This article is about the Fatah-controlled government body. For the state controlled by the Palestine Liberation Organization, seePalestine. For other uses, seePalestine (disambiguation).
Palestinian National Authority
السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية as-Sulṭa al-Waṭanīya al-Filasṭīnīya
The Palestinian Authority (currentde facto control in red) was created to exert partial civil control in theWest Bank enclaves and in theGaza Strip.[4] The Gaza Strip (in light red) isde jure under the Palestinian Authority[5] andde facto under the administration of theHamas government since 2007.
The Palestinian Authority was formed on 4 May 1994, pursuant to theGaza–Jericho Agreement between the PLO and the government ofIsrael, and was intended to be a five-yearinterim body. Further negotiations were then meant to take place between the two parties regarding its final status. According to the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority was designated to have exclusive control over both security-related and civilian issues[clarification needed] in Palestinian urban areas (referred to as "Area A") and only civilian control over Palestinian rural areas ("Area B"). The remainder of the territories, includingIsraeli settlements, theJordan Valley region and bypass roads between Palestinian communities, were to remain under Israeli control ("Area C").East Jerusalem was excluded from the Accords. Negotiations with several Israeli governments had resulted in the Authority gaining further control of some areas, but control was then lost in some areas when theIsrael Defense Forces (IDF) retook several strategic positions during theSecond ("Al-Aqsa") Intifada. In 2005, after the Second Intifada, Israelwithdrew unilaterally from its settlements in the Gaza Strip, thereby expanding Palestinian Authority control to the entire strip[13] while Israel continued to control thecrossing points, airspace, and the waters of the Gaza Strip's coast.[14]
In thePalestinian legislative elections on 25 January 2006, Hamas emerged victorious and nominatedIsmail Haniyeh as the Authority'sprime minister. However, the national unity Palestinian government effectively collapsed, when a violent conflict between Hamas and Fatah erupted, mainly in the Gaza Strip. After the Gaza Strip was taken over by Hamas on 14 June 2007, the Authority's chairmanMahmoud Abbas dismissed theHamas-led unity government and appointedSalam Fayyad as prime minister, dismissing Haniyeh. The move wasn't recognized by Hamas, thus resulting in two separate administrations – the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and a rivalHamas government in the Gaza Strip. Thereconciliation process to unite the Palestinian governments achieved some progress over the years, but had failed to produce a re-unification.
The Palestinian Authority received financial assistance from theEuropean Union and the United States (approximately US$1 billion combined in 2005). All direct aid was suspended on 7 April 2006, as a result of the Hamas victory in parliamentary elections.[15][16] Shortly thereafter, aid payments resumed, but were channeled directly to the offices of Mahmoud Abbas in the West Bank.[17] Since 9 January 2009, when Mahmoud Abbas' term as president was supposed to have ended and elections were to have been called, Hamas supporters and many in the Gaza Strip have withdrawn recognition for his presidency and instead considerAziz Dweik, the speaker of thePalestinian Legislative Council, to be the acting president until new elections can be held.[18]
The Palestinian Authority was created by theGaza–Jericho Agreement, pursuant to the 1993Oslo Accords. The Gaza–Jericho Agreement was signed on 4 May 1994 and included Israeli withdrawal from theJericho area and partially from the Gaza Strip, and detailed the creation of the Palestinian Authority and thePalestinian Civil Police Force.[10][11]
The administrative responsibilities accorded to the PA were limited to civil matters and internal security and did not include external security or foreign affairs.[28] Palestinians in thediaspora andinside Israel were not eligible to vote in elections for the offices of the Palestinian Authority.[29] The PA was legally separate from thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which continues to enjoyinternational recognition as the sole legitimate representative of thePalestinian people, representing them at the United Nations under the name "Palestine".[30][31]
General elections were held for its first legislative body, thePalestinian Legislative Council, on 20 January 1996.[27] The expiration of the body's term was 4 May 1999, but elections were not held because of the "prevailing coercive situation".[27]
Second Intifada
On 7 July 2004, theQuartet of Middle East mediators informedAhmed Qurei,Prime Minister of the PA from 2003 to 2006, that they were "sick and tired" of the Palestinians failure to carry out promised reforms: "If security reforms are not done, there will be no (more) international support and no funding from the international community"[32]
On 18 July 2004, United States PresidentGeorge W. Bush stated that the establishment of a Palestinian state by the end of 2005 was unlikely due to instability and violence in the Palestinian Authority.[33]
On 19 April 2005, PresidentVladimir Putin of Russia agreed to aid the Palestinian Authority stating, "We support the efforts of President Abbas to reform the security services and fight against terrorism [...] If we are waiting for President Abbas to fight terrorism, he cannot do it with the resources he has now. [...] We will give the Palestinian Authority technical help by sending equipment, training people. We will give the Palestinian Authority helicopters and also communication equipment."[35]
The Palestinian Authority became responsible for civil administration in some rural areas, as well as security in the major cities of theWest Bank and theGaza Strip. Although the five-year interim period expired in 1999, the final status agreement has yet to be concluded despite attempts such as the2000 Camp David Summit, theTaba Summit, and the unofficialGeneva Accords.
CIAremote-sensing map of areas governed by the Palestinian Authority, July 2008.
In August 2005,Israeli Prime MinisterAriel Sharon began hisdisengagement from the Gaza Strip, ceding full effective internal control of the Strip to the Palestinian Authority but retained control of its borders including air and sea (except for the Egyptian border). This increased the percentage of land in the Gaza Strip nominally governed by the PA from 60 percent to 100 percent.
Palestinian legislative elections took place on 25 January 2006.Hamas was victorious andIsmail Haniyeh was nominated as prime minister on 16 February 2006 and sworn in on 29 March 2006. However, when a Hamas-led Palestinian government was formed, theQuartet (United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union) conditioned future foreign assistance to the Palestinian Authority (PA) on the future government's commitment to non-violence, recognition of the State of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements. Hamas rejected these demands,[36] which resulted in the Quartet suspension of its foreign assistance program andIsrael imposedeconomic sanctions.
In December 2006,Ismail Haniyeh, Prime Minister of the PA, declared that the PA will never recognize Israel: "We will never recognize the usurper Zionist government and will continue our jihad-like movement until the liberation of Jerusalem."[37]
In an attempt to resolve the financial and diplomatic impasse, the Hamas-led government together with Fatah Chairman (and PA President)Mahmoud Abbas agreed to form aunity government. As a result, Haniyeh resigned on 15 February 2007 as part of the agreement. The unity government was finally formed on 18 March 2007, again under Prime MinisterIsmail Haniyeh, and consisted of members from Hamas, Fatah and other parties and independents. The situation in the Gaza strip however quickly deteriorated into an open feud between the Hamas and Fatah, which eventually resulted in theBrothers' War.
