| Palio di Legnano | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Also called | Il Palio |
| Observed by | Legnano, Italy |
| Type | Historical |
| Significance | To commemorate thebattle of Legnano (29 May 1176) |
| Celebrations | Medieval pageant for the streets of Legnano;horse race between theeightcontrade legnanesi at theStadio Giovanni Mari |
| Observances | Vigil ofAribert's cross; solemnMass officiated on theCarroccio; religious investiture of the captains of the Contrade legnanesi; blessing of horses and jockeys taking part in the horse race |
| Date | Last Sunday in May |
| 2024 date | May 26 (2024-05-26) |
| 2025 date | May 25 (2025-05-25) |
| 2026 date | May 31 (2026-05-31) |
| 2027 date | May 30 (2027-05-30) |
| Frequency | Annual |
| First time | 1935 |
| Related to | Regional feast of Lombardy; feast of saints Sisinnio, Martirio and Alessandro |
ThePalio di Legnano (Italian:[ˈpaːljodileɲˈɲaːno]; known locally simply asIl Palio) is atraditional event generally held on the last Sunday of May in the city ofLegnano, Italy, to recall theBattle of Legnano held on 29 May 1176 by theLombard League and theHoly Roman Empire ofFrederick Barbarossa.[1] ThisPalio is composed by amedieval pageant and ahorse race. Until 2005 the whole event was namedSagra del Carroccio.[2]
Legnano is subdivided intoeightcontrade, each of which takes part both in the medieval pageant and in the horse race held at thestadio Giovanni Mari. This is considered one of the most important non-competitive events of this type in Italy. In 2003 the historic pageant was shown at theColumbus Day inNew York City.[3]
A lot of Palio-centric events take place in Legnano during May and July, such as the choral exhibitionLa Fabbrica del Canto '(The factory of singing)' born in 1992 from an idea of the musical association Jubilate.[4] In 2015, institutions made 29 May a holiday for the whole ofLombardy.[5]
The earliest documented commemorations of thebattle of Legnano (29 May 1176) betweenFrederick Barbarossa and theLombard League took place on 28 May 1393 inMilan in thebasilica of San Simpliciano.[6][7] In the document, which consists of a four-page decree issued by thepodestà, thevicar and theDodici di provvisione of the municipality of Milan,magistrates of the city were required to prepare a solemn procession to complete the civil ceremony which should have been concluded at basilica of San Simpliciano;[7] at the time every civil celebration was in fact accompanied by a religious function.[7] On this occasion it was decreed that on 29 May, the date of the battle of Legnano, it would be a day of civil and religious festivities throughout the Milanesecountryside.[6]
In 1499, with the occupation of theDuchy of Milan by theFrench Army, the festivity was first suppressed,[6] then restored by St.Charles Borromeo in 1596, and finally suspended again from 1784.[7][8] On 29 May he returned to being commemorated during theItalian unification as a symbol of the Italians' struggle against the foreign invader.[9] The most important commemorations were those of 29 May 1848 in Milan during therevolutions of 1848, which took place solemnly in thebasilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan, and those of 1876 in Milan and Legnano on the occasion of the 7th centenary of the battle.[9] For the 7th centenary of the battle, more than 40,000 people from all over Italy and 197 banners representing all theprovinces andmunicipalities of theItalian peninsula came to Legnano.[10]
In Legnano, from the following years, on the wave of the celebrations of the 7th centenary, commemorations of the battle were occasionally organized by the population.[11] The turning point came on 29 June 1900 with the inauguration of theMonument to the Warrior of Legnano byEnrico Butti, who replaced a previous statue made for the 7th centenary of the battle by Egidio Pozzi: from this date the official celebrations of the battle were transferred from Milan to Legnano, with the people of Legnano who began to remember the military battle on an annual basis.[12] The monument was built at the behest ofGiuseppe Garibaldi: on 16 June 1862, during a visit to Legnano at the invitation of the mayor of Legnano Andrea Bossi,[13] Garibaldi gave a speech urging the people of Legnano to erect a monument in memory of the famous battle of 29 May 1176:[13]
[...] We care little about the memories of patriotic events; Legnano lacks a monument to ascertain the value of our ancestors and the memory of our connected fathers, who managed to beat foreigners as soon as they understood each other. [...][a]
— Giuseppe Garibaldi
As for the religious celebration at the basilica of San Simpliciano in Milan, still in the 21st century, on the last Sunday of May, the battle of 29 May 1176 is remembered with a procession and a religious function which includes the vigil of a copy of the cross ofAribert: a delegation from the city of Legnano and itscontrade also participates in this celebration.[10]
The first proposal to organize an event with the contribution of the municipal administration of Legnano was hypothesized in 1926 by Carlo De Giorgi, journalist and local exponent of theNational Fascist Party.[14] De Giorgi, founder of the local periodicalLo Specchio, tried to put this idea into practice to commemorate the 750th anniversary of the battle, which fell in 1926.[15]
This idea was not followed because of the too high cost of organizing the event, which was estimated at 50,000lire, an amount judged excessive even by Fabio Vignati, thenpodestà of Legnano and then head of the municipal administration,[b] as well as a person attentive to the history of Legnano and often generous, even economically, towards cultural initiatives.[14][15]
The estimated 50,000 pounds included 35,000 pounds to be used to pay the loan for 400 medieval clothes, and 15,000 pounds for horses destined for horse racing and for the oxen that should have pulled the copy of theCarroccio.[15] This would have been a very conspicuous economic commitment: by comparison, to completely restore thebell tower of thebasilica of San Magno, Legnano, again in 1926, 48,000 lire was spent.[15]
The first event officially organized by the town authorities of Legnano, which took place in 1932, was still on the initiative of Carlo De Giorgi.[12][16] This time the purpose of organizing a demonstration to commemorate the battle of Legnano followed because the political climate had changed in the meantime: fascism, for some time, had been busy stimulating the birth of events that celebrated national pride even with the giving of important funding.[16] One of these events was the battle of Legnano, where the Italian troops of the Lombard League defeated the German armies of theHoly Roman Empire, ending the hegemonic dream of the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa onNorthern Italy.[17]
This event, which was called "Festa del Carroccio" and which this time had the full support of the municipal administration, included a gastronomic fair set up in the modern Via Diaz and Matteotti, amedieval pageant through the streets of Legnano and ahorse race that came organized at the local sports field Brusadelli (built as a sports center for thedopolavoro of the Cotonificio Dell'Acqua,[18] now it is named after Pino Cozzi, historical president of theUnione Sportiva Legnanese[19]) and which did not end due to the death of a jockey, a teenager of only 15 years untrained to the races, who fell from his horse and was killed instantly.[2][14][20] With the Festa del Carroccio, it then passed from austere and solemn civil celebrations to a folkloristic and sporting show, although not lucky, at least in its first edition, due to the misfortune mentioned.[21]
