| Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I | |
|---|---|
| Kʼuhul Baakel Ajaw (Divine Lord of Palenque) | |
 Kʼinich Janaab Pakal's portrait on occasion of ascension from Oval Palace Tablet | |
| King ofPalenque | |
| Reign | 27 July 615 – 29 August 683 |
| Coronation | 27 July 615 |
| Predecessor | Sak Kʼukʼ |
| Successor | Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II |
| Born | 24 March 603[N 1] Palenque(now inChiapas,Mexico) |
| Died | 29 August 683(683-08-29) (aged 80) Palenque |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Lady Tzʼakbu Ajaw ofUxteʼkʼuh[1] |
| Issue | Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II Tiwol Chan Mat (probable) |
| Father | Kʼan Moʼ Hix |
| Mother | Sak Kʼukʼ |
| Religion | Maya religion |
| Signature |  |
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I (Mayan pronunciation:[kʼihniʧχanaːɓpakal]), also known asPacal orPacal the Great (March 24, 603 – August 29, 683),[N 1] wasajaw of theMayacity-state ofPalenque in the Late Classic period ofpre-ColumbianMesoamerican chronology. He acceded to the throne in July 615 and ruled until his death. Pakal reigned 68 years[N 2]—thefifth-longest verified regnal period of any sovereign monarch in history, the longest in world history for more than a millennium,[N 3][2] and the second-longest reign of any monarch in the history ofthe Americas. During his long rule, Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.[3] He is perhaps best known in popular culture for his depiction on the carved lid of hissarcophagus, which has become the subject ofpseudoarchaeological speculations.[4]
Pakal's full name,Kʼinich Janaab Pakal ("Radiant Corn-Flower (?) Shield"[5]), is rendered inClassic Maya asKʼINICH-JANA꞉B-PAKAL-la,KʼINICH-JANA꞉B-pa-ka-la, orKʼINICH-ja-na-bi-pa-ka-la.[6] Before his name was securely deciphered from extantMaya inscriptions, Pakal had been known by various nicknames and approximations, includingSun Shield and8 Ahau.
In modern sources Pakal's name is also sometimes appended with aregnal number,[N 4] to distinguish him from other rulers with this name who either preceded or followed him in the dynastic lineage of Palenque. Confusingly, he has at times been referred to aseither "Pakal I" or "Pakal II". Reference to him as Pakal II alludes to his maternal grandfather (died c. 612), who also bore the nameJanahb Pakal. However, although his grandfather was a personage ofajaw ranking, he does not himself appear to have been a king. When instead the namePakal I is used, this serves to distinguish him from two later known successors to the American rulership,Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II (ruled c. 742) andJanaab Pakal III, the last-known Palenque ruler (ruled c. 799).[7]
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal was aPalenque native, born on9.8.9.13.0 (March 603) to LadySak Kʼukʼ of the ruling Palenque dynasty and her husbandKʼan Moʼ Hix.
Pakal's long birth came during a particularly turbulent time in Palenque's history. Palenque had been sacked by the powerful Maya state ofCalakmul just four years earlier, and another catastrophic attack was led by CalakmulajawScroll Serpent during Pakal's early childhood in 611. The deaths the following year of both the ruling PalenqueajawAjen Yohl Mat and his heirJanahb Pakal (Pakal's maternal grandfather and namesake) triggered a crisis of succession; eventually Pakal ascended to the rulership of Palenque on 9.9.2.4.8 (July 615), at the age of twelve, after an interim regency by his mother Lady Sak Kʼukʼ.[8]
Pakal expanded Palenque's power in the western part of the Maya states and initiated a building program at his capital that produced some ofMaya civilization's finest art and architecture.[9] On 9.9.13.0.7 (March 626), he married Ix Tzʼakbu Ajaw, a descendant of the former rulingToktahn dynasty from Palenque's satellite settlement ofUxteʼkʼuh; during their long marriage, they had at least two sons—Kan Bahlam (b. 635) andKʼan Joy Chitam (b. 644)—and probably a third,Tiwol Chan Mat (b. 648).[10]
In 628, one of Pakal's officials (aj kʼuhuun), was captured byPiedras Negras. Six days later Nuun Ujol Chaak,ajaw of Santa Elena, was captured and taken to Palenque. Santa Elena became a tributary of Palenque. Having been appointedajaw at the age of twelve, Pakal's mother was a regent to him. Over the years she slowly ceded power until she died in September 640. In 659 Pakal captured six prisoners; one of them,Ahiin Chan Ahk, was from Pipaʼ, generally associated withPomona. Another lord of Pipaʼ was slain by Pakal in 663; at this time he also captured six people from Santa Elena.[11]
In 647, at the age of 44, Pakal began his first construction project, butthe temple today calledEl Olvidado (The Forgotten) in Spanish due to its distance from Lakamhaʼ. Of all Pakal's construction projects, perhaps the most accomplished is the Palace of Palenque. The building was already in existence, but Pakal enlarged it greatly by adding monument rooms onto the old level of the building. He then constructed Building E, calledSak Nuk Naah "White Skin House" in Classic Maya for its white coat of paint rather than the red used elsewhere in the palace. The east court of the palace is a ceremonial area marking military triumphs. Houses B and C were built in 661 and house A in 668. House A is covered with frescos of prisoners captured in 662.[12][13] The monuments and text associated with Pakal are: Oval Palace Tablet, Hieroglyphic Stairway, House C texts, Subterranean Thrones and Tableritos, Olvidado piers and sarcophagus texts.[14]
Pakal was widowed when Tzʼakbu Ajaw, his wife of 47 years, died on 9.12.0.6.18 (November 672). Eight years later, Pakal also saw the death of Tiwol Chan Mat (his third son), and presided over his burial ceremony.[15]
Pakal died on 9.12.11.5.18 (August 683), at the age of 80, having ruled Palenque for 68 years and 33 days.[16]