After thetakeover in Gaza by Hamas on 14 June 2007, Palestinian Authority President Abbas dismissed the government and created a new one by decree (without the approval of the Palestinian legislature) on 15 June 2007, appointingSalam Fayyad asPrime Minister to form the new government. Though the new government's authority is claimed to extend to all Palestinian territories, in effect it became limited to the Palestinian Authority-controlled areas of theWest Bank, as Hamas hasn't recognized the move. The Fayyad government has won widespread international support. Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia said in late June 2007 that the West Bank-based Cabinet formed by Fayyad was the sole legitimate Palestinian government, and Egypt moved its embassy from Gaza to the West Bank.[38] Hamas, whichgovernment has an effective control of the Gaza Strip since 2007, faces international diplomatic and economic isolation.
In 2013, political analyst Hillel Frisch fromBar-Ilan University's BESA Center, noted that "The PA is playing a double game...with regards to battling Hamas, there's coordination if not cooperation with Israel. But on the political front, the PA is trying to generate a popular intifada."[39]
Two PNA administrations
Since the Hamas-Fatah split in 2007, the Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority based in areas of the West Bank had stabilized, though no significant economic growth had been achieved. Until 2012, there had also been no progress in promotion of PNA status in the UN, as well in negotiations with Israel. Ramallah-based Palestinian Authority stayed out of theGaza War in 2008–2009, which followed the six-monthtruce, between Hamas and Israel which ended on 19 December 2008.[40][41][42] Hamas claimed that Israel broke the truce on 4 November 2008,[43][44] though Israel blamed Hamas for an increasingrocket fire directed at southern Israeli towns and cities.[45] The2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict began on 27 December 2008 (11:30a.m. local time; 09:30 UTC).[46] Though condemning Israel over attacks on Gaza, the Palestinian Authority erected no actions during the conflict of Israel with Hamas.
Thereconciliation process between Fatah and Hamas reached intermediate results by the two governments, most notably the agreement in Cairo on 27 April 2011, but with no final solution. Though the two agreed to form a unity government,[47] and to holdelections in both territories within 12 months of the establishment of such a government,[48][49] it had not been implemented. The 2011 deal also promised the entry ofHamas into thePalestine Liberation Organization and holding of elections to itsPalestine National Council decision-making body, which was not implemented as well. The deal was further ratified in the 2012Hamas–Fatah Doha agreement, which was made with the background of Hamas relocation from Damascus, due to the simmeringSyrian civil war.
Since late August 2012, Palestinian National Authority has been swept withsocial protests aiming against the cost of living. The protesters targeted the Palestinian prime minister Salam Fayyad, calling for his resignation. Some anti-government protests turned violent.[50] On 11 September, Palestinian prime minister issued a decree on lowering the fuel prices and cutting salaries of top officials.[50]
In July 2012, it was reported that theHamas Government in Gaza was considering to declare the independence of the Gaza Strip with the help of Egypt.[51]
On 7–8 February 2016, Fatah and Hamas held talks inDoha,Qatar in an attempt to implement the 2014 agreements. Hamas official toldAl-Monitor on 8 March, that the talks did not succeed and that discussions continued between the two movements. He also said that the foreign pressures on the Palestinian Authority to not implement the reconciliation terms is the main obstacle in the talks. In a 25 Feb statement to local newspaperFelesteen, Hamas foreign relations chiefOsama Hamdan accused the United States and Israel of blocking Palestinian reconciliation. The United States is putting pressure on the PA to not reconcile with Hamas until the latter recognizes theQuartet on the Middle East's conditions, including the recognition of Israel, which Hamas rejects. After the 2014 agreement, US presidentBarack Obama said in April 2014 that President Mahmoud Abbas' decision to form a national unity government with Hamas was "unhelpful" and undermined the negotiations with Israel. Amin Maqboul, secretary-general of Fatah's Revolutionary Council, toldAl-Monitor, "Hamas did not stick to the 2014 agreement, as it has yet to hand over the reins of power over Gaza to the national consensus government and continues to control the crossings. Should Hamas continue down this path, we have to go to the polls immediately and let the people choose who they want to rule".[63]
2013 name change
The UN has permitted the PLO to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations",[21] and Palestine has started to re-title its name accordingly on postal stamps, official documents and passports,[9][64] whilst it has instructed its diplomats to officially represent 'The State of Palestine', as opposed to the 'Palestine National Authority'.[9] Additionally, on 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents".[20] However, in a speech in 2016 president Abbas said that "The Palestinian Authority exists and it is here," and "The Palestinian Authority is one of our achievements and we won't give it up."[65]
The Palestinian territories refers to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank (including East Jerusalem). The Palestinian Authority currently administers some 39% of the West Bank. 61% of the West Bank remains under direct Israeli military and civilian control. East Jerusalem was unilaterally annexed by Israel in 1980, prior to the formation of the PA. Since 2007 Gaza has been governed by theHamas Government in Gaza.
Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority since 2005 (disputed since 2009)
The politics of the Palestinian Authority take place within the framework of asemi-presidentialmulti-party republic,[6][72] with thePalestinian Legislative Council (PLC), an executivepresident, and aprime minister leading a Cabinet. According to the Palestinian Basic Law which was signed by Arafat in 2002 after a long delay, the current structure of the PA is based on three separate branches of power: executive, legislative, and judiciary.[73] The PA was created by, is ultimately accountable to, and has historically been associated with, thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO), with whom Israel negotiated theOslo Accords.[27]
The PLC is an elected body of 132 representatives, which must confirm the Prime Minister upon nomination by the President, and which must approve all government cabinet positions proposed by the Prime Minister. The Judicial Branch has yet to be formalized. The President of the PA is directly elected by the people, and the holder of this position is also considered to be the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In an amendment to the Basic Law approved in 2003, the president appoints the Prime Minister who is also chief of the security services in the Palestinian territories. The Prime Minister chooses a cabinet of ministers and runs the government, reporting directly to the President.[citation needed]
Parliamentary elections were conducted in January 2006 after the passage of an overhauled election law that increased the number of seats from 88 to 132.[74] The Chairman of the PLO,Yasser Arafat, was elected as President of PA in alandslide victory at thegeneral election in 1996.