As a result of the tragedy that struck the young jockey, in the years immediately following, the horse race was not repeated, without prejudice to the organization of the other events, which continued to take place even later.[14][21] The tencontrade that were to participate in the first edition of the Palio di Legnano (1935) were established in 1932 on the occasion of the Festa del Carroccio:[22] Ponzella, Olmina, San Bernardino, Legnarello, San Martino, Sant'Erasmo, Sant'Ambrogio, San Domenico, La Flora and San Magno, with the last eight still taking part in the modern event.[18]
The Palio di Legnano, in its modern version, was organized for the first time on 26 May 1935 among the tencontrade mentioned above, later reduced to eight.[17][23] The palio was born then during the fascist era, in a historical context in which the state authorities were committed to coercively promote all aspects related toItalian nationalism, recalling, where necessary, the events that marked thehistory of Italy in a victorious way.[17] Referring to the first edition of the palio, the fascist hierarchRino Parenti wrote:[24]
[...] to the men of New Italy the value and the heroism of the ancient warriors. [...][c]
— Rino Parenti referring to the Palio di Legnano
In the first pre-war editions, the victory at the palio was not determined only by thehorse race, but also by three other competitions: afoot race, abicycle race and anautomobile competition.[21] Thecontrade were then assigned a score for each placement in the four specialties, whose sum proclaimed the winner of the palio.[18] The first edition of the horse race, which was held in 1935, was won by the Contrada San Domenico, followed by Legnarello and La Flora.[18] The debut of the Legnano palio was a success, both in the public and in the organization, so much so that tourists from other Italian cities also attended.[18]
The name of the jockey who won the first edition of the horse race, Vittorio Ciapparelli, is however disputed by Franco Marini, formerly Grand Priory of the Contrada San Domenico and eyewitness of the 1935 horse race: Marini claims that the competition was actually won by a horse without jockey previously led by Pierino Ramolini, an event that was resumed and transmitted, according to the former Grand Prior of the Contrada San Domenico, by thenewsreelLuce.[25] However, Marini's thesis is contradicted by official sources that report, as the name of the victorious jockey, that of Ciapparelli.[26] This contradictory information is due to the fact that in the first editions the horse race was not considered of primary importance compared to the other events of the event, so much so that its first roll of honor was only compiled in 1938:[26] just on this first edition of the list of winners of the horse race the name of Vittorio Ciapparelli is reported.[26]
The first edition of the horse race was held at the sports field Brusadelli, while later the race was moved to the citystadium in Via Pisacane, where it is still organized.[27] The transfer to the city stadium was not the only novelty of that year: from thecanapo (the front rope)[d] it was passed to the starting belts, and thebareback riding was replaced by the mount with thesaddle.[28] Thecanapo was then reintroduced in 1952 to then be replaced by ribbons in the following year, while from 1961 to 1963 the departure of the horses was decreed by the opening of cages.[29] In 1963 the starting ribbons were reintroduced, which were replaced in 1974, this time definitively, by thecanapo.[30]
Already from the second edition (1936) the name of the event changed into "Sagra del Carroccio":[2] this was due to a direct order byBenito Mussolini, which forced the organizers of the event to change the name of the event in such a way that the term "palio" was associated, exclusively, with the homonymousmanifestation of Siena.[2] On 5 June 1935, shortly after the end of the first edition of the event,Galeazzo Ciano,undersecretary of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy with responsibility for the Press and Propaganda, sent a telegram to theprefect ofMilan, immediately forwarded to the prefectural commissioner of Legnano, which reported the following order:[18]
[...] For obvious reasons the Duce has established that the palio denomination is reserved for the traditional Sienese event and that the Legnano one is instead called "Sagra del Carroccio". [...][e]
— Galeazzo Ciano, 5 June 1935
For the 1936 edition the organizing committee made an effort to make the palio more evocative: thecontrade were the main protagonists in the organization and the soldiers of the 3rd Regiment "Savoia Cavalleria" of Milan were involved in themedieval pageant, where they played theCompany of Death.[18] The second edition of the event was attended by other soldiers of theItalian Armed Forces stationed in Legnano as part of the historic procession.[18] In 1936 the historiccontrade were reduced to nine, with the suppression of the Contrada Ponzella, a number that fell to eight in 1937, with the suppression also of the Contrada Olmina.[18] The popular and qualitative growth of the event continued to progress also in the following years, above all as regards the parade, which gradually became more and more suggestive.[23]
In 1937 it was officially decided to cadence the Sagra del Carroccio every year: on this occasion thecontrade endowed themselves with peculiar colors and a banner, while important personalities of the city life were put at the head of the historicalcontrade; it is from this edition that the competition between thecontrade began to spread.[18] Three official committees were then set up for the organization of the event: the actual organizing committee, pertaining to the after-work of municipal employees, which was dedicated to the general aspects, and two specific committees dealing respectively with the artistic-cultural aspects and those purely administrative.[18]
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The Sagra del Carroccio was interrupted after the 1939 edition: the organizers did not want to irritate theGerman ally with a demonstration that called for an Italian military victory over German armies.[23] This sentiment was also shared by the upper echelons, and therefore all the celebrations of the date of May 29 that were held on the national territory were suspended.[31] The 1939 edition was attended by the princes ofHouse of Savoy, some military and civilian personalities of Milan and the representatives of the municipalities that had once coalesced in the Lombard League.[23][31] This edition was a great success, both among the citizens ofLegnanese and among tourists, so much so that it is remembered as one of the most successful palios.[31] Due to the suspension of the event, the copy of the cross byAribert, coveted palio of the horse race, was kept in thechurch of Sant'Erasmo, a religious building of reference for the homonymouscontrada that won in 1939, for more than ten years.[31]
