, K.; Evans, M. W.; Burns, J. A. (2008-11-25). "Three tenuous rings/arcs for three tiny moons".Icarus.199 (2):378–386.Bibcode:2009Icar..199..378H.doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.11.001.ISSN 0019-1035.
"NASA Finds Saturn's Moons May Be Creating New Rings".Cassini Solstice Mission. JPL/NASA. October 11, 2006. Archived fromthe original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved2012-01-01.
Porco, C. C.; Baker, E.; Barbara, J.; Beurle, K.; Brahic, A.; Burns, J. A.; Charnoz, S.; Cooper, N.; Dawson, D. D.; Del Genio, A. D.; Denk, T.; Dones, L.; Dyudina, U.; Evans, M. W.; Giese, B.; Grazier, K.; Helfenstein, P.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Jacobson, R. A.; Johnson, T. V.; McEwen, A.; Murray, C. D.; Neukum, G.; Owen, W. M.; Perry, J.; Roatsch, T.; Spitale, J.; Squyres, S.; Thomas, P.; Tiscareno, M. (February 25, 2005). "Cassini Imaging Science: Initial Results on Saturn's Rings and Small Satellites".Science.307 (5713):1226–1236.Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1226P.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.368.2642.doi:10.1126/science.1108056.PMID 15731439.S2CID 1058405.
Spitale, J. N.; Jacobson, R. A.; Porco, C. C.; Owen, W. M. Jr. (2006)."The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic andCassini imaging observations".The Astronomical Journal.132 (2):692–710.Bibcode:2006AJ....132..692S.doi:10.1086/505206.
Thomas, P. C. (July 2010)."Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission"(PDF).Icarus.208 (1):395–401.Bibcode:2010Icar..208..395T.doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-12-23. Retrieved2015-09-04.
Thomas, P. C.; Burns, J. A.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Hedman, M. M.; et al. (2013)."Saturn's Mysterious Arc-Embedded Moons: Recycled Fluff?"(PDF).44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. p. 1598. Retrieved2013-05-21.
Thomas, P. C.; Helfenstein, P. (July 2020). "The small inner satellites of Saturn: Shapes, structures and some implications".Icarus.344: 20.Bibcode:2020Icar..34413355T.doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.06.016.S2CID 197474587. 113355.

External links

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Media related toPallene at Wikimedia Commons
Pallene Profile byNASA's Solar System Exploration

Moons of Saturn

Listed in approximate increasing distance from Saturn

Ring moonlets

Ring shepherds

Alkyonides

Large moons
(withtrojans)

Inuit group (36)

Kiviuq subgroup (20)	S/2023 S 1 S/2019 S 1 S/2004 S 54 S/2004 S 55 S/2020 S 11 S/2019 S 22 Kiviuq S/2023 S 2 S/2019 S 23 S/2020 S 12 S/2005 S 4 S/2019 S 25 S/2020 S 1 Ijiraq S/2019 S 24 S/2007 S 10 S/2019 S 26 S/2020 S 13 S/2023 S 6 S/2023 S 7
Paaliaq	Paaliaq
Siarnaq subgroup (15)	S/2004 S 31 S/2023 S 19 S/2023 S 3 S/2020 S 19 Tarqeq S/2019 S 14 Siarnaq S/2019 S 32 S/2020 S 3 S/2005 S 6 S/2019 S 6 S/2004 S 58 S/2006 S 23 S/2020 S 5 S/2023 S 22

Gallic group (17)

Albiorix
S/2020 S 15
Bebhionn
S/2007 S 8
Saturn LX
S/2019 S 29
S/2023 S 18
S/2023 S 17
S/2007 S 11
Erriapus
S/2019 S 31
Tarvos
S/2020 S 4
S/2019 S 34
S/2005 S 7
S/2006 S 12
S/2004 S 24

Norse group (197)