Arafat's administration was criticized for its lack of democracy, widespread corruption among officials, and the division of power among families and numerous governmental agencies with overlapping functions.[75] Both Israel and the US declared they lost trust in Arafat as a partner and refused to negotiate with him, regarding him as linked to terrorism.[76] Arafat denied this, and was visited by other leaders around the world up until his death. However, this began a push for change in the Palestinian leadership. In 2003,Mahmoud Abbas resigned because of lack of support from Israel, the US, and Arafat himself.[77] He won the presidency on 9 January 2005 with 62% of the vote. Former prime ministerAhmed Qureia formed his government on 24 February 2005 to wide international praise because, for the first time, most ministries were headed by experts in their field as opposed to political appointees.[78]
The presidential mandate of Mahmoud Abbas expired in 2009 and he is no longer recognised by Hamas, among others, as the legitimate Palestinian president. According to Palestiniandocuments leaked toAl Jazeera in 2011, the United States has threatened to cut off funding to the Palestinian Authority should there be a change in the Palestinian leadership in the West Bank.[79]
On 27 April 2011, Fatah'sAzzam al-Ahmad announced the party's signing of a memorandum of understanding with Hamas' leadership, a major step towards reconciliation effectively paving the way for aunity government.[47] The deal was formally announced in Cairo, and was co-ordinated under the mediation of Egypt's new intelligence directorMurad Muwafi.[80] The deal came amidst an international campaign forstatehood advanced by the Abbas administration, which is expected to culminate in a request for admission into theGeneral Assembly as a member state in September.[81] As part of the deal, the two factions agreed to holdelections in both territories within twelve months of the creation of a transitional government.[48] In response to the announcement, Israeli prime ministerNetanyahu warned that the Authority must choose whether it wants "peace with Israel or peace with Hamas".[47][80]
From the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1993 until the death ofYasser Arafat in late 2004, only one election had taken place. All other elections were deferred for various reasons.
A singleelection for president and the legislature took place in 1996. The next presidential and legislative elections were scheduled for 2001 but were delayed following the outbreak of theAl-Aqsa Intifada. Following Arafat's death,elections for the President of the Authority were announced for 9 January 2005. The PLO leaderMahmoud Abbas won 62.3% of the vote, while Dr.Mustafa Barghouti, a physician and independent candidate, won 19.8%.[84]
On 10 May 2004, the Palestinian Cabinet announced that municipal elections would take place for the first time. Elections were announced for August 2004 inJericho, followed by certain municipalities in theGaza Strip. In July 2004 these elections were postponed. Issues with voter registration are said to have contributed to the delay. Municipal elections finally took place for council officials inJericho and 25 other towns and villages in theWest Bank on 23 December 2004. On 27 January 2005, the first round of themunicipal elections took place in theGaza Strip for officials in 10 local councils. Further rounds in the West Bank took place in May 2005.
Elections for a newPalestinian Legislative Council (PLC) were scheduled for July 2005 by Acting Palestinian Authority PresidentRawhi Fattuh in January 2005. These elections were postponed byMahmoud Abbas after major changes to the Election Law were enacted by the PLC which required more time for thePalestinian Central Elections Committee to process and prepare. Among these changes were the expansion of the number of parliament seats from 88 to 132, with half of the seats to be competed for in 16 localities, and the other half to be elected in proportion to party votes from a nationwide pool of candidates.
October 2006 polls showed thatFatah andHamas had equal strength.[85]
On 14 June 2007, after theBattle of Gaza (2007), Palestine presidentMahmoud Abbas dismissed the Hamas-led government, leaving the government under his control for 30 days, after which the temporary government had to be approved by the Palestinian Legislative Council.[86]
The governorates (Arabic:محافظاتmuhafazat) of the Palestinian Authority were founded in 1995 to replace the 8 Israeli military districts of theCivil Administration: 11 governorates in the West Bank and 5 in the Gaza Strip. The governorates are not regulated in any official law of decree by the Palestinian Authority[87] but they are regulated by Presidential decrees, mainly Presidential Decree No. 22 of 2003, regarding the powers of the governors.[88]
The regional governors (Arabic:محافظmuhafiz) are appointed by the President. They are in charge of the Palestinian police force in their jurisdiction as well as coordinating state services such as education, health and transportation. The governorates are under the direct supervision of theInterior Ministry.[87]
The governorates in the West Bank are grouped intothree areas per the Oslo II Accord. Area A forms 18% of the West Bank by area, and is administered by the Palestinian Authority.[89][90] Area B forms 22% of the West Bank, and is under Palestinian civil control, and joint Israeli-Palestinian security control.[89][90]Area C, exceptEast Jerusalem, forms 60% of the West Bank, and is administered by theIsraeli Civil Administration, except that the Palestinian Authority provides the education and medical services to the 150,000 Palestinians in the area.[89] 70.3% of Area C (40.5% of the West Bank) is off limit to Palestinian construction and development. These areas include areas under jurisdiction of Israeli settlements, closed military zones, nature reserves and national parks and areas designated by Israel as "state land".[91] There are about 330,000 Israelis living insettlements in Area C,[92] in theIsraeli-occupied West Bank. Although Area C is undermartial law, Israelis living there are judged in Israeli civil courts.[93]
a. Data from Jerusalem includes occupiedEast Jerusalem with its Israeli population
East Jerusalem is administered as part of theJerusalem District of Israel, but is claimed by Palestine as part of theJerusalem Governorate. It was annexed by Israel in 1980,[89] but this annexation is not recognised by any other country.[95] Of the 456,000 people in East Jerusalem, roughly 60% are Palestinians and 40% are Israelis.[89][96]
The Palestinian National Authority (PNA) foreign relations are conducted by theminister of foreign affairs. The PNA is represented abroad by thePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which maintains a network of missions and embassies.[97] In states that recognise the State of Palestine it maintainsembassies and in other states it maintains "delegations" or "missions".[98]
Representations of foreign states to the Palestinian Authority are performed by "missions" or "offices" inRamallah andGaza. States that recognise theState of Palestine also accredit to the PLO (as thegovernment-in-exile of the State of Palestine) non-resident ambassadors residing in third countries.[99]
On 5 January 2013,following the 2012 UNGA resolution, Palestinian president Abbas ordered all Palestinian embassies to change any official reference to the Palestinian Authority into State of Palestine.[100][101]
The Palestinian Authority is included in the European Union'sEuropean Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
In April 1995, the Palestinian Authority, pursuant to the Oslo Accords with the State of Israel, started to issue passports to Palestinian residents of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. The appearance of the passport and details about its issuance are described in Appendix C of Annex II (Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs) of the Gaza-Jericho Agreement signed by Israel and the PLO on 4 May 1994. The Palestinian Authority does not issue the passports on behalf of the proclaimed State of Palestine.[102]: 231 The passports bear the inscription: "This passport/travel document is issued pursuant to the Palestinian Self Government Agreement according to Oslo Agreement signed in Washington on 13/9/1993".[103] By September 1995, the passport had been recognised by 29 states, some of them (e.g. the United States) recognise it only as a travel document (see further details below): Algeria, Bahrain, Bulgaria, People's Republic of China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Jordan, Malta, Morocco, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[104]