The Sagra del Carroccio was not resumed until May 1952 on the initiative of theFamiglia Legnanese (non-profit cultural association based in Legnano), theprovost of the city and the municipality of Legnano, this time totally detached from the political significance imposed by the fascist regime before the war;[32][17] the funds needed to hold the palio were made available by the municipal administration and a loan from theBanca di Legnano.[32] Anacleto Tenconi, then mayor of Legnano, recalled those moments:[32]
In the context of new feelings and aspirations we returned to the search for ancient traditions, which re-created a historical identity, reigniting a dignity and a pride, which had fallen asleep during the disastrous war events. In truth, the memory of the Sagra del Carroccio, although set aside, had never been extinguished. [...] The initiative was somewhat reckless and difficult [...] several Legnanesi were reluctant to accept the resumption of the event, given its pre-war origin of the fascist period, having the fear that the restoration of the Sagra del Carroccio could cause political conflicts. But in the end the supporters of the recovery prevailed.[f]
— Anacleto Tenconi
As already mentioned, with thefall of the Fascist regime in Italy and the end of the second world war, the political connotations that had so characterized the prewar editions were eliminated from the event.[32][17] The Sagra del Carroccio, in addition to the historical sense that recalls the famous battle, also acquired a meaning linked to that important and heartfelt moment of celebration of the city - with thecontrade ideally gathered around the Carroccio - which is still valid today.[34]
With the resumption of the organization of the event, the duration of the celebrations passed from one to two weeks and then evolved, over time, to a whole month, the so-called "Maggio Legnanese".[35][36]
Since 1954 the Legnano palio has officially been counted among the Italian historical events;[32] in the same year a representation of the protagonists of the Sagra del Carroccio, together with eleven other delegations of historic Italian events, was invited to theColombian celebrations which were organized in Genoa from 3 to 15 October.[37]
In the following year the "College of captains andcontrade" was established, whose function is still to coordinate the activities, actions and intentions of the samei.[32] Thanks to the work of the college, thecontrade played an increasingly important role in the palio.[32] Since 1955 the organizing committee of the Palio di Legnano has been formed by this college, the municipality of Legnano and theFamiglia Legnanese.[32]
The 1955 horse race was suspended and not attributed to a disputed start due to an error by one of the judges of the competition,[38][39] while that of the following year was poisoned by controversy due to another error by the judges who - without thephoto finish - they qualified for the final San Martino instead of Sant'Erasmo.[40]
In 1959 a monumental fountain was carved in front of thechurch of Santissimo Redentore in the Contrada Legnarello, on which the coats of arms of thecontrade and the most important symbols of the palio were carved.[32][37] The same year, on 19 May 1959,Pope John XXIII granted a private audience in thethrone room to the mayor of Legnano as the supreme magistrate of the palio, to the captains of thecontrade and to a representative of theFamiglia Legnanese.[32][37]
The editions of the 1950s of the Sagra del Carroccio were also successful in the media: in 1952 the Legnese demonstration had the honor of appearing on the covers ofLa Domenica del Corriere andGrazia magazine while, in the same year, the satirical magazineCandido placed part of acomic story byGiovannino Guareschi at the Sagra del Carroccio which had among its protagonistsStalin,Palmiro Togliatti,Pietro Nenni andNilde Iotti.[41] In this decade a greater involvement of the civil society in the Legnano area and of the municipalities that had once coalesced in the Lombard League was also decided.[37]
The financing of these editions, as well as from the municipality of Legnano, which used the proceeds obtained from tickets sold to attend the horse race, came from theprovince of Milan and from private subjects such asCariplo, Banco Lariano and Banca di Legnano: the latter, in the 1990s, it became one of the sponsors of the palio.[36]
In 1960 a curious thing happened: a "strike" by some jockeys, who did not reach the economic agreement with their contrade to participate in the palio, despite the pressing negotiations that lasted almost until the horse race, caused the defection, to the last moment, of four of them.[40] Each jockey was therefore obliged to run for twocontrade.[14]
In 1961 the captains of thecontrade of Legnano had an official meeting with thearchbishop of MilanGiovanni Battista Montini, future Pope Paul VI.[42] The horse race of 1961 was the only one in which a female jockey participated, Cucca Felli, a young horsewoman fromCasorate Sempione, who ran for the Contrada San Magno fighting for the victory until the middle of the race.[14][43] Also in 1961, a copy of the Carroccio used in the Legnese demonstration took part in the historical procession organized inTurin on the occasion of the 100thanniversary of the unification of Italy.[42]
In 1962 a fundamental event took place for the palio: in that year the medieval pageant was completely reorganized, with the quality of the costumes which grew considerably.[32][36] Moreover, the costumes, and their realization, became specific of the Sagra del Carroccio; until 1962 many of them were borrowed from subjects external to the Legnese demonstration: most of the clothes came from theLa Scala theater in Milan, where they were mostly used in the operaLa battaglia di Legnano byGiuseppe Verdi.[44][45]
In 1969 the armory room was added to the headquarters of the Contrada San Bernardino.[46] On this occasion the furniture was also changed, which from a Spartan became valuable, with furniture that recalled the medieval style.[46] This seat of the Contrada San Bernardino was the first "manor",[g] in the modern sense of the term, of acontrada of Legnano.[46] Such were the importance and the peculiarity, that his photos were printed for years on the brochures and leaflets.[46]
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In 1970 a striking fact occurred which caused quite a stir.[14] Giuseppe Gentili, known asCiancone, jockey of the Contrada La Flora, was convinced by twocontrada members of San Bernardino to go toParma to a restaurant to have a lunch before the race.[14] After the meal, the three returned to Legnano late for thehorse race.[14] The jockey of La Flora could not therefore participate in the race, and invented a mysterious abduction carried out by thecontradaioli of San Bernardino.[14] The police then discovered the deception and arrested the jockey for a false complaint.[14]
From 1971, in the horse race, thesaddle was abolished with the return to the obligation, on the part of the jockeys, of thebareback riding, a type of mount that had characterized the first editions of the palio.[14][47] This return to the past led to the participation of the famous jockeys who already ran thePalio di Siena and thePalio di Asti at the horse race at the Sagra del Carroccio.[14] Among them we must certainly mentionAndrea Degortes (calledAceto),Leonardo Viti (calledCanapino),Salvatore Ladu (calledCianchino),Mario Cottone (known asTruciolo) andAntonello Casula (calledMoretto).[14] In 1974 thecanapo (the front rope)[14] was reintroduced for the start of the horse race.
