| Pahoturi | |
|---|---|
| Paho River | |
| Geographic distribution | Pahoturi River,New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans-Fly or independentlanguage family
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | paho1240 |
 Map: The Pahoturi languages of New Guinea | |
ThePahoturi River languages are a smallfamily ofPapuan languages spoken around the Pahoturi (Paho River). This family includes eight language varieties includingAgöb (Dabu), Em,[1] Ende, Idan,[2]Idi, Idzuwe,[3] Kawam, and Taeme, which are spoken in thePahoturi River area south of theFly River, just west of theEastern Trans-Fly languages. Idzuwe is no longer spoken. Ross (2005) tentatively includes them in the proposedTrans-Fly – Bulaka River family,[4] though more recent work has classified Pahoturi River as an independent family within the region.[5]
Some Pahoturi River speakers were originally hunter-gatherers, but have recently shifted to becoming gardeners.[5]: 649
Wurm (1975) and Ross (2005) suggest that the Pahoturi languages may be related to theTabo (Waia) language just north of the Fly delta. However, they present no evidence, and the pronouns do not match.[6]
Evans and colleagues (2018) classify the Pahoturi River languages as an independent language family.[5]
Five of the varieties have traditionally been grouped[5] into the following two language groups:
Preliminary work on the language family suggests that these varieties form adialect chain. It is assumed that Em is more closely related toAgob and Ende, while Idan and Idzuwe are more closely related toIdi andTaeme.
Pahoturi River languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[5]
| Language | Location | Population | Alternate names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Idi | central-eastMorehead Rural LLG | 774 | |
| Taeme | northeastMorehead Rural LLG | 834 | Tame, Kondobol, Yao |
| Agob | southeastMorehead Rural LLG | 1,437 | Bugi,Dabu |
| Ende | eastMorehead Rural LLG | 542 | |
| Kawam | eastMorehead Rural LLG and westOriomo-Bituri Rural LLG | 457 | Wipim |
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[7]
| *m | *mʷ | *n | *ŋ | [*ŋʷ] | ||
| *p | *pʷ | *t | *ʈ | *ts | *k | *kʷ |
| *b | *bʷ | *d | *ɖ | *dz | *g | *gʷ |
| *mb | *mbʷ | *nd | *ɳɖ | *ndz | *ŋg | *ŋgʷ |
| *l | *ɭ | |||||
| *w | *r | *ɽ | *j |
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for the family are:[4]
Proto-Pahoturi River
| I | *ŋa-na | we | ? |
| thou | *ba or*be | you | *-bi |
| s/he | *bo | they | ? |
Lindsey lists the following pronouns for each of the language varieties in the family.[8]
| Case | English | Agob | Em | Ende | Kawam | Idi | Taeme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | I (1sg) | ŋəna | ŋəna | ŋəna | ŋəna | ŋən | ŋən |
| thou (2sg) | boŋo | boŋo | boŋo | buŋo | bæ | bæ | |
| s/he (3sg) | bo | bogo | bogo | bo | bo | bo | |
| weexclusive (1.nsg.excl) | ŋumi | ŋumi | ŋəmi | ŋəmi | ŋəmi/bi | bi | |
| weinclusive (1.nsg.incl) | ibi | ibi | ibi | ibi | jɪbi | jəbi | |
| you (2nsg) | bibi | bibi | bibi | bibi | bæ | bæ | |
| they (3nsg) | ubi | ubi | ubi | ubi | bo/wɪbi | bo/ubi | |
| Accusative | I (1sg) | ŋənam | ŋənam | ŋənəm | ŋonom | bom | ŋənəm |
| thou (2sg) | bæm | bæm | bam | bæm | babom | babom | |
| s/he (3sg) | obom | obom | obom | obom | obom | obom | |
| we exclusive (1.nsg.excl) | ŋənam | ŋumim | ŋəmim | ŋəmim | bim | ŋəmim | |
| we inclusive (1.nsg.incl) | ibom | ibam | ibim | ibim | jəbim | jɪbim | |
| you (2nsg) | bæm | bæm | bibim | bibim | bibim | bibim | |
| they (3nsg) | obam | obæm | ubim | ubim | ubim/wəbim | ubim | |
| Dative | I (1sg) | ŋɵmɽe | ŋəmɽe | ŋəmɽe | ŋəmre | blæ | ŋəmʎæ |
| thou (2sg) | bæɽe | babɽe | babɽe | bæbre | bæblæ | bæbʎe | |
| s/he (3sg) | obɽe | obɽe | obɽe | obo | oblæ | obʎe | |
| we exclusive (1.nsg.excl) | ŋɵmra | ŋumra | ŋəmira | ŋəmira | bli | ŋəmʎi | |
| we inclusive (1.nsg.incl) | ibra | ibra | ibra | ibra | jəbli | jɪbʎi | |
| you (2nsg) | bæra | babra | bibra | bibra | bibli | bibʎi | |
| they (3nsg) | obra | obra | ubira | ubira | ubli | ubʎi | |
| Possessive | I (1sg) | ŋɵmo | ŋəmo | ŋəmo | ŋomo | bo/bænæ | ŋəmo |
| thou (2sg) | bəne | bəne | bəne | bəne | bənæ | bənæ | |
| s/he (3sg) | obo | obo | obo | obo | obo/obænæ | obo | |
| we exclusive (1.nsg.excl) | ŋəma | ŋəma | ŋəma | ŋəma | ba | ŋəma | |
| we inclusive (1.nsg.incl) | iba | iba | iba | iba | jəba | jəba | |
| you (2nsg) | bina | bina | bina | bina | bəna | bəna | |
| they (3nsg) | oba | oba | oba | oba | oba | wəba |
The Pahoturi River languages are all under various states of documentation. The following table lists some general lexical, grammatical, textual, and typological resources that have been identified for each of the currently spoken Pahoturi River languages.
| Resource | Agob | Em | Ende | Idan | Idi | Kawam | Taeme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yamfinder wordlist | 1[9] | 1[10] | 4[11][12][13][14] | N | 2 | 3[15][16][17] | 1[18] |
| Swadesh list | Y[19] | N | N | N | Y | N | N |
| Dictionary | N | N | Y[20] | N | Y | N | N |
| Resource | Agob | Em | Ende | Idan | Idi | Kawam | Taeme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language data corpus (any) | Y[21][22] | Y[22] | Y[22][23][24] | N | Y[25][26][22][27][28][29] | Y[22] | Y[22] |
| North Wind and the Sun text | N | N | Y[30] | N | Y[31] | N | N |
| The Pear Story | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
| Bible translation | N | N | Y (Mark)[32] | N | N | Y (Mark)[33] | Y (Luke) |
| Bible stories/Words of Life | Y[34] | N | Y[35] | N | Y[36] | N | Y[37] |
| Resource | Agob | Em | Ende | Idan | Idi | Kawam | Taeme |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leipzig Valency Questionnaire | N | N | Elicited the verbs in the Q, not online | N | Elicited the verbs in the Q, not online | N | N |
| Social Cognition Parallax Interview Corpus | N | N | 5[22] | N | Y | N | N |
| Grambank | N | N | Y[38] | N | Y[39] | N | N |
| Intercontinental Dictionary Series | N | N | Y[40] | N | N | N | N |
| Numeral Systems of the World's Languages | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | Y |
| PR Verbal Number questionnaire | N | N | Y[41] | N | Y | N | N |