| Palaic | |
|---|---|
| Region | Anatolia |
| Ethnicity | Palaic peoples |
| Extinct | around1300 BCE |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | plq |
plq | |
| Glottolog | pala1331 |
Palaic is an extinctIndo-European language, attested incuneiform tablets inBronze AgeHattusa, the capital of theHittites. Palaic, which was apparently spoken mainly innorthern Anatolia, is generally considered to be one of four primary sub-divisions of theAnatolian languages, alongsideHittite (central Anatolia),Luwic (southern Anatolia) andLydian (western Anatolia).
Its name inHittite ispalaumnili, or "of the people of Pala";Pala was probably to the northwest of the Hittite core area, so in the northwest of present mainlandTurkey. The region was overrun by theKaskians in the 15th century BC, and the language likely went out of daily use at that time.
The entire corpus of Palaic spans only CTH 751-754 inEmmanuel Laroche'scatalog of Hittite texts (Catalogue desTextesHittites); in addition Hittite texts elsewhere cite passages in Palaic in reference to the weather godZaparwa (Hittite Ziparwa), the leading god of the land of Pala.[1][2] In particular, CTH 750, a festival in Hittite for Ziparwa and associated deities, includes passages stating, "The Old Woman speaks the words of the bread in Palaic," or alternately "the words of the meal," though no Palaic passages are quoted. The Palaic-language texts are all from a religious context, with ritual and mythological content.[3] In addition to Zaparwa, the Palaumnili-speakers worshipped a sun deityTiyaz (LuwianTiwaz), the Hattian goddess Kataḫzip/wuri, and several others.
Melchert reconstructs the following phonemic inventory for Palaic:[4][5] However, Melchert claims that, instead of pharyngeals, "a pair of velar fricatives is equally possible".
| Labial | Labiodental | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pb | td | kg | |||
| Affricate | t͡s | |||||
| Fricative | f | s | ʒ | ħʕ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Liquid | l | r | ||||
| Glide | w | j |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iiː | uuː | |
| Mid | |||
| Open | aaː |
The phonemic status of /e/ and /eː/ is uncertain.
In terms of itsmorphology, Palaic is a fairly typical specimen of Indo-European. Palaic shared common innovations withLuwian not present in Old Hittite, suggesting a prior Luwian-Palaic linguistic complex.[6] It has been characterized as "more conservative than Hittite" and heavily influenced by theHattic language, though caution is prescribed for the latter assertion given the paucity of available materials.[7]
Palaic shows the same gender distinction as seen in Hittite, i.e. animate vs. inanimate. It distinguishes two numbers, singular and plural, and at least six cases:nominative,vocative,accusative,genitive,dative, andlocative.[4]
Old Hittite has the genitive singular suffix-aš circa 1600 BC (compareProto-Indo-European*-os); whereCuneiform Luwian instead uses the-ašša/i- adjectival suffix. Palaic, on the northern border of both, like laterHieroglyphic Luwian has both an-aš genitive and an-aša- adjectival suffix.
Palaic also has similar pronoun forms to Old Hittite.[citation needed]
The verb in Palaic is inflected for number (singular and plural), person, tense (present and preterite), and mood (indicative and imperative). It also has two voices, active andmedio-passive.[4]
Palaic is considered to have had a "high number of attestations of the suffix -ina," all of which weretransitive.[8]
| Peoples |  | |
|---|---|---|
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