P. V. Narasimha Rao | |||||||||||||||
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(2).jpg) Rao in 1983 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister of India | |||||||||||||||
| In office 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996 | |||||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||||
| Vice President |
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| Preceded by | Chandra Shekhar | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | ||||||||||||||
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| Union Minister of Defence | |||||||||||||||
| In office 6 March 1993 – 16 May 1996 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Himself | ||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Shankarrao Chavan | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Pramod Mahajan | ||||||||||||||
| In office 31 December 1984 – 25 September 1985 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Rajiv Gandhi | ||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Rajiv Gandhi | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Shankarrao Chavan | ||||||||||||||
| Union Minister of External Affairs | |||||||||||||||
| In office 31 March 1992 – 18 January 1994 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Himself | ||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Madhavsinh Solanki | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Dinesh Singh | ||||||||||||||
| In office 25 June 1988 – 2 December 1989 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Rajiv Gandhi | ||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Rajiv Gandhi | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | V. P. Singh | ||||||||||||||
| In office 14 January 1980 – 19 July 1984 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi | ||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Indira Gandhi | ||||||||||||||
| Union Minister of Home Affairs | |||||||||||||||
| In office 12 March 1986 – 12 May 1986 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | Rajiv Gandhi | ||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Shankarrao Chavan | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Sardar Buta Singh | ||||||||||||||
| In office 19 July 1984 – 31 December 1984 | |||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister |
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| Preceded by | Prakash Chandra Sethi | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Shankarrao Chavan | ||||||||||||||
| Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh | |||||||||||||||
| In office 30 September 1971 – 10 January 1973 | |||||||||||||||
| Governor | Khandubhai Kasanji Desai | ||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Kasu Brahmananda Reddy | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | President's rule | ||||||||||||||
| Member of Parliament,Lok Sabha | |||||||||||||||
| In office 15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997 | |||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Gopinath Gajapati | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jayanti Patnaik | ||||||||||||||
| Constituency | Brahmapur, Odisha | ||||||||||||||
| In office 20 June 1991 – 10 May 1996 | |||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Gangula Prathapa Reddy | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Bhuma Nagi Reddy | ||||||||||||||
| Constituency | Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh | ||||||||||||||
| In office 31 December 1984 – 13 March 1991 | |||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Barve Jatiram Chitaram | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Tejsinghrao Bhosle | ||||||||||||||
| Constituency | Ramtek, Maharashtra | ||||||||||||||
| In office 23 March 1977 – 31 December 1984 | |||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Constituency established | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Chendupatla Janga Reddy | ||||||||||||||
| Constituency | Hanamkonda, Andhra Pradesh | ||||||||||||||
| Member ofAndhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||||
| In office 1957–1977 | |||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Gulukota Sriramulu | ||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Chandrupatla Narayana Reddy | ||||||||||||||
| Constituency | Manthani | ||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||
| Born | (1921-06-28)28 June 1921 Laknepalli,Hyderabad State,British India | ||||||||||||||
| Died | 23 December 2004(2004-12-23) (aged 83) New Delhi,Delhi, India | ||||||||||||||
| Political party | Indian National Congress | ||||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||||
| Children | 8, includingP. V. Rajeshwar andSurabhi Vani Devi | ||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | |||||||||||||||
| Occupation |
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| Awards | Bharat Ratna | ||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||
Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was an Indian independence activist, lawyer,[1] and statesman from theIndian National Congress who served as theprime minister of India from 1991 to 1996. He was the first person fromSouth India and the second person from a non-Hindi speaking background to be prime minister. He is known for his role in initiatingIndia's economic liberalisation following aneconomic crisis in 1991,[2][3][4] a process that has been sustained and expanded by every successive prime minister of the country.[5][6]
