The dynasty replaced theQajar dynasty in 1925 after the1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British GeneralEdmund Ironside to lead the British-runPersian Cossack Brigade.[6] About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reachedTehran.[7][8] The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 theMajlis agreed to depose and formally exileAhmad Shah Qajar. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as theShah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to thePersian Constitution of 1906.[9] Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporaryMustafa Kemal Atatürk had done inTurkey, but he abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.[10]
In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village ofAlasht inSavadkuh County, Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.[11][7] His mother was a Muslim immigrant fromGeorgia (then part of theRussian Empire)[12][13] whose family had emigrated to mainlandQajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in theCaucasus following theRusso-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza's birth.[14] His father was aMazandarani, commissioned in the 7thSavadkuh Regiment, and served in theAnglo-Persian War in 1856.
The1906 constitution of Iran specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from theQajar dynasty could become theheir apparent.[15] This made all half-brothers ofMohammad Reza ineligible to become heirs to the throne.[15] Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brotherAli Reza was hisheir presumptive.[15] The constitution also required the Shah to be ofIranian descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.[16]
Shâh: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with styleHis Imperial Majesty
Shahbânu: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with styleHer Imperial Majesty
Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with styleHis Imperial Highness
Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and styleHis Imperial Highness.
Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and styleHer Imperial Highness.
Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the stylesHis Highness orHer Highness. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.
^Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne."World Policy Journal 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021.http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096
^Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009).The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4.(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...).
^GholamAli Haddad Adel; et al. (2012).The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 3.(...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...).
^abcDareini, Ali Akbar (1999).The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 446.ISBN81-208-1642-0.2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father's wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220
^Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1976).The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People. P. S. Eriksson. p. 49.ISBN9780839777533.
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