| Filename extension | .pcx |
|---|---|
| Internet media type | image/vnd.zbrush.pcx,image/x-pcx (deprecated)[1] |
| Developed by | ZSoft Corporation |
| Initial release | 1985; 40 years ago (1985) |
| Latest release | 5 1991; 34 years ago (1991) |
| Type of format | Losslessbitmapimage format |
PCX, standing forPiCture eXchange, is animage file format developed by the now-defunct ZSoft Corporation ofMarietta, Georgia,United States. It was the native file format forPC Paintbrush and became one of the first widely acceptedDOS imaging standards, although it has since been succeeded by more sophisticated image formats, such asBMP,JPEG, andPNG. PCX files commonly store palette-indexed images ranging from 2 or 4 colors to 16 and 256 colors, although the format has been extended to record true-color (24-bit) images as well.[2]
PCX was designed during the early development of PC display hardware and most of the formats it supported are no longer used. The table below shows a list of the most commonly used PCX formats. Contemporary image editing programs may not read PCX files that match older hardware.
| Bit Depth | Planes | Number of Colors |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | 1 | 16 colors from a palette |
| 8 | 1 | 256 colors from a palette |
| 8 | 1 | 256 shades of gray |
| 4 | 4 | 4096 colors with 16 levels of transparency |
| 8 | 3 | 16.7 million, 24-bit "true color" |
| 8 | 4 | 16.7 million with 256 levels of transparency |
| 1 | 1 | 2 colors monochrome (1-Bit) (Win 3.1 Paintbrush) |
| 1 | 4 | 16 colors RGBi (4-Bit) in 4 planes (Win 3.1 Paintbrush) |
PCX is supported by common image processing software includingACDSee,FastStone,GIMP,ImageMagick,IrfanView,LView,Netpbm,PaintShop Pro,Photoshop,Visio,PMview,XnView andGraphicConverter.[3][4] In version 2.1.4FFmpeg could encode and decode the PCX pixel formatsrgb24, rgb8, bgr8, rgb4_byte, bgr4_byte, gray, pal8, andmonob.[5]
There is a multi-page version of PCX, used by some computerfax and document management programs, with file extension.dcx. A DCX file consists of a header introducing a set of following PCX files.[6]
PCX files were designed for use on IBM-compatible PCs and always uselittle endian byte ordering. A PCX file has three main sections, in the following order
The PCX file header contains an identifier byte (value 10), a version number, image dimensions, 16 palette colors, number color planes, bit depth of each plane, and a value for compression method. PCX version numbers range from 0 to 5, this originally denoted the version of thePC Paintbrush program used to create the PCX file. The header always has space for 16 colors though the number of colors used depends upon the bit depth of the image.[clarification needed] The header is composed of 18 fields:[7][2]
| Offset hex | Offset dec | Size | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| 00 | 0 | 1 byte | The fixedheader field valued at ahexadecimal0x0A (= 10 in decimal). |
| 01 | 1 | 1 byte | The version number referring to the Paintbrush software release, which might be:
|
| 02 | 2 | 1 byte | The method used for encoding the image data. Can be:
|
| 03 | 3 | 1 byte | The number of bits constituting one plane. Most often 1, 2, 4 or 8. |
| 04 | 4 | 2 bytes | The minimum x co-ordinate of the image position. |
| 06 | 6 | 2 bytes | The minimum y co-ordinate of the image position. |
| 08 | 8 | 2 bytes | The maximum x co-ordinate of the image position. |
| 0A | 10 | 2 bytes | The maximum y co-ordinate of the image position. |
| 0C | 12 | 2 bytes | The horizontal image resolution in DPI. |
| 0E | 14 | 2 bytes | The vertical image resolution in DPI. |
| 10 | 16 | 48 bytes | The EGA palette for 16-color images. |
| 40 | 64 | 1 byte | The first reserved field, usually set to zero. |
| 41 | 65 | 1 byte | The number of color planes constituting the pixel data. Mostly chosen to be 1, 3, or 4. |
| 42 | 66 | 2 bytes | The number of bytes of one color plane representing a single scan line. |
| 44 | 68 | 2 bytes | The mode in which to construe the palette:
|
| 46 | 70 | 2 bytes | The horizontal resolution of the source system's screen. |
| 48 | 72 | 2 bytes | The vertical resolution of the source system's screen. |
| 4A | 74 | 54 bytes | The second reserved field, intended for future extensions, and usually set to zero bytes. |
All PCX files use the same compression scheme and the compression value is always 1. No other values have been defined and there are no uncompressed PCX files. One source claims that 0 (uncompressed) isallowed, but not much software supports it.[8]
PCX image data is stored in rows or scan lines in top-down order. If the image has multiple planes, these are stored by plane within row, such that all the red data for row 0 are followed by all the green data for row 0, then all the blue data, then alpha data. This pattern is repeated for each line as shown in the next table:
| Row 0 | R R R R R R R R R |
| G G G G G G G G G | |
| B B B B B B B B B | |
| A A A A A A A A A | |
| Row 1 | R R R R R R R R R |
| G G G G G G G G G | |
| B B B B B B B B B | |
| A A A A A A A A A | |
| Row 2 etc. | .... |
When an image is less than 8 bits per pixel, each line is padded to the next even byte boundary.[7] For example, if an image has 1 plane of 1-bit data (monochrome) with a width of 22 pixels, each row will be 4 bytes long, having 32 bits per row with 10 bits unused.
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
PCX image data are compressed usingrun-length encoding (RLE), a simplelossless compression algorithm that collapses a series of three or more consecutive bytes with identical values into a two-byte pair. The two most-significant bits of a byte are used to determine whether the given data represent a singlepixel of a given palette index or color value, or an RLE pair representing a series of several pixels of a single value:
Due to the use of the two most-significant bits as flags, pixel values from 192 to 255 (with their most-significant bit already set) must be stored in an RLE byte pair, even when they only occur one or two pixels in succession, whereas color indexes 0 to 191 can be stored directly or in RLE byte pairs (whichever is more space-efficient); therefore, the actual compression ratio could be optimized with proper sorting of palette entries, though this is not feasible where the file must share its color palette with other images. For example, a palette could be optimized with the most commonly used colors occurring in palette positions 0 to 191 and the least common colors allocated to the remaining quarter of the palette.
Another inefficiency with the RLE algorithm is that it is possible to store chunks with a length of 0, which allows whitespace in the file. This allowed PCX files to be decompressed slightly faster[how?] on the processors it was originally intended for.[contradictory]
The PCX compression algorithm requires very little processor power or memory to apply, a significant concern with computer systems when it was designed. Compression algorithms used by newer image formats are more efficient when compressing images such as photographs, anddithered or otherwise complex graphics.
A PCX file has space in its header for a 16 color palette. When 256-color VGA hardware became available there was not enough space for the palette in a PCX file; even the 54 unused bytes after the header would not be enough. The solution chosen was to put the palette at the end of the file, along with a marker byte to confirm its existence.
If a PCX file has a 256-color palette, it is found 768 bytes from the end of the file. In this case the value in the byte preceding the palette should be 12 (0x0C). The palette is stored as a sequence of RGB triples; its usable length is defined by the number of colors in the image. Color values in a PCX palette always use 8 bits, regardless of the bit depth of the image.
| Raster | |
|---|---|
| Raw | |
| Vector | |
| Compound | |
| Metadata |
|