In 1972 an unknown hand set fire to the manor of the Contrada San Domenico, which destroyed the headquarters of thecontrada and all that was inside it, such as the weapons and clothes of the medieval pageant.[48] Of all the preserved material only a velvet masculine garment escaped from the fire, which is still exhibited at the museum of thecontrada.[48]
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The 1976 edition of the palio was special: the 8th centenary of the battle of Legnano was celebrated.[45] On this occasion, specific cultural, sporting, artistic and historical events were organized as a corollary to the main event.[45] The captains of thecontrade of Legnano were the protagonists, on 2 and 3 April, of a ride reminiscent in period costume whose path wound between Legnano andPontida, site of the legendaryOath of Pontida that saw, according to tradition, the birth of theLombard League:[45] the itinerary, 70 km long, was divided into two stages, with an intermediate overnight stay on the night of 2 April inside theRoyal Villa of Monza.[49] In the same year a second cavalcade of the captain was prepared, this time destined for theMorimondo Abbey.[45] The Carroccio used in the Palio di Legnano and the copy of the cross byAribert were brought, on May 14, with a solemn ceremony, to the Basilica of San Simpliciano in Milan.[49] In the following years the captains repeatedly recalled the stages of the battle of Legnano going back along the descent of Frederick Barbarossa in theOlona valley, a descent that was the premise for the famous armed clash of 29 May 1176.[45]
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In 1976 it was also organized, at theArena Civica inMilan, an extraordinary palio, which was won by San Magno; this event was heralded by a historic parade through the streets of the Lombard capital, from theSforza Castle to the Arena Civica, which consisted of 600 participants.[38][45][50] Saturday, May 29, the 8th centenary was solemnly celebrated in Legnano with a procession that left fromPalazzo Malinverni, thecity hall, and arrived at themonument to the Warrior of Legnano.[51] The celebration ended then at theGalleria di Legnano.[50] The 1976 Sagra del Carroccio was particularly solemn and was accompanied by an important public setting: along the streets of Legnano in fact 50,000 people congregated.[52] ThePresident of the Italian RepublicGiovanni Leone was unable to be in Legnano to attend the event due to some commitments.[52] However, the head of state sent a message:[52]
[...] The memory of this great historic event is an opportunity to renew not only the memory of the struggles for the independence of the free medieval municipalities, but also to reaffirm the civil and democratic commitment of our republican institutions. [...][h]
— Giovanni Leone, President of the Italian Republic
The horse race of 1977, won by the Contrada Sant'Erasmo, was not assigned due to some heated arguments that occurred at the end of the race between the jockeys of thecontrade of San Bernardino, La Flora and San Magno. The Contrada Sant'Erasmo, which could have struck four consecutive victories, in protest, did not participate in the next edition of the palio.[38]
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In 1980 a second extraordinary palio was organized, this time to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the "college of the captains and thecontrade", which was then won by San Martino.[38] Also on this occasion, to commemorate this anniversary, many special events were organized that were preparatory to the actual palio.[51] Moreover, thecontrade became comparable to real associations, being endowed with a statute that still describes their prerogatives in detail; this change was necessary because with the passing of the decades the activities of the historicalcontrade had widened more and more: the life of thecontrade therefore had to be regulated with greater precision.[51] The strengthening of the pride of belonging to one's own historicalcontrada and the intensification of rivalry between thecontrade[51] is also of these years. The latter, starting from this decade, began to purchase the manors that housed them at their own expense and began to set up the museums of thecontrada.[51] In addition, the process of improving the quality of the costumes of the medieval pageant continued, which became increasingly sought after and of a higher quality.[51]
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The 1981 final was run twice due to the arrival in perfect equality of San Domenico and San Bernardino, so much so that it was not possible to establish the winner even at the photo finish. A further final was then reduced to these twocontrade and disputed over a course of three laps of the field, where San Domenico won[53]
In 1983 a representative delegation of the palio was invited toKonstanz,Germany, for the commemoration of the 8th centenary of thehomonymous peace treaty, epilogue of the struggle betweenFrederick Barbarossa and theLombard League, while the 1984 edition of the horse race was the only one to be postponed due to adverse weather conditions; the horse race was then run the following Sunday.[38] The medieval pageant, on the other hand, did not take place.[51] Also in 1984 a representative of the Legnanese event was invited by theSicilian Region to the "Festival of the almond tree in bloom" ofAgrigento.[45]
In 1985 the Carroccio used in the palio was completely rebuilt according to criteria more similar to those of the original medieval cart which was used in thebattle of Legnano thanks to the consultation of sources of the time, who managed to provide detailed information on its characteristics;[54] both the materials and the construction techniques used to make the new copy of the Carroccio traced those dating back to the Middle Ages.[54] Craftsmen and specialized companies were involved in the construction of the new symbolic cart.[54] The new Carroccio were then applied eight panels bearing the coats of arms of thecontrade of Legnano.[55] This new wagon, which has dimensions 2.60 x 5.40 x 6 m, is fully functional and plays a unique, symbolic and historical role.[56]
Since 1986 the role of the municipal administration in the organization of the Palio di Legnano in importance: in fact, that year the institution of theCavaliere del Carroccio ("Carroccio knight"), which is appointed by the supreme magistrate, or by the mayor of Legnano on the proposal of the college of captains and of theFamiglia Legnanese, and which still characterizes the Palio di Legnano.[45] In other words, the command of organizing the palio passed to the municipality of Legnano, which began to exercise it through a steering committee.[57] In addition, the budget and the final balance of the event, as well as the detailed program of the event, starting from that date, began to be previously approved by theMunicipal council: the economic accounts, in particular, were included in the budget of the municipality of Legnano.[57]
This change was necessary to link to the Sagra del Carroccio ajuridical person to whom to associate the administrative, financial and penal responsibilities of the event.[57] Being the protagonist of the municipality, the civil society of the city of Legnano was increasingly involved in organizing the event: from associations toItalian Armed Forces stationed in Legnano, from parishes to companies, from traders to craftsmen.[58]