While the U.S. Government recognises Palestinian Authority passports as travel documents, it does not view them as conferring citizenship, since they are not issued by a government that they recognise. Consular officials representing the Governments of Egypt, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates, when asked by the Resource Information Center ofUNHCR in May 2002, would not comment on whether their governments viewed PA passports as conferring any proof of citizenship or residency, but did say that the passports, along with valid visas or other necessary papers, would allow their holders to travel to their countries.[105]
The Palestinian Authority has said that anyone with a birth certificate showing they were born in Palestine can apply for a PA passport. Whether or not Palestinians born outside Palestine could apply was not clear to the PA Representative questioned by UNHCR representatives in May 2002. The PA representative also said even if those applying met the PA's eligibility criteria, the Israeli government placed additional restrictions on the actual issuance of passports.[105]
In October 2007, a Japanese Justice Ministry official said, "Given that the Palestinian Authority has improved itself to almost a full-fledged state and issues its own passports, we have decided to accept the Palestinian nationality." The decision followed a recommendation by a ruling party panel on nationality that Palestinians should no longer be treated as stateless.[106]
Legal action against the Palestinian Authority
In February 2015 ina civil case considered by a US federal court the Palestinian Authority andPalestine Liberation Organization were found liable for the death and injuries of US citizens in a number of terrorist attacks in Israel from 2001 to 2004. However, on 31 August 2016, the Second US Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan dismissed the case on the grounds that US federal courts lacked overseas jurisdiction on civil cases.[107][108][109] In June 2025, the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously overturned the ruling of the lower court, thus reviving the associated lawsuits.Chief JusticeJohn Roberts, writing for the court, said that their decision comported with the Promoting Security and Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act passed by theUnited States Congress in 2019.[110][111][112]
Lawyers representing family members of victims of theOctober 7 attacks, numbering 208 plaintiffs, filed suit in the Jerusalem District Court in July 2025 against the Palestinian Authority for more than NIS 1 billion in damages. The lawyers noted that the damages could be drawn from NIS 3 billion frozen by the Israeli government following the attacks.[114][115][116]
In theory the Palestinian Authority has guaranteedfreedom of assembly to the Palestinian citizens residing in its territory. Nevertheless, the right to demonstrate for opponents of the PA regime or of PA policy has become increasingly subject to police control and restriction and is a source of concern for human rights groups.[117] In August 2019, the Palestinian Authority banned LGBTQ organizations from operating in the West Bank, targeting the groupAl Qaws.[118]
TheFatah–Hamas conflict has further limited the freedom of the press in the PA territories and the distribution of opposing voices in Hamas-controlled Gaza and the West Bank where Fatah still has more influence. According to the Ramallah-basedPalestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms, in 2011, there were more assaults on Palestinian press freedom from the PA than from Israel.[119] In July 2010, with the easing of theblockade of the Gaza Strip, Israel allowed the distribution of the pro-Fatah newspapersal-Quds,al-Ayyam andal-Hayat al-Jadida to Gaza, but Hamas prevented Gazan distributors from retrieving the shipment. ThePalestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR) condemned the Hamas restrictions of distribution of the West Bank newspapers in Gaza, and also condemned the Fatah-led government in the West Bank for restricting publication and distribution of the Gazan newspapersal-Resala [ar] andFalastin.[120]
Women have full suffrage in the PA. In the 2006 elections, women made up 47 percent of registered voters. Prior to the elections, the election law was amended to introduce a quota for women on the national party lists, resulting in 22 percent of candidates on the national lists being women. The quota's effectiveness was illustrated in comparison with the district elections, where there was no quota, and only 15 of the 414 candidates were women.[121]
Selling land or housing to Israeli Jews is punishable by death, and some high-profile cases have received high media coverage.[122][123] Although presidentMahmoud Abbas has never ratified a death sentence in such cases, as late as December 2018 aRamallah court sentenced thePalestinian-American Isaam Akel, a resident ofEast Jerusalem, to life in prison with hard labor for having sold land in theOld City of Jerusalem to Israeli Jews. His family maintained his innocence.[124] The Palestinian governor ofEast Jerusalem, Adnan Gheith, was arrested twice by Israeli authorities in connection with the case.[125]
Hamas has begun enforcing some Islamic standards of dress for women in the PA; women must don headscarves in order to enter government ministry buildings.[126] In July 2010, Hamas banned the smoking ofhookah by women in public. They claimed that it was to reduce the increasing number of divorces.[127]
In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights published a report whose findings included that the Palestinians in theWest Bank and theGaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an "almost systematic campaign" of human rights abuses by the Palestinian Authority andHamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces belonging to the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.[128]
The creation of a Palestinian police force was called for under the Oslo Accords.[28] The firstPalestinian police force of 9,000 was deployed inJericho in 1994, and later inGaza.[28] These forces initially struggled to control security in the areas in which it had partial controlled and because of this Israel delayed expansion of the area to be administered by the PA.[28] By 1996, the PA security forces were estimated to include anywhere from 40,000 to 80,000 recruits.[129] PA security forces employ some armored cars, and a limited number carry automatic weapons.[130] Some Palestinians opposed to or critical of the peace process perceive the Palestinian security forces to be little more than a proxy of the State of Israel.[28]
Crime and law enforcement
Violence against civilians
ThePalestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group reports that through "everyday disagreements and clashes between the various political factions, families and cities that a complete picture of Palestinian society is painted. These divisions have during the course of the al Aqsa Intifada also led to an increasingly violent 'Intrafada'. In the 10-year period from 1993 to 2003, 16% of Palestinian civilian deaths were caused by Palestinian groups or individuals."[131]
Erika Waak reports inThe Humanist "Of the total number of Palestinian civilians killed during this period by both Israeli and Palestinian security forces, 16 percent were the victims of Palestinian security forces." Accusations of collaboration with Israel are used to target and kill individual Palestinians:"Those who are convicted have either been caught helping Israelis, spoken out against Arafat, or are involved in rival criminal gangs, and these individuals are hanged after summary trials. Arafat creates an environment where the violence continues while silencing would-be critics, and although he could make the violence impossible, he doesn't stop it."
