Thepalatal hook (◌̡) is a type ofhook diacritic formerly used in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet to representpalatalized andprevelar consonants.[1] It is a small, leftwards-facing hook joined to the bottom-right side of a letter, and is distinguished from various other hooks indicatingretroflexion, etc. Theoretically, it could be used on all IPA consonant letters, – even on those used forpalatal consonants, – but it is not attested on all of theIPA letters of its era.[2] It was withdrawn by the IPA in 1989, in favour of asuperscriptj following the consonant (i.e., ⟨ƫ⟩ becomes ⟨tʲ⟩).[1]
The IPA recommended thatesh ⟨ ʃ ⟩ andezh ⟨ʒ⟩ not use the palatal hook, but instead get special curled symbols: ⟨ ʆ ⟩ and ⟨ʓ⟩. The same has been done with ⟨ɮ⟩. However, versions with the hook have been used and are supported by Unicode.
Palatal hooks are also used for Lithuanian dialectology in theLithuanian Phonetic Transcription System (orLithuanian Phonetic Alphabet), including the exceptional formꞔ, which is not ac plus palatal hook but rather a graphic variant ofᶃ once recommended by the IPA.[3]
The palatal hook was introduced in 1921 and officially adopted in 1928. The last published IPA chart to support it wasthat of 1979. The following single consonants appear on that chart. Those attested with palatal hook are bolded and set with the hook; the hooked letters are either in Unicode or are scheduled to appear in Unicode 18. The columns for palatal letters are omitted; they are generally redundant with the hook, though 'palatalized palatals' are described in the literature. C with hook,ꞔ, is not a palatal letter but a script variant ofᶃ.[2]
| ᶆ | ɱ | ᶇ | ɳ | 𝼔 | ɴ | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᶈ | ᶀ | ƫ | ᶁ | ʈ | ɖ | ᶄ | ᶃ/ꞔ | q̡ | ɢ̡ | ʔ | |||||||||||||
| ɸ̡ | β̡ | ᶂ | ᶌ | θ̡ | ð̡ | ᶊ | ᶎ | ʂ | ʐ | ᶋ | 𝼘 | ᶍ | ɣ̡ | χ̡ | ʁ̡ | ʍ | ħ̡ | ʕ̡ | ꞕ | ɦ | |||
| ʋ̡ | 𝼕 | ɻ | ɰ | w̡ | |||||||||||||||||||
| 𝼓 | ɮ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ᶅ | ɭ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ᶉ | ʀ̡ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 𝼖 | ɽ̡ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ɓ | ɗ̡ | ɠ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ʘ | ʇ | ʗ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ʖ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other non-palatal consonants listed below the chart:
Unicode includes acombining character for the palatal hook, but it is not canonically equivalent to theprecomposed characters, which should be used instead.[2]
| Appearance | Code point | Name |
|---|---|---|
| ◌̡ | U+0321 | COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW |
| ᶀ | U+1D80 | LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| Ꞔ | U+A7C4 | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ꞔ | U+A794 | LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶁ | U+1D81 | LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼒 | U+1DF12 | LATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶂ | U+1D82 | LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶃ | U+1D83 | LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ꞕ | U+A795 | LATIN SMALL LETTER H WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶄ | U+1D84 | LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶅ | U+1D85 | LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶪ | U+1DAA | MODIFIER LETTER L WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼓 | U+1DF13 | LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH BELT AND PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶆ | U+1D86 | LATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶇ | U+1D87 | LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼔 | U+1DF14 | LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶈ | U+1D88 | LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶉ | U+1D89 | LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼕 | U+1DF15 | LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED R WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼖 | U+1DF16 | LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶊ | U+1D8A | LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶋ | U+1D8B | LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ƫ | U+01AB | LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶵ | U+1DB5 | MODIFIER LETTER T WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼗 | U+1DF17 | LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶌ | U+1D8C | LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶍ | U+1D8D | LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| Ᶎ | U+A7C6 | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| ᶎ | U+1D8E | LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| 𝼘 | U+1DF18 | LATIN SMALL LETTER EZH WITH PALATAL HOOK |
| In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek |
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| InEarly Cyrillic |
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| InIndic | |
| In other scripts | |
| Marks used as diacritics |
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| Non-diacritic uses | |
| InUnicode |
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