Until 1987 the performance of the flag wavers was also part of the Legnanese event: they were eliminated from the program because they were not historically contextualised.[59] The flag-wavers, in fact, appeared a few centuries after the battle of Legnano.[59] However, having entered the collective mind of the people of Legnano in 2016, their reintroduction into the official program of the Legnano race was decided.[60]
A unique event in the history of the Palio di Legnano that concerns a jockey and that happened in 1987 caused a sensation: the disqualification for life of the jockey Mario Cottone, known asTruciolo, due to his participation, together with somecontradaioli of San Martino, in an expedition punitive in the manor of Legnarello occurred on the evening of the eve of the palio.[61]
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It was the 1990s who discovered the greatest development of the Sagra del Carroccio.[45] In this decade the so-called "Maggio Legnanese" was overcome, that is the series of events linked to the palio that were organized only during this month of the year: starting from this decade, the events began to be prepared also in other periods of the year, enriching the program of the event with many other types of events, so as to give the Sagra del Carroccio a much wider breath.[45]
In 1990 the "Permanent commission of costumes" was founded, which deals with the conformity of the material used in themedieval pageant with respect to the invoice of the weapons, the clothes and the hairstyles used in the 12th century; this committee was officially included in the palio regulation in 1995.[45][62] In its first years of activity the permanent commission of the costumes did a job of improvement of the clothes wearing by the figurants of thecontrade, to then pass to a role of supervision and consultancy.[63]
In 1991 a delegation from the Sagra del Carroccio formed by about a hundred representatives was invited to theFête de la Renaissance inLyon,France, during which they paraded in costume through the city streets of the transalpine city, reproducing the historical procession of the Palio di Legnano.[64] The following year a delegation from the city of Lyon and itscontrade, calledles Pennones de Lion, attended the Sagra del Carroccio.[64]
Since 1992, at the behest of the college of captains and thecontrade, a veterinary commission has been active which closely follows the development of the horse race and deals with the medical fitness ofhorses; in the event of an accident of the latter, a local veterinary clinic intervenes and immediately takes care of injured animals.[14] Furthermore, this commission has been provided with ample decision-making powers, so much so that it can decree the immediate exclusion from the tender of a horse considered unsuitable.[65] From 1992[45] it also finds space, among the events linked to the Palio,La Fabbrica del Canto, an internationalchoral music event born in 1992 from an idea of the musical association Jubilate.[66] From 1993, within the Sagra del Carroccio, exhibitions and conferences on theMiddle Ages began to be prepared.[45]
Given the recognized quality of the material used during the historic parade, in 1995 an exhibition was organized within theMuseo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, concerning the display of the clothes, ornaments and weapons of the medieval pageant of the Palio di Legnano.[67] In 1996 the theme parade was introduced: eachcontrada participates in the historical procession showing a particular aspect of the Middle Ages (war, work, music, etc.).[45][68] In 1997, a theater workshop was added to the events linked to the palio.[45] In May 1998 a cavalcade in medieval costume was organized of the captains of thecontrade, whose route ran from Legnano to the monastery ofCairate, a place where Barbarossa stayed the night before the battle.[50]
In 2002, the historic Palio parade in Legnano was also revived atColumbus Day inNew York City.[69] In the same year, theHouse of Savoy, or the ruling dynasty in Italy from 1861 to 1946, officially granted the title of "sovereign" to the Contrada La Flora.[70] For the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the college of captains andcontrade, in 2005, another extraordinary palio was played, the so-called "palio d'Onore".[71]
In 2006 the event returned to its official name "Palio di Legnano".[2] The 2006 edition was instead suspended and not attributed due to an invasion of the Contrada San Domenico; the "college of magistrates of the palio", in addition to not assigning the 2006 edition, made a fine of 10,000 euros in the Contrada San Domenico, disqualifying it for the 2007 edition.[38]
The 2009 edition of the horse race was instead the first to be disputed on the sand.[38] In 2015 the palio was decided by thephoto finish between heated controversy: Sant'Ambrogio and Legnarello arrived almost in a draw, and therefore technology was used, which decreed the victory of the latter.[72] Because of the controversies that have arisen, since 2016 the regulation of the palio for photo finishing has changed: the latter can be used only if requested by the finishing judge, by the Cavaliere del Carroccio and by at least one of the three magistrates.[73]
Theeight contrade of Legnano are:[74]
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Contrada La Flora
Contrada Legnarello
Contrada San Bernardino
Contrada San Domenico
Contrada San Magno
Contrada San Martino
Contrada Sant'Ambrogio
Contrada Sant'ErasmoEach of the eight contrade has a regency formed by a "captain", a "great prior" and a "chatelaine".[2][75] The captains of the eight historical contrade are gathered in the college of captains and contrade, which was founded in 1955[32] and which has the function of coordinating the activities, actions and intentions of the same.[76] This college, which is presided over by the "grand master of the college of captains and contrade", is located within theVisconteo Castle of Legnano.[76]
The antagonism and the competition between the contrade are very much felt, with a strong goliardic component and particularly in the period of the year in which the palio is organized,[75][77] without prejudice to the strong mutual respect that leads to reciprocal aid in the organization of the event as in the case, for example, of the frequent exchanges of the material used in the parade.[78] To avoid the pranks, which are frequent near the date of the palio, the horses that will participate in the horse race, on the eve of the latter, are hidden in a secret place and cared for by the Contrada members.[79]
There are two contrade that have an additional title in the name; San Magno has in its name the term "Noble", which derives from the territory of thecontrada, which includes the historic center of Legnano, and from the fact that since ancient times, within the confines of thecontrada, there are several noble families lineage,[80] while La Flora boasts the title of "sovereign", an attribution granted by theHouse of Savoy in 2002.[70]
During the year the contrade organize parties, cultural and historical events, as well as folkloristic and charitable events.[2][75] In the first decades of existence of the event, their headquarters were frequented only during the previous month at the palio, but with the passing of the years the activities of the contrade experienced a constant phase of growth that led the historicalcontrade to diversify the initiatives, with the organization of the latter taking place throughout the year.[75] The contrade were often protagonists, even financially, in the restoration of historic buildings in thecontrada, such as the churches to which thecontrade refer.[81]