Freedom House's annual survey of political rights and civil liberties, Freedom in the World 2001–2002, reports "Civil liberties declined due to: shooting deaths of Palestinian civilians by Palestinian security personnel; the summary trial and executions of alleged collaborators by the Palestinian Authority (PA); extrajudicial killings of suspected collaborators by militias; and the apparent official encouragement of Palestinian youth to confront Israeli soldiers, thus placing them directly in harm's way."[132]
Palestinian security forces have, as of March 2005, not made any arrests for the October 2003 killing of three American members of a diplomatic convoy in theGaza Strip.Moussa Arafat, head of the Palestinian Military Intelligence and a cousin of the former Palestinian Authority ChairmanYasser Arafat has stated that, regarding the United States pressure to arrest the killers; "They know that we are in a very critical position and that clashing with any Palestinian party under the presence of the occupation is an issue that will present many problems for us". Since the October 2003 attack, United States diplomats have been banned from entering the Gaza Strip.[133]
Violence against officials (2001–2004)
On 22 April 2001,Jaweed al-Ghussein, former chairman of the Palestine National Fund, was abducted from Abu Dhabi, UAE, flown to Arish, Egypt, and driven across the border to Gaza, where he was held hostage by the Palestinian Authority. The Minister of Justice, Freh Abu Mediane, protested and resigned over the illegality.Haider Abdel Shafi, Chief Delegate in the Madrid Peace Process and leading Palestinian, protested at his incarceration and demanded his immediate release. The PCCR (Palestinian Commission on Citizens Rights) took the case up. The Attorney General Sorani declared there was no legality. The Red Cross was denied access to him. Amnesty International asked for his release. The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention determined he was being held 'manifestly with no legal justification' and appointed a Special Rapporteur on torture.[134][135][136]
On 15 October 2003, three members of a United States diplomatic convoy were killed and additional members of the convoy wounded three kilometers south of the Erez Crossing into the Gaza Strip by aterrorist bomb. The perpetrators remain at large.
In February 2004,Ghassan Shaqawa, the mayor ofNablus, filed his resignation from office in protest of the Palestinian Authority's lack of action against the armed militias rampaging the city and the multiple attempts by some Palestinians to assassinate him. Gaza's police Chief, General Saib al-Ajez would later say: 'This internal conflict between police and militants cannot happen. It is forbidden. We are a single nation and many people know each other and it is not easy to kill someone who is bearing a weapon to defend his nation."[137]
Karen Abu Zayd, deputy commissioner-general for theUN Relief and Works Agency in the Gaza Strip stated on 29 February 2004: "What has begun to be more visible is the beginning of the breakdown of law and order, all the groups have their own militias, and they are very organized. It's factions trying to exercise their powers."[138]
Ghazi al-Jabali, theGaza Strip Chief of Police, since 1994 has been the target of repeated attacks byPalestinians. In March 2004, his offices were targeted by gunfire. In April 2004, a bomb was detonated destroying the front of his house. On 17 July 2004, he was kidnapped at gunpoint following anambush of his convoy andwounding of two bodyguards. He was released several hours later.[139] Less than six hours later, Colonel Khaled Abu Aloula, director of military coordination in the southern part of Gaza was abducted.
On the eve of 17 July, Fatah movement members kidnapped 5 French citizens (3 men and 2 women) and held them hostage inRed Crescent Society building inKhan Yunis:
Palestinian security officials said that the kidnapping was carried out by the Abu al-Rish Brigades, accused of being linked to Palestinian Authority ChairmanYasser Arafat'sFatah faction.[140]
On 18 July, Arafat replacedGhazi al-Jabali, with his nephewMoussa Arafat, sparking violent riots inRafah andKhan Yunis in which members of theal-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades burned PA offices and opened fire on Palestinian policemen. During the riots, at least one Palestinian was killed and a dozen more seriously wounded.
On 20 July 2004 David Satterfield, the second-in-charge at the United States Department of State Near East desk stated in a hearing before the Senate that the Palestinian Authority had failed to arrest thePalestinian terrorists who had murdered three members of an American diplomatic convoy travelling in theGaza Strip on 15 October 2003. Satterfield stated:
"There has been no satisfactory resolution of this case. We can only conclude that there has been a political decision taken by the chairman (Yasser Arafat) to block further progress in this investigation."
On 21 July,Nabil Amar, former Minister of Information and a cabinet member and a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council, was shot by masked gunmen, after an interview with a television channel in which he criticized Yasser Arafat and called for reforms in the PA.[141]
Regarding the descent into chaos Cabinet ministerQadura Fares stated on 21 July 2004:
"Every one of us is responsible. Arafat is the most responsible for the failure. President Arafat failed and the Palestinian government failed, the Palestinian political factions failed."[142]
On 22 July 2004, The United Nations elevated its threat warning level for theGaza Strip to "Phase Four" (one less than the maximum "Phase Five") and planned to evacuate non-essential foreign staff from the Gaza Strip.[143]
On 23 July 2004, an Arab boy was shot and killed byPalestinian terrorists of theAl-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades after he and his family physically opposed their attempt to set up a Qassam rocket launcher outside the family's house. Five other individuals were wounded in the incident.[144][145][146][147]
On 31 July, Palestinian kidnappers inNablus seized 3 foreign nationals, an American, British and Irish citizen. They were later released. Also, a PA security forces HQ building was burnt down inJenin by theal Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. A leader of Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades said they torched the building because new mayor Qadorrah Moussa, appointed by Arafat, had refused to pay salaries to Al Aqsa members or to cooperate with the group.[148]
On 8 August 2004 the Justice Minister Nahed Arreyes resigned stating that he has been stripped of much of his authority over the legal system. The year before,Yasser Arafat created a rival agency to the Justice Ministry and was accused of continuing to control the judiciary and in particular the state prosecutors.[149]
On 10 August 2004, a report by an investigation committee Palestinian Legislative Council for the reasons for the anarchy and chaos in the PA was published byHaaretz daily newspaper.[150] The report put the main blame on Yasser Arafat and the PA's security forces, which "have failed to make a clear political decision to end it".The report states,
"The main reason for the failure of the Palestinian security forces and their lack of action in restoring law and order [......] is the total lack of a clear political decision and no definition of their roles, either for the long term or the short."
