| Prussia, Alsace-Lorraine, Baden, Württemberg G 12 Saxon XIII H (1919 version) DRG Class 58.2–5/10–21 ÖBB Class 658 PKP Class Ty1 SNCF 150 C JŽ class 36 État-Belge Type 92 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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ThePrussian G 12 is a 1'E2-10-0goods train locomotive built for thePrussian state railways (Preußische Staatseisenbahnen).
It had been shown during theFirst World War that, from a servicing and maintenance point of view, it was a great disadvantage for each state railway to have its own locomotiveclasses with no standardization. Even spare parts for locos of the same class often did not fit their sister locos. In addition, the military railways needed a fast, powerful, goods locomotive that did not have a highaxle load.
In the advertisements placed by locomotive factories, G 12 engines were described asEinheitslokomotiven (standard locomotives). That caused a lot of confusion, because the termEinheitslokomotive had become synonymous with theEinheitslokomotive 1925, designed in that year by the DRG („Kunibald“ Wagner). TheDeutsche Bundesbahn (DB) also called its steam locomotivesEinheitslokomotive 1950 according to DV 939a "steam locomotives and tenders (standard gauge)" from 1953, and itsAC electric locomotives E10, E40, E41 and E50 were designated asEinheits(elektro)lokomotiven.
The standardisation of locomotives began in Prussia in the 19th century with 'norms' (Normalien). Those designed byRobert Garbe used many common parts, as the P8, G10 (common boiler) and T18 (also same boiler apart fromSmokebox). ThePrussian G 8.3 is a shortened G 12, thePrussian G 8.2 eliminated the inner cylinder.
The G 12 was the first locomotive commonly in service with multiple German state railways and thus rightly carries the nameEinheitslokomotive, apart from "Kunibald" Wagner continuing the tradition of Garbe, and, later, handing the torch over toFriedrich Witte of the DB andMax Baumberg of theDeutsche Reichsbahn (DB). However, it is a distinct machine from theEinheitslokomotive 1925 of the DRG.
In the 1920s, continuing well-constructed types (like theBavarian S 3/6,Saxon XX HV,Prussian P 8 and others, including G 82 and G 12), came under serious consideration. Wagner prevailed by stating that none of those machines offered the crucial standardisation of parts needed for economic operation. The G 12/G 82 was also not used as template or first classes of theEinheitslokomotive 1925. Instead, theEinheitslok-1925 was a complete redesign, its genesis being described in detail byAlfred Gottwaldt, Geschichte der deutschen Einheits-Lokomotiven Franckh, Stuttgart 1978,ISBN 3-440-07941-4.
The G 12 was based on thePrussian G 12.1 and a 2-10-0 locomotive built for theChemins de fer Ottomans d'Anatolie (CFOA) of theOttoman Empire byHenschel (seePrussian G 12 (CFOA type).
After Robert Garbe retired, the locomotives deviated in several ways from earlier principles for Prussian locomotive design. For example, they had a continuousbar frame and a wide, outer,Belpaire firebox, located above the frame with a large grate area. The same principles were applied to other, later, designs such as thePrussian T 20 orPrussian P 10.
Between August 1917 and 1921, a total of 1,168 G 12s were procured byPrussia. TheImperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine ordered 118, theGrand Duchy of Baden State Railway 88, theRoyal Saxon State Railways 42 and theRoyal Württemberg State Railways 42. In addition, Baden bought 10 locomotives from thePrussian state railways. Even the Deutsche Reichsbahn received a batch of 20 locomotives in 1924 that, following the Saxon XIII H, were given the numbers 58 443-462.
The Saxon locomotives were, like their predecessors, designated as Class XIII H; Baden and Württemberg took on the Prussian designation of G 12. Only theBavarian State Railways, the railways ofMecklenburg andOldenburg did not buy any G 12s. As a result, the G 12 can be viewed as the precursor to the standard locomotives orEinheitsloks of Germany.
The majority of locomotives of this class were taken over by theDeutsche Reichsbahn. There they were given the following operating numbers:
Number 58 1001 was not a G 12, rather an engine for the CFOA left in Germany.
Around 1930, six engines were converted tocoal dust firing and, after 1945, a number of other engines were similarly modified, of which 43 remained in service for a long time (up to 1968).
InWorld War II, 58 2144 fromPoland and 58 2145-2148 fromLuxembourg were incorporated.
TheDeutsche Bundesbahn retired their units in 1953. TheEast German Deutsche Reichsbahn still had 300 machines in service in 1968. On the introduction ofEDP numbers in 1970, a '1' was usually prefixed to three-digit operating numbers. The last locomotives were retired in 1976. 56 locomotives were converted by theDeutsche Reichsbahn toClass 58.30Rekoloks between 1958 and 1962.
After World War II, locomotives 58 1669, 1746, 1767, 1904, 1917, 2122 and 2132 remained in Austrian national territory. Number 58 1669 was given back to theDB in 1949, 58 1904 was paid off in 1951 and 58 1917 ended up in theSoviet Union in 1949. The remaining four engines formed the Austrian ÖBB Class 658. All the engines had been retired by 1966. However, at least two examples (658.1746) and (658.2122) survived longer as heating locomotives atLinz depot. 658.1746 was seen dumped as 01033 in August 1972, along with 658.2122 as 01042. 01042 survived until at least February 1976.
The locomotives remaining in Poland after 1945 were given thePolish State Railways class Ty1. Those inYugoslavia became class 36.
The G 12 was mainly equipped with Prussian class 3 T 20 or 2'2' T 31.5tenders. The Saxon XIII H, on the other hand, generally ran with the somewhat larger Saxon class 3 T 21 tenders, resulting in a greater overall length. Because the volume of the water tank was reduced when locomotives were converted to coal dust firing, only large Prussian 2'2' T 31.5 tenders or standard tenders were used after the war.
As of the time of writing[when?], two former Baden locomotives of the older type, 58 261 (Bw Chemnitz-Hilbersdorf) and 58 311 (Ettlingen), a Prussian original, 58 1616 (formerly used as a steam generator (Dampfspender) (Bw Hermeskeil) and an example obtained by Yugoslavia after WW2, 36-013, notably with the rear steam dome removed (Železniški Muzej Ljubljana), remain preserved.[citation needed]
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