Of great attraction is the propitiatory dinner on the eve, which is organized the evening before the palio and which is greeted by the contrada decked out for a party, attended by hundreds ofcontrada members and the jockey who will race the horse race.[75][77]
The contrade are located in the so-calledmanieri ("manors"); sometimes the manors, which are the property of the contrade, are housed in ancient Lombard courts, that is to say in buildings particularly linked to the territory, especially to that of the historicalcontrada of which they are the seat.[75]
The manors house all the activities of the contrada as well as the costumes, weapons and ornaments of themedieval pageant, the memorabilia and the banners - both of the present and of the past - as well as the documentary archive of thecontrada.[77][82][83]
Contrada Olmina
Contrada PonzellaIn the first years in which the Palio di Legnano was disputed there were also the contrade of "Ponzella" and of "Olmina", which were incorporated, respectively, by San Bernardino and La Flora (in 1936) and by Legnarello (in 1937); they were merged in the 1930s because at the time the neighborhoods to which they referred were not very inhabited, and therefore had great difficulty in financially supporting the participation in the palio.[82]
The banners of the two suppressed contrade still participate in the medieval pageant of the Palio di Legnano: in particular, they follow the banner of thecontrade to which they have been annexed, supplies of their armed escort.[84][85]
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The reasons that induce Legnanesi to organize the palio annually with great profusion of efforts and means - including financial ones - are expressed in Article 1 of the regulation of the event, which reads:[86]
[...] The Palio di Legnano is the historical re-enactment of the battle of Legnano which is celebrated every year in order to enhance the ideals of freedom and autonomy of the municipalities. The Palio di Legnano is the culminating moment of the cultural activity and social aggregation of the citycontrade. [...][i]
— Article 1 of the regulation of the Palio di Legnano
The organization of the palio, structured in this way since 1986,[45] or since his leadership passed to the municipal administration,[87] is led by the palio committee, which is composed of the "supreme magistrate", the "Cavaliere del Carroccio", from the "grand master of the college of captains and thecontrade", from the president of theFamiglia Legnanese, from the "great priors" and other members who are representing theMunicipal council, theFamiglia Legnanese and the college of captains andcontrade.[87][88] The supreme magistrate, who is the mayor of Legnano, decrees, through a public tender, the official start of the palio.[82][89]
Then there is the "board of magistrates of the palio", which is formed by the grand master of the college of captains and thecontrade, by the president of theFamiglia Legnanese and by the supreme magistrate, who chairs the sessions.[87][88] This body has the function of resolving disputes between thecontrade.[87] Finally, to make sure that the ceremonial of the event is scrupulously observed, the college of magistrates of the palio and the Cavaliere del Carroccio, having consulted the palio committee, appoint two masters of ceremonies who come from thecontrade and join the official master of ceremonies of the municipality of Legnano.[90]
The Cavaliere del Carroccio, who holds the role of executive director of the organization of the palio, is appointed by the supreme magistrate after hearing the president of theFamiglia Legnanese and the grand master of the college of the captains and thecontrade.[88] A very important task of the Cavaliere del Carroccio is to name themossiere (or the starter horse race).[88][91] Until 1985 the functions of the Cavaliere del Carroccio were attributed to the president of the Sagra del Carroccio.[92]
In the pre-World War II editions the organizational aspects were very different, given that they were strongly conditioned by political power.[82] There was a council of the palio, which was formed by the political and military authorities of the fascist regime, by an assembly made up of the captains of thecontrade, or by those who still hold the historiccontrade, and by a so-called "Magistrate", which was a collegial body consisting of two members appointed by the beam secretary and the podestà of Legnano.[93] From 1952, when the organization of the palio was resumed after the pause due to the war events of the World War II, the preparation of the event was entirely left to theFamiglia Legnanese.[94] This situation lasted until 1986 when, as already mentioned, the organization passed to the municipal administration.[87]
The Palio di Legnano has a ceremonial including some important events that are preparatory to themedieval pageant and thehorse race.[95] The first of these is the "translation" of the cross ofAribert from the religious building of reference of thecontrada that has conquered the previous edition of the palio, to the main church of Legnano, thebasilica of San Magno.[45] Shortly after, the supreme magistrate, or the mayor of Legnano, officially listed the palio with a public tender:[45][96]
[...] You gentlemen have been summoned by me to listen to the reading of the announcement, by which We, the supreme magistrate of the palio, declare open the historic competition between thecontrade of Legnano. The gentlemen will now receive a copy of the announcement, they will post it in their manors, they will spread it between the priory and the people of theircontrade. [...][j]
— Announcement of the Palio di Legnano
Then there is the civil investiture of the captains of thecontrade, which once took place on the day of the patron saint of the city,St. Magnus (5 November),[45] but which since 2008 has been moved near the palio to provide this event better visibility.[97] The text of the oath of the captains before the magistrates of the palio states.[96]
By the will of mycontrada I assume the office of captain for the year of the Lord[current year] and in the name of our patron saints I promise loyalty to the colors of thecontrada and loyalty to the magistrates of the palio.[k]
— Oath of the captains during the ceremony of their civil investiture
Subsequently, thecontrade officially join the palio, an event that is preceded by the solemn presentation of the regencies of the same.[45] These events are heralded by the following speech by the Supreme Magistrate:[98]
[...] You gentlemen were summoned by me last April to hear and receive the announcement, through which we, the supreme magistrate of the palio, declared the competitions open between thecontrade of the city for the conquest of the cross of Aribert. We are here with our approval to wait for their Lords to register theircontrade, to present the captains, the chatelaines and the esquires. We will accept the registrations and give the "money" in order that everything is done as per consecrated tradition . [...][l]