The report also calls to stop shootingQassam rockets and mortar shells on Israeli settlements because it hurts "Palestinian interests".Hakham Balawi said:
"... It is prohibited to launch rockets and to fire weapons from houses, and that is a supreme Palestinian interest that should not be violated because the result is barbaric retaliation by the occupying army and the citizenry cannot accept such shooting. Those who do it are a certain group that does not represent the people and nation, doing it without thinking about the general interest and public opinion in the world and in Israel. There is no vision or purpose to the missiles; the Palestinian interest is more important"[151]
Despite the criticism against Yasser Arafat, the troubles continued. On 24 August, the Lieutenant Commander of the Palestinian General Intelligence in theGaza Strip, Tareq Abu-Rajab, was shot by group of armed men. He was seriously injured.[152]
On 31 August, theJenin Martyrs Brigades, the armed wing ofthe Popular Resistance Committees, threaten to kill MinisterNabil Shaath for participating in a conference in Italy attended by Israeli foreign ministerSilvan Shalom, declaring "He will be sentenced to death if he enters. The decision cannot be rescinded, we call upon his bodyguards to abandon his convoy in order to save their lives."[153]
On 8 September, Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei, threatens to resign, again. Three weeks have elapsed since he retracted is resignation, originally tendered six weeks ago.[154]
On 12 October,Moussa Arafat, cousin of Yasser Arafat and a top security official in the Gaza Strip, survived acar bomb assassination attempt. Recently[when?] the Popular Resistance Committees threatened Moussa Arafat with retaliation for an alleged attempt to assassinate its leader, Mohammed Nashabat.[155]
On 14 October, Palestinian prime minister Ahmed Qurei stated that the Palestinian Authority is unable to stop the spreading anarchy. While routinely blaming Israel for the PA's problems, he pointed out that the many PA security forces are hobbled by corruption and factional feuding. Due to the lack of governmental reforms demanded by international peace mediators, Palestinian legislators demanded Qurei present a report on the matter by 20 October, at which point they will decide upon holding a no-confidence vote.[156]
According toMosab Hassan Yousef, the CIA has provided sophisticated electronic eavesdropping equipment to the Palestinian Authority that has been used against suspected Palestinian militants. However, the equipment has also been used against Shin Bet informants.[158]
In 2006, after theHamas victory, the Palestinian interior minister formed an Executive Force for the police. However, the PA president objected and after clashes between Hamas and Fatah, redeployment of the force was made and efforts started in order to integrate it with the police force.
In 2011,Amira Hass reported that in sections of Area B of the West Bank, especially around the towns of Abu Dis and Sawahera, a security paradox was evolving: while theOslo Accords stipulate that the Israeli Army have authority to police Area B, they weren't; and though the Palestinian security forces were prepared to deal with criminal activity in this area, they had to wait for Israeli permission to enter, and were thus ineffective. Hass also reported that as a result of this paradox,Abu Dis and surrounding areas were becoming a haven for weapons smugglers, drug dealers, and other criminals.[159]
As of 2013, Palestinian security forces continue to coordinate with Israeli troops in tracking Islamic militants in the West Bank.[160] According to Al-Jazeera, in 2024 the Palestinian Authority was attempting to assert its limited authority by cracking down on armed groups in theJenin Refugee Camp, according to experts, in order to convince President-elect Donald Trump that it is a beneficial security partner.[161]
Corruption
A poll conducted by thePalestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that 71% of Palestinians believe there is corruption in the Palestinian Authority institutions in theWest Bank, and 57% say there is corruption in the institutions of the dismissed Palestinian government in theGaza Strip. 34% say that there is no freedom of the press in the West Bank, 21% say that there is press freedom in the West Bank, and 41% say there is to a certain extent. 29% of Palestinians say people in the West Bank can criticize the government in the West Bank without fear.[162][163][164]
At a hearing of theHouse Committee on Foreign Affairs in theUnited States Congress on 10 July 2012, titled "ChronicKleptocracy: Corruption within the Palestinian Political Establishment," it was stated that there is serious corruption within the political establishment and in financial transactions.[165] The experts, analysts, and specialists testified on corruption within financial transactions concerningMahmoud Abbas, his sons Yasser and Tareq, and the Palestine Investment Fund, among others, as well as on the limiting of freedom of the press, crushing political opposition, and cracking down on protestors. According to RepresentativeSteve Chabot, who testified at the hearing, "Reports suggest that Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, like his predecessor Yassir Arafat, has used his position of power to line his own pockets as well as those of his cohort ofcronies, including his sons, Yasser and Tareq. The Palestinian Investment Fund, for example, was intended to serve the interests of the Palestinian population and was supposed to be transparent, accountable, and independent of the Palestinian political leadership. Instead, it is surrounded by allegations of favoritism andfraud." Concerning Abbas' children, Chabot stated that "Even more disturbingly, Yasser and Tareq Abbas—who have amassed a great deal of wealth and economic power—have enriched themselves with U.S. taxpayer money. They have allegedly received hundreds of thousands of dollars inUSAID contracts."[166][167]
In April 2013, the Palestinian organization Coalition for Transparency in Palestine said it was investigating 29 claims of stolen public funds. In addition, they said that the PA "has problems with money laundering, nepotism and misusing official positions." Twelve earlier claims were investigated and sent to the courts for resolution. In response, Palestinian Authority Justice Minister Ali Muhanna said that they have "made large strides in reducing corruption."[168]
TheGaza International Airport was built by the PA in the city ofRafah, but operated for only a brief period before being destroyed by Israel following the outbreak ofAl-Aqsa Intifada in 2000. A seaport was also being constructed in Gaza but was never completed.
Some Palestinians are dependent on access to the Israeli job market. During the 1990s, some Israeli companies began to replace Palestinians with foreign workers.[citation needed] The process was found to be economical and also addressed security concerns. This hurt the Palestinian economy, in particular in the Gaza strip, where 45.7% of the population is under the poverty line according to theCIA World Factbook, but it also affected the West Bank.
