Apaiza orpaizi orgerege (Middle Mongolian:Гэрэгэ,Mongolian:Пайз,Persian:پایزهpāiza,Chinese:牌子páizi) was a tablet carried byMongol officials and envoys to signify certain privileges and authority. They enabled Mongol nobles and officials to demand goods and services from civilian populations.
Although only someone with a paiza was required to be supplied with mounts and served specified rations, those carrying military rarities used theyam even without a paiza. The officials and nobles of theMongol Empire issued paizas unofficially and abused civilians. Therefore,Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) prohibited thenobility from issuing paizas andjarliqs.
To attract foreign or overseas merchants and talents, the Great Khans gave them paiza exempting them from taxes and allowing them to use relay stations.[1] Most of these merchants were business partners of the Mongols, known as ortoq.[2] However,Möngke Khan (r. 1251–1259) limited notorious abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the business of the merchants who were sponsored by the Mongols. He prohibited them from using the imperial relay stations or yam (zam) and paizas.
Marco Polo, who visited theYuan dynasty during the reign ofKublai Khan (r. 1260–1294), left a good description of the paiza.[3]
TheIlkhanGhazan (r. 1295–1304) reformed the issuance of jarliqs, creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court and canceling jarliqs older than 30 years and old paizas.[4] He fashioned new paizas into two ranks, ordered that they bear the names of the bearers on them to prevent them from being transferred and required them to be relinquished at the end of the official's term.
Although paizas were popularized by the Mongols, they were not (contrary to common claim) a Mongol innovation. Similar such passports were already in use in northern China under theLiao dynasty, and their use was continued under subsequent kingdoms such as theJin dynasty and theTangut kingdom ofXi-Xia. The Jin paiza had seven different ranks.[5]
![Official pass with Mongolian inscription in 'Phags-pa script reading "By the power of eternal heaven, [this is] an order of the Emperor. Whoever does not show respect [to the bearer] will be guilty of an offence."](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPhagspa_vinokurov_tablet.jpg)
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