— Speech by the Supreme Magistrate announcing the inscription of thecontrade and the presentation of their regencies
Then, on the third Friday of May, the vigil of the cross ofAribert takes place in the basilica of San Magno, in which the representatives of thecontrade participate;[45] this religious ceremony is characterized by a very precise liturgy, with specific sacred readings and songs.[99]
The preparatory events continue atPalazzo Malinverni, the city hall, on the morning of the day of the race, on the last Sunday of May, with the surrender of honors by the grand priors, the captains and the chatelaines to the supreme magistrate and the representatives of the municipalities once coalesced in the Lombard League which annually appear in Legnano on the day of the palio.[100] The ceremonial then continues with the oath of the representatives of thecontrade before the copy of the cross of Aribert, with which the protagonists of the palio promise, similarly to what was done by the soldiers of the Lombard League before the battle of Legnano, unity and fidelity in name of freedom.[100]
The ceremonial continues with a solemnMass officiated on theCarroccio, on the occasion placed in San Magno Square, in front of the main entrance of the basilica and next to Palazzo Malinverni.[45] After this sacred rite,doves are freed in memory of the famous legend told byGalvano Fiamma: the latter claimed that, during the battle of Legnano, three doves had settled on the antenna of the Carroccio causing the defeat of Frederick Barbarossa after leaving the burials of saints Sisinnio, Martirio and Alessandro (the so-called "holy martyrs", which are celebrated on May 29[101]) at thebasilica of San Simpliciano in Milan.[102] The ceremony concludes with the religious investiture of the captains and the blessing of the horses and jockeys that will take part in the horse race.[95][103]
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In the afternoon of the day of the palio, shortly before the horse race, amedieval pageant is held on the streets of the city which consists of more than 200 horses and 1,000 figures inmedieval costumes whose clothes, shields, weapons, etc., scrupulously reflect those of the12th century.[104][105] Thecontrade, whose registration to the horse race is optional, are instead obliged to participate in the horse show with a maximum number of one hundred and ten participants and sixteen horses.[106] All the horses used in the parade are led by hand by expertgrooms.[106]
As already mentioned, the clothes used in the first decades of the events came from theLa Scala inMilan, where they were mostly employed in the operaLa battaglia di Legnano byGiuseppe Verdi.[44] However, these dresses were designed for this lyric opera, and therefore their style was greatly influenced by Verdi'sromanticism, so as to have aRenaissance rather thanRomanesque style, that is the shape corresponding to the historical era in which the battle of Legnano was fought.[44] The clothes used from 1962 onwards are instead commissioned by the regency of eachcontrada to specialized artisan tailors.[105]
With the choice of creating an autonomous clothing collection, it was decided to focus on the 50 years before and half a century after the famous armed clash of 29 May 1176.[44] Extensive studies were then carried out in order to be able to make clothes that conformed as closely as possible to the styles used in this historical period: in particular, the collection of sculptures created byBenedetto Antelami, a contemporary artist at the battle of Legnano who made a large number of statues, works that are very rich in details, especially clothes.[44] The finds preserved inside theVatican Museums, the Great Museum of the Duomo of Milan and in other exhibition spaces scattered throughout the Italian peninsula,Germany andFrance were also precious.[44]
As already mentioned, the conformity that the material of the parade must have with the historical knowledge concerning the military and civil life of the 12th century is controlled by the permanent commission of customs.[62] This commission, which consists of three experts of national caliber appointed by the organizing committee and two representatives percontrada,[107] was established in 1990 by the college of captains and thecontrade.[62]
The parade begins with the processions of the individualcontrade, which from their manor head into the city center for the actual parade.[108] The latter opens with a procession formed by the bands of municipalities that were once coalesced by theLombard League.[109] Their members wear the uniform of the belonging musical body and carry the banner of their own municipality (the one in Legnano closes this part of the procession).[109][110] The type of music played is military in nature.[109]
The central part of the parade consists of figurants from thecontrade who are dressed in medieval clothes.[109] Each historicalcontrada passes by following a specific theme; thecontrada that closes this part of the procession is the one that won the palio of the previous year,[111] while the others parade, starting from the head of the procession, in increasing order of victories[106]).[112] At the same number of victories, the farthest from the show's head is the one with the most recent latest victory.[106] The subjects represented by theeightcontrade, which were introduced in 1996 to better represent the medieval atmosphere, are,[45][95] are:[109]
Contrada La Flora: war; Contrada Legnarello: strength and work; Contrada San Bernardino: the triumph for the capture of weapons; Contrada San Domenico: the commoners and the games; Contrada San Magno: the nobility and the clergy; Contrada San Martino: music and dance; Contrada Sant'Ambrogio: the courtiers; Contrada Sant'Erasmo: astrology and hunting.Themedieval pageant through the city streets ends with the passage of theCarroccio pulled by six whiteoxen and by the transit of its armed entourage which is formed, among other things, by the figurants who interpret thechivalry of theCompany of Death.[109] The procession winds through the streets of Legnano to finish at thestadio Giovanni Mari,[113] occasionally decorated with a medieval-style setting.[114]
On the Carroccio there is a copy of the cross ofAribert (coveted palio of the horse race), an altar and the "martinella", or from the bell which in medieval times had the function of recalling the soldiers around the wagon.[112] Themartinella is made to sound inside the stadium at the end of the parade, after the pigeons have freed themselves in flight, recalling for the second time the aforementioned legend told by Galvano Fiamma.[106] On the Carroccio there are nine figures, three with religious clothes and six with civilian clothes impersonating musicians, being provided withclarets.[106]
In 2000 the originalmartinella of the Battle of Legnano was identified: it was kept on the bell tower of the hermitage of Sant'Alberto di Butrio diPonte Nizza, in theprovince of Pavi, inLombardy.[115] In the same year in which it was made, it was paraded in the medieval pageant of the Sagra del Carroccio.[112]
Other highly symbolic moments are planned inside the stadium.[108] Initially the representatives of the armed forces present in Legnano (Carabinieri,Polizia di Stato,Guardia di Finanza andlocal police) parade, followed by the civic gonfalons of the municipalities that had once coalesced in theLombard League, the flags of theMetropolitan City of Milan and theLombardy Region, then the banners of the Milanese associations pass in procession and finally thegonfalon of Legnano parades; the latter then honors the authorities and other municipal banners.[108]