Budget
According to theWorld Bank, thebudget deficit in PNA was about $800 million in 2005, with nearly half of it financed by donors. The World Bank stated, "The PA's fiscal situation has become increasingly unsustainable mainly as a result of uncontrolled government consumption, in particular a rapidly increasing public sector wage bill, expanding social transfer schemes and rising net lending."[169]
In June 2011, Prime MinisterSalam Fayyad stated that the Palestinian Authority is facing a financial crisis because funds pledged by donor nations have not arrived on time. Fayyad said that "In 2011, we have been receiving $52.5 million dollars a month from theArab countries, which is much less than the amount they committed to deliver."[170]
In June 2012, the Palestinian Authority was unable to pay its workers' salaries as a result of their financial issues, including a cutback in aid from foreign donors, and Arab countries not fulfilling their pledges to send money to the Palestinian Authority, in which the Palestinian Authority is heavily dependent. Finance Minister Nabil Kassis called the crisis "the worst" in three years.[171][172][173][174] Adding to the complications are the fact that in the same month, the head of thePalestine Monetary Authority,Jihad Al-Wazir, stated that the Palestinian Authority reached the maximum limit of borrowing from Palestinian banks.[175]
In July 2012, Prime Minister Salam Fayyad urged Arab countries to send the money they promised, which amounts to tens of millions of dollars, as they have not made good on their pledges, whileWestern donors have.[176] The Palestinian labor ministerAhmed Majdalani also warned of the consequences of a shortfall in the delivery of aid from Arab donor nations.[177]
In order to help the Palestinian Authority solve its crisis, Israel sought $1 billion in loans from theInternational Monetary Fund, intending to transfer this loan to the Palestinian Authority who would pay them back when possible. The IMF rejected the proposal because it feared setting aprecedent of making IMF money available to non-state entities, like the Palestinian Authority, which as a non-state cannot directly request or receive IMF funding.[178][179][180][181]
In mid-July 2012, it was announced thatSaudi Arabia would imminently send $100 million to the Palestinian Authority to help relieve them of their financial crisis. Still, the Palestinian Authority is seeking the support of other countries to send more money to help fix a budget deficit that is approximately $1.5 billion for 2012, and it is estimated that they need approximately $500 million more.Ghassan Khatib, a Palestinian Authority spokesman, said, "This $100 million is important and significant because it's coming from a leading Arab state, and this hopefully can be an example for other countries to follow... We will remain in need of external funding. Whenever it is affected, then we will be in crisis."[182][183]
By 15 July 2012, Palestinian Authority workers received only 60% of their salaries for June, which caused discontent against the government.[183]
In a "goodwill gesture" to the Palestinian Authority to renew dialogue with Israel, Israeli prime ministerBenjamin Netanyahu and Finance MinisterYuval Steinitz decided to give Ramallah a NIS 180 million advance on tax money it transfers on a monthly basis. The Israeli government's economic cabinet also decided to increase the number of Palestinian construction workers allowed in Israel by approximately 5,000. One Israeli official said that the money helped the Palestinian Authority pay its salaries beforeRamadan, and it was part of Israel's policy of helping to "preserve the Palestinian economy."[184]
TheWorld Bank issued a report in July 2012 that the Palestinian economy cannot sustain statehood as long as it continues to heavily rely on foreign donations and the private sector fails to thrive. The report said that the Palestinian Authority is unlikely to reach fiscal sustainability until a peace deal is achieved that allows the private sector to experience rapid and sustained growth. The World Bank report also blamed the financial issues on the absence of a final status agreement that would allow for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Arab conflict.[185]
As of May 2011, the Palestinian Authority spent $4.5 million per month paying Palestinian prisoners. The payments include monthly amounts such as NIS 12,000 ($3,000) to prisoners who have been imprisoned for over 30 years. The salaries, funded by the PA, are given toFatah,Hamas, andIslamic Jihad prisoners, despite financial hardships by the Palestinian Authority. These payments make up 6% of the PA's budget.[186]
In 2017, the PA received $693 million from foreign donors, of which $345 million, was paid out through theMartyrs Fund in the form of stipends to convicted militants and their families.[188]
The majority of aid to the Palestinian Authority comes from the United States and theEuropean Union. According to figures released by the PA, only 22 percent of the $530,000,000 received since the beginning of 2010 came from Arab donors. The remaining came from Western donors and organizations. The total amount of foreign aid received directly by the PA was $1.4 billion in 2009 and $1.8 billion in 2008.[189]
Palestinian leaders stated the Arab world was "continuing to ignore" repeated requests for help.[190]
The US and the EU responded to Hamas' political victory by stopping direct aid to the PA, while the US imposed a financial blockade on PA's banks, impeding some of theArab League's funds (e.g. Saudi Arabia and Qatar) from being transferred to the PA.[191] On 6 and 7 May 2006, hundreds of Palestinians demonstrated in Gaza and the West Bank demanding payment of their wages.
On 19 November 2007,James G. Lindsay, a formerUNRWA general-counsel and fellow researcher forThe Washington Institute for Near East Policy, published a report regarding the use of international aid in the Palestinian Authority. Lindsay argued that internationally funded construction projects in theWest Bank should try to minimize foreign labor and maximize the participation of Palestinian workers and management to ensure economic expansion through salaries, job training, and improved infrastructure. Lindsay stated that some financial control should stay in international hands to avoid "nepotism or corruption".[192] Lindsay has also argued that in any peace settlement acceptable to Israel "there will be few, if any, Palestinian refugees returning to Israel proper".[192]Lindsay suggested that internationally funded construction projects should try to benefit West Bank refugees who are willing to give up their longstanding demand for a "right of return". Lindsay also claimed that projects that will improve the living conditions of West Bank refugees could also be seen as part of the reparations or damages to be paid to refugees in any likely Israeli-Palestinian agreement. Lindsay criticized the Palestinian Authority treatment of these refugees:
PA projects are not likely to address refugee needs, however, since the PA has traditionally deferred to the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) regarding infrastructure in refugee camps.[192]
In 2013, there are 150,000 government employees. Income to run the government to serve about 4 million citizens, comes from donations from other countries.[193]
In 2020, Swedish foreign aid ministerPeter Eriksson (Green Party) announced a 1.5 billion SEK support package (about 150 million euro) to the Palestine Authority in 2020–2024. This announcement came after several other countries had reduced aid due to indicators of corruption and that funds go towards the salaries of militants.[194]
Economic sanctions following January 2006 legislative elections
Following theJanuary 2006 legislative elections, won byHamas, theQuartet (the United States, Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations) threatened to cut funds to the Palestinian Authority. On 2 February 2006, according to theAFP, the PA accused Israel of "practicing collective punishment after it snubbed the US calls to unblock funds owed to the Palestinians." Prime ministerAhmed Qorei "said he was hopeful of finding alternative funding to meet the budget shortfall of around 50 million dollars, needed to pay the wages of public sector workers, and which should have been handed over by Israel on the first of the month." The US Department criticized Israel for refusing to quickly unblock the funds. The funds were later unblocked.[195] However,The New York Times alleged on 14 February 2006 that a "destabilization plan" of the United States and Israel, aimed againstHamas, winner of the January 2006 legislative elections, centered "largely on money" and cutting all funds to the PA once Hamas takes power, in order to delegitimize it in the eyes of the Palestinians. According to the news article, "The Palestinian Authority has a monthly cash deficit of some $60 million to $70 million after it receives between $50 million and $55 million a month from Israel in taxes and customs duties collected by Israeli officials at the borders but owed to the Palestinians." Beginning March 2006, "the Palestinian Authority will face a cash deficit of at least $110 million a month, or more than $1 billion a year, which it needs to pay full salaries to its 140,000 employees, who are the breadwinners for at least one-third of the Palestinian population. The employment figure includes some 58,000 members of the security forces, most of which are affiliated with the defeatedFatah movement." Since 25 January elections, "the Palestinian stock market has already fallen about 20 percent", while the "Authority has exhausted its borrowing capacity with local banks."[196]
Use of European Union assistance
In February 2004, it was reported that theEuropean Union (EU) anti-fraud office (OLAF) was studying documents suggesting thatYasser Arafat and the Palestinian Authority had diverted tens of millions of dollars in EU funds to organizations involved in terrorist attacks, such as theAl-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades. However, in August 2004, a provisional assessment stated that "To date, there is no evidence that funds from the non-targeted EU Direct Budget Assistance to the Palestinian Authority have been used to finance illegal activities, including terrorism."[197]
United States foreign aid packages
TheUS House Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs announced a foreign assistance package to the Palestinian Authority that included provisions that would bar the government from receiving aid if it seeks statehood at the UN or includes Hamas in a unity government. The bill would provide $513 million for the Palestinian Authority.[198]
Payments to Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons
On 22 July 2004, Salam Fayyad, PA Minister of Finance, in an article in the Palestinian weekly,The Jerusalem Times, detailed the following payments to Palestinians imprisoned by the Israeli authorities:[199]
Prisoner allowances increased between June 2002 and June 2004 to $9.6M USD monthly, an increase of 246 percent compared with January 1995 – June 2002.