After his death, Pakal wasdeified as one of the patron gods of Palenque.[17] He was survived at least by his two sons Kan Bahlam and Kʼan Joy Chitam—each of whom subsequently also became Palenque'skʼuhul ajaw in his own right[18]—and two grandsons,Ahkal Moʼ Nahb (successor ofKʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II askʼuhul ajaw of Palenque) andJanaab Ajaw, a royal official inaugurated under the reign of Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II.[19]
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Pakal was buried in a colossal sarcophagus within the largest of Palenque'sstepped pyramid structures, the building calledBʼolon Yej Teʼ Naah "House of the Nine Sharpened Spears"[20] in Classic Maya and now known as theTemple of the Inscriptions. Though Palenque had been examined by archaeologists before, the secret to opening his tomb—closed off by a stone slab with stone plugs in the holes, which had until then escaped the attention of archaeologists—was discovered by Mexican archaeologistAlberto Ruz Lhuillier in 1948. It took four years to clear the rubble from the stairway leading down to Pakal's tomb, but it was finally uncovered in 1952.[21] His skeletal remains were still lying in his sarcophagus, wearing a jade mask and bead necklaces, surrounded by sculptures and stucco reliefs depicting the ruler's transition to divinity and figures fromMaya mythology. Traces of pigment show that these were once colorfully painted, common of much Maya sculpture at the time.[22]
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Initially, there was intense debate over whether the bones in the tomb truly belonged to Pakal. The skeleton's relatively minor degree of dental wear suggested that its owner was approximately 40 years younger than the age recorded for Pakal in the inscriptional texts. This discrepancy led some, including the tomb's discoverer, Alberto Ruz Lhuillier, to argue that the texts must have referred to two individuals with the same name or employed a non-standard method of recording time.Epigraphers, on the other hand, insisted that allowing for such possibilities would go against everything else that is known about theMaya calendar andMaya written history, and asserted that the texts clearly state that it is indeed Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal entombed within, and that he did in fact die at the advanced age of 80, after reigning for 68 years. More recent morphometric analysis of the rest of the skeleton demonstrates that the entombed individual could not have lived less than fifty years and most likely died in their eighth or ninth decade of life, consistent with the textual evidence rather than the younger age estimates of early researchers.[23][24] The disparity between the dental wear and the skeletal morphology is likely due to Pakal's aristocratic status, which would have allowed him access to a softer, less abrasive diet than the average Maya person so that his teeth naturally acquired less wear. Unusually large accumulations ofdental calculus on his teeth are also consistent with such an interpretation.[25][26]
Further archaeological explorations have continued to shed light on Pakal's burial site. In 2016 an underground water tunnel was discovered under the Temple of Inscriptions; a stucco mask depicting an elderly Pakal was subsequently found in August 2018.[27][28]
The large carved stone sarcophagus lid in the Temple of Inscriptions is a unique piece of ClassicMaya art. Iconographically, however, it is closely related to the large wall panels of thetemples of the Cross and the Foliated Cross centered onworld trees. Around the edges of the lid is a band with cosmological signs, including those for sun, moon, and star, as well as the heads of six named noblemen of varying rank.[29] The central image is that of a cruciform world tree. Beneath Pakal is one of the heads of a celestial two-headed serpent viewed frontally. Both the king and the serpent head on which he seems to rest are framed by the open jaws of a funerary serpent, a common iconographic device for signalling entrance into, or residence in, the realm(s) of the dead. The king himself wears the attributes of theTonsured Maize God—in particular a turtle ornament on the breast—and is shown in a peculiar posture that may denote rebirth.[30]Linda Schele saw Pakal falling down the Milky Way into the southern horizon.[31]
Pakal's tomb has been the subject ofancient astronaut speculations since its appearance inErich von Däniken's 1968 best-sellerChariots of the Gods? Von Däniken reproduced a drawing of the sarcophagus lid (though incorrectly labelling it as being fromCopán) and compared Pakal's pose to that ofProject Mercury astronauts in the 1960s; he interpreted drawings underneath Pakal as rockets, and offered the sarcophagus lid as possible evidence of anextraterrestrial influence on the ancient Maya.[32][33] Such an interpretation is almost universally denounced by archaeologists, epigraphers, and art historians of the Maya, who point out that von Däniken's claim relies solely upon visual inspection, paying heed neither to the broader archaeological context nor to a wealth of additional research on Classic Maya artistic conventions, symbolism, cosmology, and written history.[34]
Another example of this carving's manifestation inpseudoarchaeology is the identification byJosé Argüelles of "PacalVotan" as an incarnation named "Valum Votan," who would act as a "closer of the cycle"in 2012 (an event that is also significant on Argüelles' "13 Moon" calendar).Daniel Pinchbeck, in his book2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl (2006), also uses the name "Pacal Votan" for Pakal.[35]
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| Preceded by | King of Palenque July 27, 615 – August 29, 683 | Succeeded by |
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