Bailang orPai-lang (Chinese:白狼;pinyin:Bái láng;lit. 'white wolf') is the earliest recordedTibeto-Burman language, known from three short songs, totalling 44 four-syllable lines, recorded in a commentary on theBook of the Later Han.^[2] The language is clearly either Lolo–Burmese or closely related, but as of the 1970s it presented "formidable problems of interpretation, which have been only partially solved".^[3]

TheBook of the Later Han (compiled in the 5th century from older sources) relates that the songs were recorded in westernSichuan and a Chinese translation presented toEmperor Ming of Han (58–75 AD). This episode is recorded in the "Treatise on the Southern Barbarians" chapter, which includes the Chinese translation, but not the original songs.^[4]The Bailang people are described as living to the west of Wenshan, a mountain of theMinshan range in the southern part of modernMao County.^[5]According to the oldest extant commentary on theBook of the Later Han, byLi Xian (651–684), the Chinese translation was taken from theDongguan Hanji, which also included a transcription of the Bailang version inChinese characters. Only a few fragments of theDongguan Hanji are extant, but Li included this transcription in his commentary, and another variant is found in the 12th-centuryTongzhi. Thus in addition to the distortion inherent in transcription, interpretation is complicated by the transmission history of the text and uncertainty about the pronunciation ofEastern Han Chinese.^[6]

Several features of the text have led scholars to doubt the traditional view that the songs were translated from Bailang to Chinese: the songs reflect a Chinese world-view, contain many Chinese words and phrases (in addition to apparent loans) and generally follow Chinese word order. In addition, the Chinese versions rhyme while the Bailang versions generally do not. Most modern authors hold that the songs were composed in Chinese and their words translated (where possible) into equivalent Bailang words or phrases, retaining the metrical structure of the Chinese original.^[7]This view is disputed byChristopher Beckwith, who claims that the Bailang version shows patterns ofassonance andconsonance when the characters are read in a southwestern variety of Eastern Han Chinese.^[8]

A vocabulary of some 134 words and phrases has been extracted from the text, including 21 Chinese loanwords. Some 80 of the remaining words have been compared, with varying levels of confidence, to possible Tibeto-Burman cognates.^[9]Most authors conclude that Bailang isLolo-Burmese.^[10]However, Coblin argues that some Bailang words appear to be more conservative than reconstructed Proto-Lolo–Burmese, and that it is therefore likely that it was a close relative rather than an actual member of the family. For example, the word for "gorge" is transcribed with the character龍, whoseOld Chinese form is reconstructed byLi Fang-Kuei as*gljung. Coblin argues that the Bailang word retains the consonant cluster ofProto-Sino-Tibetan *klu·ŋ, which has been lost in Proto-Lolo-Burmese *loŋ³.^[11] However, in hisABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese (2007, p. 363), Axel Schuessler reconstructs the contemporaryEastern Han Chinese pronunciation as *lioŋ, and reconstructions of the (pre-Han) Old Chinese pronunciation by other scholars differ markedly (see Wiktionary).

Beckwith (2008: 106–107) lists the following Bailang words with clearTibeto-Burman etymologies.

Works cited

• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2008), "The Pai-lang songs: The earliest texts in a Tibeto-Burman language and their Late Old Chinese transcriptions", in Beckwith, Christopher I. (ed.),Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages III, Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies GmbH, pp. 87–110,ISBN 978-3-88280-084-5.
• Benedict, Paul K. (1972),Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus(PDF), Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-08175-7.
• Coblin, W. South (1979),"A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs"(PDF),Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies,12:179–216.

• Wu, Anqi 吴安其 (2007), "Báiláng gē jiědú"《白狼歌》解读 [Interpretation of the Bailang Song],Minzu Yuwen (in Chinese),6:12–22.
• Hill, Nathan W. (2017) 'Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary'.Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, (103), pp 387–429.

ChineseWikisource has original text related to this article:

"Treatise on the Southern Barbarians"

ChineseWikisource has original text related to this article:

Dongguan Hanji

• texts at ctext.org:
  • "Treatise on the Southern Barbarians" chapter of theBook of the Later Han, containing the Chinese version
  • reconstructedDongguan Hanji, containing the transcribed Bailang version

• Lolo-Burmese languages
• Extinct languages of Asia
• Unsolved problems in linguistics

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