Pahang Malay (Standard Malay:Bahasa Melayu Pahang;Jawi:بهاس ملايو ڤهڠ‎) is aMalayic language spoken in theMalaysian state ofPahang. It is regarded as the dominant Malay dialect spoken along the vast riverine systems of Pahang, but co-exists with other Malay dialects traditionally spoken in the state. Along the coastline of Pahang,Terengganu Malay is spoken in a narrow strip of sometimes discontiguous fishing villages and towns.^[1] Another dialect spoken inTioman island is a distinct Malay variant and most closely related toRiau Archipelago Malaysubdialect spoken inNatuna andAnambas islands in theSouth China Sea, together forming adialect continuum between theBornean Malay and the MainlandPeninsular/Sumatran Malay.

Nonetheless, the essential unity of Pahang and Terengganu Malay is demonstrated by the number of shared lexical, syntactic, and phonetics innovations. Both varieties, along withKelantan Malay, have been classified under the subgroup of the East Coast dialect of theMalay Peninsula, due to their possible common origin.^[2]

Pahang Malay is known for its sharp rise and fall of tone and quick flowing accent. It exhibits a number of differences from theStandard Malay, particularly in phonology and vocabulary.^[3] Even though it shares many similarities with standard Malay, the dialect in its purest form remains unintelligible to standard Malay speakers. There are a number of sub-dialects of Pahang Malay identified by linguists, but the form spoken in the vicinity of Pahang'sroyal capital,Pekan, is considered as its 'standard sub-dialect'.^[4]

The dialect is traditionally written inJawi script, but its role as the main writing language has been replaced with Standard Malay written inRumi. A local radio station,Pahang FM, broadcasts in this dialect.^[5]

Pahang Malay isnatively referred to asbase Pahang (/basɘpahã(ŋ)/; Standard Malay:bahasa Pahang;بهاس ڤهڠ‎), orcakak Pahang (/tʃakaʔpahã(ŋ)/; Standard Malay:cakap Pahang;چاكڤ ڤهڠ‎). However, in academic writings, it is alternatively known asbahasa Melayu Pahang ordialek Pahang. The termPahang itself originated from the name of the state which in turn derived from the name ofPahang River, where the early civilisation in the state could have developed from.^[6] There have been many theories on the origin of the name Pahang. Local lore states that it is derived from the corruption of the nameMahang tree (Macaranga).^[7] On the other hand, William Linehan relates the early foundation of the state to the settlers from the ancient Khmer civilisation, and claims it originates from the wordsaamnbahang (Khmer:សំណប៉ាហាំង) meaning 'tin', abundantly found in the state.^[8] The earliest literary reference to the name 'Pahang' was from the chronicle of theLiu Song dynasty,Book of Song, which records two consecutive envoys received from the kingdom of 'Pohuang' (alternativelyPanhuang) between 449 and 457 CE.^[9]

There are at least two theories on the origin of Pahang Malay. Asmah Omar identifies the settlements near the estuary ofPahang River and its adjacent areas, where the early civilisation of Pahang could have begun, as the place of origin of the dialect before it was diffused inland.^[10] This area includesPekan, the historical capital of Pahang, which the subdialect of Pahang Malay spoken in the area is named after. This theory is consistent to the known details of Malay settlement patterns in Southeast Asia. Until the 19th century, the Malay population was riverine and maintaining inter-communal link by river and maritime routes.^[11]

Another theory by Tarmizi Harsah, suggests that the dialect originated from Ulu Tembeling, in deep hinterland of Pahang. The theory is based on the study of a variant spoken in Ulu Tembeling, also known locally ascakap ulu ('the upstream speech') orbase lama ('the old language').^[12] Although it retains part of the general characteristics of Pahang Malay, the dialect of Ulu Tembeling has the special feature of consonantal diphthongisation at the end of words, which is one of its kind among Malay dialects of the peninsula. Another unique feature of the dialect is that it retains several phonological characteristics ofAncient Malay, for example, the use of vowel *i and *u, and the addition of glottal consonant at the last position in words ending with vowels.^[13] However, Tarmizi's theory went against the commonly accepted Malay settlement patterns which began at the river mouth and coastal areas before dispersing inland.

Pahang Malay is almost exclusively spoken within the state of Pahang, though there are sizeable migrant communities of its native speakers in urban areas likeKlang Valley, and other states of the peninsula. Nevertheless, within the state of Pahang, there are at least two other distinct Malay varieties traditionally spoken. CoastalTerengganu Malay, a relative variant with shared lexical, synctatic, and phonetics innovations, is spoken in narrow strip of sometimes discontiguous fishermen villages and towns along the coastline of Pahang.^[14] This complicated spatial layering of different Malay variants, often within a few kilometres' radius between hamlets of Pahang Malay speakers along the riverine systems and the Terengganu-speaking coastal fishermen villages, is influenced by the historical movement of Terengganu Malays to that area. For centuries, the coastal line stretching from Terengganu border to theEndau of Johor, was the heaven for temporary settlements of fishermen from Terengganu and Kelantan who came there during fishing season. Over the time, a well established communities began to develop in areas likeBeserah,Kuala Pahang, andKuala Rompin.^[15] Another dialect not related to Pahang Malay, is spoken inTioman island of Pahang and Aur Islands ofJohor, and most closely related only toSarawak Malay, spoken across theSouth China Sea in northwestBorneo.^[16] Despite the existence these foreign and isolated Malay variants, Pahang Malay remains as the de facto official dialect of the state, predominantly spoken along the lining of its vast riverine systems.