The Legnano banner was paraded and the honors given to the other municipal banners and to the authorities, after theflag-raising of the Italian flag and the performance ofIl Canto degli Italiani byGoffredo Mameli andMichele Novaro, the Italiannational anthem since 1946,[114] entered the stadium the representatives of thecontrade, strictly in alphabetical order, with thecontrada that won the last palio that closes this part of the procession;[108] then enters the Carroccio pulled by six white oxen and the group of figurants, once formed by youngconscripts stationed in the disused Legnanese barracks of theItalian Army, who impersonate the armed squad that defended this military chariot during the battle of Legnano; this phase of the palio is closed with the entry of the figurants who interpret theCompany of Death.[108]
At this point of the event the representatives of thecontrade move to the center of the stadium and solemnly pay honor to the Carroccio.[116] During the ceremony the chancellor pronounces these words:[117]
29 May 1176 - 29 May[current year]. Roll the drums! Arm yourself in defense! Ground the colours! Dames on your knees! Captains, to arms! HONORS TO THE CARROCCIO![m]
Immediately after the honors surrendered to the Carroccio the flight of the doves takes place, which is accompanied by the ringing of themartinella and by the sound of the clarions of the musicians of the Carroccio.[117] Shortly after the supreme magistrate decrees, after drawing lots, the eliminatory batteries of the horse race.[117] All the protagonists of this phase therefore leave the field in order to allow the figurants of the Company of Death, just before the horse race, to re-propose thecharge that was made, according to legend, by the military team led byAlberto da Giussano in the final stages of the battle of Legnano.[118][119]
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The culminating moment of the palio is thehorse racing withbareback riding which, as already mentioned, takes place in the city stadium. The race, in which theeight historiccontrade participate, is disputed in the late afternoon of the last Sunday of May.[1][112]
The horse race, which takes place on sandy terrain, begins with two eliminatory heats, each of which takes in fourcontrade.[1][112][116] In these eliminatory batteries the jockeys of thecontrade must perform 4 turns of the ring,[1][112][116] each of which measures about 240 meters.[65] The final that assigns the palio, which is entered by the first two classifieds of each drum, includes 5 laps of the ring.[1][112][116] The horse race can also be won by ahorse that remains without the jockey's mount during a race, as long as it does not violate the regulation.[27][116][86] As for the jockeys, the regulation does not specify any limitation on their choice by thecontrade.[86]
The composition of the batteries and the order of arrangement of the horses at the rope (from the closest to the fence to the most external), as already mentioned, are defined by a draw that takes place before the race.[120] The one who starts the horses in the eliminatory heats and in the final is themossiere (or the starter of horse race), who is invested with his role by the Cavaliere del Carroccio and who decrees the departure with the lowering of the rope.[112][120]
On the evening of Friday before the horse race the so-called "provaccia" takes place, that is a race that is disputed with the same regulation of the palio in which the emerging or local jockeys participate.[112][121][122] The provaccia, which is dedicated to Luigi Favari, former president of the organizing committee of the palio, is preceded by another horse race which, this time, includesponies ridden by very young jockeys.[121][123] The provaccia was introduced in 1985 on the basis of the enthusiasm arising from the organization of the extraordinary edition of the 1980 Palio; in the first editions, at the Luigi Favari memorial, other sporting events were associated such asfootball matches andtug of war competitions.[124] It was the provaccia itself that recorded the only victory of a horse that remained without the jockey's mount: in 2017 Legnarello won thanks to a horse without the jockey that was thrown off during the race.[125] If a contrada wins, in the same year, both the palio and the provaccia, it is said that it hasfatto cappotto ("made a coat").[126]
Thecontrada winner of the horse race has the right to preserve, inside the church to which it refers, the cross ofAribert, that is a copper-embossed sculpture of 1936 work of the Legnanese craftsman Luciano Sai that reproduces, on a reduced scale, the original medieval cross; the latter, which was donated to the monastery of San Dionigi by Aribert,archbishop of Milan from 1018 to 1045, is kept in the museum of the Duomo in Milan.[78][127] It was realized thanks to the contribution of the local industrialist Pino Mocchetti, captain of the Contrada Legnarello from 1935 to 1936.[127]
The copy of the medieval cross is kept by the winningcontrada until the next edition of the palio.[78] Also the official ceremony that gives the cross to the winningcontrada is called "translation of the cross":[n] this event takes place solemnly on the evening of the Saturday following the palio.[128]
Other symbols of victory are the pectoral cross, or a golden crucifix copy of the precious object placed on the Carroccio during the battle of Legnano, which is assigned to the captain of the winningcontrada and which is returned shortly before the next palio;[32][129] the victory band, or a white and red banner (the colors of the Legnano municipalcoat of arms) which shows the date of victory inRoman numerals and which is delivered to the definitive winningcontrada;[32][129] the weight of silver, which is a precious sculpture of 1176 grams whose weight recalls the year of the battle (1176) and which is delivered to the outright winningcontrada, being created every year by a different artist.[32][65][129] The silver weight, whose shape changes every year, was introduced in 1992 and recalls a similar prize awarded to the winningcontrada in the first editions of the palio.[129]
By tradition, at the end of the horse race, themonument to the Warrior of Legnano is caparisoned in the colors of the winningcontrada.[130] Thecontrada that has not won the palio for the longest time is instead called "Nonna" ("grandmother").[131]
Contrada Sant'Erasmo (1937, 1939, 1958, 1964, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2014) Contrada Legnarello (1936, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1965, 1966, 1983, 1989, 1991, 2015, 2017, 2023 and 2024) Contrada San Magno (1963, 1971, 1973, 1979, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2011 and 2022) Contrada San Bernardino (1956, 1959, 1961, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1995 and 2007) Contrada La Flora (1938, 1960, 1997, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2018 and 2021) Contrada San Domenico (1935, 1972, 1981, 1984, 1996, 2013 and 2019) Contrada Sant'Ambrogio (1962, 1968, 1986, 1988, 2004 and 2012) Contrada San Martino (1957, 1967, 1992, 2003 and 2016) Contrada Legnarello (2024)
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