| People's Liberation Army Unit 61398 | |
|---|---|
| 61398部队 | |
 Emblem of the People's Liberation Army | |
| Active | 2002–present |
| Country |  China |
| Allegiance |  Chinese Communist Party |
| Branch | People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force |
| Type | Cyber force,Cyber-espionage Unit |
| Role | Cyber warfare Electronic warfare |
| Part of |  People's Liberation Army |
| Garrison/HQ | Tonggang Road,Pudong,Shanghai |
| Nicknames |
|
| Engagements | |
PLA Unit 61398 (also known asAPT1,Comment Crew,Comment Panda,GIF89a, orByzantine Candor;Chinese:61398部队,Pinyin: 61398bùduì) is themilitary unit cover designator (MUCD)[1] of aPeople's Liberation Armyadvanced persistent threat unit that has been alleged to be a source of Chinesecomputer hacking attacks.[2][3][4] The unit is stationed inPudong,Shanghai,[5] and has been cited by US intelligence agencies since 2002.
A report by thecomputer security firmMandiant stated that PLA Unit 61398 is believed to operate under the 2nd Bureau of thePeople's Liberation Army General Staff Department (GSD)Third Department (总参三部二局)[1] and that there is evidence that it contains, or is itself, an entity Mandiant callsAPT1, part of the advanced persistent threat that has attacked a broad range of corporations and government entities around the world since at least 2006. APT1 is described as comprising four large networks in Shanghai, two of which serve the Pudong New Area. It is one of more than 20 APT groups with origins in China.[1][6] The Third andFourth Department, responsible forelectronic warfare, are believed to comprise the PLA units mainly responsible for infiltrating and manipulating computer networks.[7]
On 19 May 2014, theUS Department of Justice announced that a federalgrand jury had returned an indictment of five 61398 officers on charges of theft of confidential business information and intellectual property from U.S. commercial firms and of plantingmalware on their computers.[8][9] The five are Huang Zhenyu (黄振宇), Wen Xinyu (文新宇), Sun Kailiang (孙凯亮), Gu Chunhui (顾春晖), andWang Dong (王东). Forensic evidence traces the base of operations to a 12-story building off Datong Road in a public, mixed-use area ofPudong in Shanghai.[2] The group is also known by various other names including "Advanced Persistent Threat 1" ("APT1"), "the Comment group" and "Byzantine Candor", a codename given by US intelligence agencies since 2002.[10][11][12][13]
The group often compromises internal software "comment" features on legitimate web pages to infiltrate target computers that access the sites, leading it to be known as "the Comment Crew" or "Comment Group".[14][15] The collective has stolentrade secrets and other confidential information from numerous foreign businesses and organizations over the course of seven years such asLockheed Martin,Telvent, and other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.[11]
Dell SecureWorks says it believed the group includes the same group of attackers behindOperation Shady RAT, an extensive computer espionage campaign uncovered in 2011 in which more than 70 organizations over a five-year period, including the United Nations, government agencies in the United States, Canada, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam, were targeted.[2]
The attacks documented in the summer of 2011 represent a fragment of the Comment group's attacks, which go back at least to 2002, according to incident reports and investigators. In 2012,FireEye, Inc. stated that they had tracked hundreds of targets in the last three years and estimated the group had attacked more than 1,000 organizations.[12]
Most activity betweenmalware embedded in a compromised system and the malware's controllers takes place during business hours in Beijing's time zone, suggesting that the group is professionally hired, rather than private hackers inspired by patriotic passions.[7]
A 2020 report inDaily News and Analysis stated that the unit was eyeing information related to defense and research in India.[16]
Until 2013, thegovernment of China has consistently denied that it is involved in hacking.[17] In response to theMandiant Corporation report about Unit 61398,Hong Lei, a spokesperson for theChinese foreign ministry, said such allegations were "unprofessional".[17][4]
31°20′57.43″N121°34′24.74″E / 31.3492861°N 121.5735389°E /31.3492861; 121.5735389