Due to high divergences of the dialects and sub-dialects of Pahang Malay, their classifications remain unclear so far. Among the earliest attempt to classify these dialects and sub-dialects was by Asmah Omar who conducted her study based on thedaerah (district). She enlisted eight sub-dialects of Pahang Malay, namely the dialects ofPekan,Benta,Raub, Ulu Tembeling,Rompin,Temerloh,Kuala Lipis andBentong. She also named the sub-dialect spoken in the vicinity of Pekan, including the state capital,Kuantan, as the 'standard sub-dialect' and the major source for other sub-dialects spoken inland. Her view is based on the prestige of Pekan and Kuantan as the main economic, cultural and administration centres of the state.^[17]

Other scholars like Collins and Tarmizi Harsah provided an alternative method in this dialectal study, focusing on the geographic units of river basins and coastal strips, rather than on the existing political boundaries.^[18][19] This is based on the fact that the spread of these sub-dialects is independent of the political divisions of current Malaysian states. On the other hand, both river basins and coastal strips are the features of topography that have greatly shaped the earliest patterns of migration and settlement in theMalay world of Southeast Asia.^[20] Based on this, Tarmizi Harsah identified three main variants of Pahang Malay, spoken along the lining of three main rivers of Pahang;Pahang River,Jelai River andLipis River. He classified these variants further into two main sub-dialects,Hulu Pahang ('Upper Pahang') consisting of the Lipis and Jelai rivers variants, andHilir Pahang ('Lower Pahang') consisting of the Pahang River variant.^[21]

In general, like many other dialects of Malay language, the differences between Pahang Malay and the Standard Malay are recognized through changes in phonology at the end of the words. The unique identity of Pahang Malay can be traced in three features of phonology; vowels before consonant [± coronal],alveolar trill anddiphthongs/-ai̯/ and/-au̯/. The contrast betweencoronals andnon-coronals is among the first feature recognised by Collins (1983, 1998) and Ajid Che Kob & Mohd Tarmizi (2009). Although this feature is shared among all sub-dialects of Pahang, there are still different vowel realisation patterns found among those variants.^[22] These varied patterns are demonstrated in the following tables.

The Standard Malayalveolar trill/-r/, at the end of words, is usually omitted in most Malay dialects. But the omitted sound will always be replaced with certain phonetic forms, either through the elongation of consonant or de-articulation ofschwa. Both forms exist in Pahang Malay and are described by linguists as 'very obvious'. Elongation of consonant can be seen in the use of[ɐː],[ɔː] and[ɛː] in sub-dialect spoken along the Jelai River, while de-articulation of schwa is shown by sub-dialects spoken along the Pahang and Lipis rivers that utilise[ɐᵊ],[ɔᵊ] and[ɛᵊ].^[25]

Common diphthongs found in Standard Malay,/-ai̯/ and/-au̯/, do not exist in Pahang Malay, as both aremonophthongised instead. This does not means that there are no diphthongs in the dialect at all. Pahang Malay acquired itsdiphthongs through the diphthongisation ofmonophthongs; for example, the vowel sounds/-i/ and/-u/ are diphthongised into[-ij] and[-uw]. This phenomenon is considered common among many Malay dialects. The following table shows some monophthong realisation for diphthongs/-ai̯/ and/-au̯/ in Pahang Malay.^[26]

The following are some differences in vocabulary between Pahang Malay and Standard Malay.

• Asmah Omar (2008).Susur Galur Bahasa Melayu [The Origin of Malay language] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.ISBN 978-9836-298-26-3.
• Collins, James Thomas (1989)."Malay Dialect Research in Malaysia: The Issue of Perspective"(PDF).Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.145 (2):235–264.doi:10.1163/22134379-90003253.
• Department of Statistics Malaysia (2010)."Jumlah Penduduk Mengikut Kumpulan Etnik, Mukim dan Negeri, Malaysia, 2010/Total Population by Ethnic Group, Mukim and State, Malaysia, 2010 – Pahang"(PDF) (in Malay and English). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-02-27.
• Guy, John (2014).Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.ISBN 978-0300-204-37-7.
• Milner, Anthony (2010).The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific). Wiley-Blackwell.ISBN 978-1444-339-03-1.
• Pahang Delights (2005)."Radio Channels in Pahang".
• Tan, Soo Hai; Tan, Ding Eing (1978).A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0195-807-22-6.
• Tarmizi Hasrah; Rahim Aman; Shahidi A.H (2010)."Variasi Dialek Pahang: Keterpisahan Berasaskan Jaringan Sungai" [Variants of Pahang Dialect: Divergences Based on the Riverine System](PDF).Jurnal Melayu (in Malay).5. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2014-11-29. Retrieved2014-11-15.
• Tarmizi Hasrah; Rahim Aman; Shahidi A.H (2013)."Sketsa Dialek Melayu Pahang" [Sketches of Pahang Malay Dialect](PDF).Jurnal Linguistik (in Malay).12.

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