Low-inclination (12)	S/2023 S 38 Skathi S/2020 S 17 S/2023 S 20 S/2023 S 30 Hyrrokkin Narvi S/2019 S 37 Bestla S/2019 S 11 S/2020 S 27 S/2023 S 46
Kari subgroup (15)	S/2006 S 1 S/2004 S 45 S/2023 S 27 S/2006 S 3 S/2023 S 33 S/2020 S 30 Kari Geirrod S/2019 S 17 S/2019 S 19 S/2019 S 18 S/2004 S 21 S/2004 S 36 S/2019 S 20 S/2006 S 29
Mundilfari subgroup (143)	S/2023 S 50 S/2023 S 9 S/2004 S 56 S/2023 S 8 S/2023 S 11 S/2006 S 21 S/2006 S 22 S/2023 S 13 S/2023 S 10 S/2023 S 12 S/2007 S 5 S/2007 S 7 S/2004 S 37 S/2004 S 47 S/2004 S 40 S/2020 S 14 S/2019 S 27 S/2023 S 14 S/2020 S 16 S/2023 S 16 S/2019 S 3 S/2020 S 7 S/2019 S 28 Skoll S/2019 S 30 S/2023 S 21 S/2023 S 4 S/2020 S 18 S/2020 S 2 S/2019 S 4 S/2020 S 20 S/2004 S 41 S/2004 S 57 S/2006 S 24 S/2004 S 42 S/2023 S 15 S/2023 S 24 S/2004 S 13 S/2007 S 6 S/2019 S 35 S/2006 S 25 Mundilfari S/2006 S 26 S/2019 S 33 S/2023 S 23 S/2020 S 21 S/2004 S 43 S/2006 S 10 S/2019 S 5 S/2023 S 25 S/2004 S 59 S/2006 S 27 Gridr Bergelmir Jarnsaxa S/2023 S 44 S/2020 S 22 S/2004 S 44 Hati S/2004 S 17 S/2004 S 12 S/2020 S 23 Eggther S/2023 S 28 S/2023 S 37 S/2023 S 26 S/2019 S 36 S/2006 S 13 S/2023 S 48 S/2023 S 29 S/2007 S 9 Farbauti S/2019 S 9 S/2023 S 32 S/2020 S 24 Aegir S/2019 S 10 Beli S/2023 S 31 S/2020 S 25 S/2023 S 34 S/2023 S 39 S/2019 S 12 S/2004 S 61 S/2006 S 14 S/2023 S 40 Gunnlod S/2019 S 15 S/2020 S 6 S/2020 S 26 S/2023 S 41 S/2004 S 7 S/2005 S 5 S/2006 S 16 S/2023 S 49 S/2006 S 15 S/2023 S 42 S/2004 S 28 S/2020 S 32 S/2020 S 8 S/2020 S 28 S/2019 S 38 S/2004 S 48 S/2023 S 36 S/2023 S 35 S/2020 S 29 Fenrir S/2004 S 50 S/2006 S 17 S/2004 S 49 S/2020 S 34 S/2020 S 31 S/2023 S 43 Surtur S/2006 S 18 S/2020 S 36 Loge S/2020 S 33 S/2004 S 39 S/2019 S 16 S/2004 S 53 S/2023 S 45 Thiazzi S/2020 S 38 S/2020 S 40 S/2019 S 40 S/2019 S 42 Saturn LXIV S/2020 S 39 S/2019 S 41 Fornjot S/2023 S 47 S/2004 S 51 S/2020 S 10 S/2020 S 42 S/2020 S 9 S/2023 S 5 S/2020 S 41 S/2019 S 21 S/2004 S 52 S/2020 S 43 S/2019 S 43 S/2020 S 44
Phoebe subgroup (27)	Phoebe S/2006 S 20 S/2006 S 9 S/2007 S 2 S/2019 S 2 Greip Suttungr S/2004 S 60 S/2007 S 3 S/2006 S 11 S/2019 S 7 S/2019 S 8 Thrymr S/2004 S 46 Angrboda Gerd S/2019 S 13 Skrymir S/2006 S 28 Alvaldi Ymir S/2020 S 35 S/2020 S 37 S/2019 S 39 S/2006 S 19 Saturn LVIII S/2019 S 44

v t e Saturn
Outline
Geography	Dragon Storm Great White Spot Saturn Electrostatic Discharges Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings
Moons	S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Inuit group Kiviuq Paaliaq Siarnaq Gallic group Albiorix Norse group Phoebe
Astronomy	Delta Octantis Saturn-crossing minor planets Solar eclipses on Saturn
Exploration	Cassini–Huygens (Huygens) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2
Related	Fiction The Day the Earth Smiled In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)
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