Prior to his premiership, he served as thechief minister of Andhra Pradesh, and later also held high-order portfolios of theunion government, such as Defence, Home Affairs and External Affairs. In1991 Indian general election, theIndian National Congress led by him, won 244 seats, and thereafter, he, along with external support from other parties, formed a minority government with him being the prime minister. As prime minister, Rao adopted to avert the impending 1991 economic crisis,[4][7] the reforms progressed furthest in the areas of opening up toforeign investment, reformingcapital markets,deregulating domestic business, and reforming the trade regime. Trade reforms and changes in the regulation offoreign direct investment were introduced to open India to foreign trade while stabilising external loans.[8]
In 2024, he was posthumously awarded theBharat Ratna, India's highestcivilian award, by thegovernment of India.[9] In 2025, his portrait was unveiled at Raj Bhavan on the eve of the his birth anniversary by the Governor of TelanganaJishnu Dev Varma.[10]
P. V. Narasimha Rao was born on 28 June 1921 in aTeluguNiyogi Brahmin[11] family in the village ofLaknepalli village ofNarsampet mandal,Warangal district of present-dayTelangana (then part ofHyderabad State).[11][12][13] His father Sitarama Rao and mother Rukma Bai hailed from agrarian families.[14] Later, he was adopted by Pamulaparthi Ranga Rao and Rukminamma and brought toVangara, a village inBheemadevarpalle mandal of present-dayHanamkonda district in Telangana when he was three years old.[13][12][15] Popularly known as P. V., he completed part of his primary education in Katkuru village of Bheemdevarapalli mandal inHanamkonda district by staying in his relative Gabbeta Radhakishan Rao's house and studying for hisbachelor's degree in the Arts college at theOsmania University. He was part of Vande Mataram movement in the late 1930s in the Hyderabad State. He later went on toHislop College, now underNagpur University, where he completed a master's degree in law.[16] He completed his law fromFergusson College in Pune of the University of Bombay (now Mumbai).[12]
Along with his distant cousinPamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao, Ch. Raja Narendra and Devulapalli Damodar Rao, P. V. edited a Telugu weekly magazine calledKakatiya Patrika in the 1940s.[17] Both P. V. and Sadasiva Rao contributed articles under the pen-nameJaya-Vijaya.[17][18] He served as the Chairman of the Telugu Academy in Andhra Pradesh from 1968 to 1974.[12]
He had wide interests in a variety of subjects (other than politics), such as literature and computer software (includingcomputer programming).[19] He spoke 17 languages.[20][21]
Rao died in 2004 of a heart attack in New Delhi. He was cremated inHyderabad.[22]
Rao was an active freedom fighter during theIndian Independence movement[23] and joined full-time politics after independence as a member of theIndian National Congress.[16] He served as an elected representative for Andhra Pradesh State Assembly from 1957 to 1977.[12] He served in various ministerial positions in Andhra government from 1962 to 1973.[12] He became theChief minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1971 and implemented land reforms and land ceiling acts strictly.[12] He secured reservations for lower castes in politics during his tenure.[12] President's rule had to be imposed to counter theJai Andhra movement during his tenure.[24]
He supportedIndira Gandhi in the formation of the New Congress party in 1969 by splitting the Indian National Congress.[12] This was later regrouped as Congress (I) party in 1978.[12] He served as Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Andhra Pradesh.[12] He rose to national prominence for handling several diverse portfolios, most significantlyHome,Defence andForeign Affairs, in the cabinets of both Indira Gandhi andRajiv Gandhi.[16] He served as Foreign minister from 1980 to 1984 and then from 1988 to 1989.[12] In fact, it is speculated that he was in the running for the post ofIndia's President along withZail Singh in 1982.[25][better source needed]
Rao very nearly retired from politics in 1991. He was the Indian National Congress President from 29 May 1991– Sept.1996. It was theassassination of the Congress President Rajiv Gandhi that persuaded him to make a comeback.[26] As the Congress had won the largest number of seats in the1991 elections, he had an opportunity to head theminority government as Prime Minister. He was the first person outside theNehru–Gandhi family to serve asPrime Minister for five continuous years, the first to hail from the State ofTelangana,[a] and also the first fromSouthern India.[5][27] Since Rao had not contested the general elections, he then participated in a by-election inNandyal to join the parliament. Rao won from Nandyal with a victory margin of a record 5 lakh (500,000) votes, and his win was recorded in theGuinness Book Of World Records; later on, in 1996, he was MP from Berhampur, Ganjam District, Odisha.[28][29] His cabinet includedSharad Pawar, himself a strong contender for the Prime Minister's post, asDefence Minister. He also broke a convention by appointing a non-political economist and future prime minister,Manmohan Singh as hisFinance Minister.[30][31] He also appointedSubramanian Swamy, an opposition party (Janata Party) member as the Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade. This has been the only instance that an opposition party member was given a Cabinet rank post by the ruling party. He also sent opposition leaderAtal Bihari Vajpayee, to represent India in a UN meeting at Geneva.[32]
Narasimha Rao fought and won elections from different parts of India such asAndhra Pradesh, Maharashtra andOdisha.[33][34]
| # | Position | Took office | Left office | Constituency | State |
| 1 | Member of Legislative Assembly | 1957 | 1977 | Manthani | Andhra Pradesh[b] |