Between June 2002 and June 2004, 77M NIS were delivered to Palestinians held in Israeli prisons, compared to 121M NIS between January 1995 and June 2002, which is an increase of 16M NIS yearly. The increase of annual spending between the two periods registers 450 percent, which is much higher than the percentage increase of the number of prisoners.
Between 2002 and 2004, the PA paid 22M NIS to cover other expenses – lawyers' fees, fines, and allocations for released prisoners. This includes lawyers' fees paid directly by the PA and fees paid through the Prisoners Club.
In February 2011, The Jerusalem Post revealed that the PA was paying monthly salaries to members of Hamas who are in Israeli prisons.[200]
In March 2009, an extra 800 shekels ($190) was added to the stipends given to Palestinians affiliated with PLO factions in Israeli prisons, as confirmed by the head of Palestinian Prisoner Society in Nablus Ra'ed Amer. Each PLO-affiliated prisoner receives 1,000 shekels ($238) per month, an extra 300 shekels ($71) if they are married, and an extra 50 shekels ($12) for each child.[201]
In 2016, theUnited Kingdom had a domestic debate about how its aid to the PA ended up funding prisoners incarcerated in Israel.[202] In October 2016 a sum of £25 million, constituting a third of its aid payments, was withheld pending the results of an investigation.[citation needed]
^abThrall 2017, p. 144: the West Bank was divided into 165 islands of ostensible PA control;Peteet 2016, p. 268: In total, over 167 enclaves can be identified
^"ArticleIV: Monetary and Financial Issues",Gaza-Jericho Agreement Annex IV – Economic Protocol, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 29 April 1994,archived from the original on 7 August 2004, retrieved20 February 2023The Protocol allows the Palestinian Authority to adopt multiple currencies. In theWest Bank, the Israeli new sheqel and Jordanian dinar are widely accepted; while in theGaza Strip, the Israeli new sheqel and Egyptian pound are widely accepted.
^ab"Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations". United Nations. Archived fromthe original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved25 August 2013.**Please note that since Thursday's Historic Vote in the United Nations General Assembly which accorded to Palestine Observer State Status, the official title of the Palestine mission has been changed to The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations.**
^abSingoles, Aude."Local Government in Palestine"(PDF).French Development Agency. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 February 2017. Retrieved12 September 2016.The governorates (or muhafazat) make up the regional level. They are under the direct supervision of the Ministry of the Interior and are led by directors nominated by the President of the Palestinian Authority. They are characterized by true legal ambiguity insomuch as no text of law or decree from the Palestinian Authority regulates their activities. In practice, however, the regional governors (muhafiz) are in charge of the Palestinian police force within their administrative jurisdictions. They are also responsible for coordinating some state services (health, education, transportation, etc.) at the regional level. Management of the conflicting interests or priorities of various deconcentrated services is handled by the Prime Minister's office...These administrative divisions serve as electoral constituencies.
^"Palestine".GeoHive. Johan van der Heyden. Archived fromthe original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved3 October 2015.
^Kelly, Tobias (May 2009). Von Benda-Beckmann, Franz; Von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet; Eckert, Julia M. (eds.).Rules of Law and Laws of Ruling: On the Governance of Law- Laws of Suspicion:Legal Status, Space and the Impossibility of Separation in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.Ashgate Publishing. p. 91.ISBN978-0-7546-7239-5.
^"United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Palestine/Occupied Territories: Information On Passports Issued By The Palestine National Authority, 17 December 1998, PAL99001.ZCH, available at:[1]Archived 11 August 2011 at theWayback Machine" . Retrieved 24 August 2010.
^abINS Resource Information Center (20 May 2002)."Palestinian Territory, Occupied"(PDF). United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Retrieved24 January 2009.
^"Israel".Politics in Public: Freedom of Assembly and the Right to Protest. Democratic Dialogue. 1998. Archived fromthe original on 1 June 2018. Retrieved30 July 2006.
^David Hirst, "The New Oppressor of the Palestinians", Guardian (London), 6 July 1996, reprinted in World Press Review, October 1996, p. 11. Hirst suggests that there are 40,000–50,000 security officers. For Israeli press reports about there being 40,000 officers, see Steve Rodan, "Gov't: PA Has 16,000 More Policemen than Permitted by Oslo," Jerusalem Post (international edition), 2 May 1998, p. 3. According toThe Jerusalem Post, Israeli defense sources said in September 1996 that the number of armed men in the PA had risen to 80,000. See Steve Rodan, "Palestinians Have 80,000 Armed Fighters",The Jerusalem Post, 27 September 1996, p. 5.
Watson, Geoffrey R. (2000).The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Agreements (Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-829891-5.
![The Palestinian Authority (current de facto control in red) was created to exert partial civil control in the West Bank enclaves and in the Gaza Strip.[4] The Gaza Strip (in light red) is de jure under the Palestinian Authority[5] and de facto under the administration of the Hamas government since 2007.](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPalestinian_Authority_and_Gaza_Strip_2024.png)