| 2 | Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | 1977 | 1980 | Hanamkonda | Andhra Pradesh[b] |
| 3 | Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | 1980 | 1984 | Hanamkonda | Andhra Pradesh[b] |
| 4 | Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | 1984 | 1989 | Ramtek | Maharashtra |
| 5 | Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | 1989 | 1991 | Ramtek | Maharashtra |
| 6 | Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | 1991 | 1996 | Nandyal | Andhra Pradesh |
| 7 | Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | 1996 | 1997 | Berhmapur | Odisha |
| Year | Constituency | Party | Votes | % | Opponent | Opponent Party | Opponent Votes | % | Result | Margin | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | Hanamkonda | INC | 231,593 | 59.32 | P. Janardhan Reddy | BLD | 153,910 | 39.43 | Won | 77,683 | 19.89 | ||
| 1980 | INC(I) | 257,961 | 65.90 | INC(U) | 95,012 | 24.27 | Won | 162,949 | 41.63 | ||||
| 1984 | Ramtek | INC | 290,905 | 65.00 | Gedam Shankarrao Daulatrao | IC(S) | 104,933 | 23.44 | Won | 185,972 | 41.56 | ||
| 1989 | 257,800 | 45.45 | Hajare Pandurang Jairamji | JD | 223,330 | 39.38 | Won | 34,470 | 6.07 | ||||
| 1991 (By-election) | Nandyal | 626,241 | 89.48 | Bangaru Laxman | BJP | 45,944 | 6.56 | Won | 580,297 | 82.92 | |||
| 1996 | 366,431 | 50.42 | Bhuma Nagi Reddy | TDP | 267,901 | 36.86 | Won | 98,530 | 13.56 | ||||
| Berhampur | 340,555 | 62.57 | V. Sugnana Kumari Deo | JD | 172,015 | 31.61 | Won | 168,540 | 30.96 | ||||
Adopted to avert the impending1991 economic crisis,[4][7] the reforms progressed furthest in the areas of opening up toforeign investment, reformingcapital markets,deregulating domestic business, and reforming the trade regime. Rao's government's goals were reducing thefiscal deficit,privatisation of the public sector and increasing investment in infrastructure. Trade reforms and changes in the regulation offoreign direct investment were introduced to open India to foreign trade while stabilising external loans. Rao wantedI. G. Patel as hisFinance Minister.[8] Patel was an official who helped prepare 14 budgets, an ex-governor of theReserve Bank of India and had headedThe London School of Economics.[8] But Patel declined. Rao then choseManmohan Singh for the job. Manmohan Singh, an acclaimed economist, played a central role in implementing these reforms.
Major reforms in India's capital markets led to an influx of foreign portfolio investment. The major economic policies adopted by Rao include:
The impact of these reforms may be gauged from the fact that total foreign investment (including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment raised on international capital markets) in India grew from a minuscule US$132 million in 1991–92 to $5.3 billion in 1995–96.[40] Rao began industrial policy reforms with the manufacturing sector. He slashed industriallicensing, leaving only 18 industries subject to licensing. Industrial regulation was rationalised.[7]
Rao energised the nationalnuclear security andballistic missiles programme, which ultimately resulted in the1998 Pokhran nuclear tests. It is speculated that the tests were actually planned in 1995, during Rao's term in office,[42] and that they were dropped under American pressure when the US intelligence got the whiff of it.[43] Another view was that he purposefully leaked the information to gain time to develop and test the thermonuclear device which was not yet ready.[44] He increased military spending, and set theIndian Army on course to fight the emerging threat of terrorism and insurgencies, as well as Pakistan and China's nuclear potentials. It was during his term that khalistani terrorism in the Indian state ofPunjab was finally defeated.[45] Also scenarios ofaircraft hijackings, which occurred during Rao's time ended without the government conceding the terrorists' demands.[46] He also directed negotiations to secure the release of Doraiswamy, anIndian Oil executive, fromKashmiri terrorists who kidnapped him,[47] and Liviu Radu, a Romanian diplomat posted in New Delhi in October 1991, who was kidnapped by Sikh terrorists.[48] Rao also handled the Indian response to the occupation of theHazratbal holy shrine inJammu and Kashmir by terrorists in October 1993.[49] He brought the occupation to an end without damage to the shrine. Similarly, he dealt with the kidnapping of some foreign tourists by a terrorist group calledAl Faran in Kashmir valley in 1995 effectively. Although he could not secure the release of the hostages, his policies ensured that the terrorists demands were not conceded to, and that the action of the terrorists was condemned internationally, including Pakistan.[50]
Rao also made diplomatic overtures to Western Europe, the United States, and China.[51][52][53] He decided in 1992 to bring into the open India's relations with Israel, which had been kept covertly active for a few years during his tenure as a Foreign Minister, and permitted Israel to open an embassy in New Delhi.[54] He ordered the intelligence community in 1992 to start a systematic drive to draw the international community's attention to Pakistan'ssponsorship of terrorism against India and not to be discouraged by US efforts to undermine the exercise.[55][56] Rao launched theLook East foreign policy, which brought India closer toASEAN.[57] According toRejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of India's foreign policy and ideologue of Rao'sCongress Party, Rao initiated theLook East policy with three objectives in mind, namely, to renew political contacts with the ASEAN-member nation; to increase economic interaction with South East Asia in trade, investment, science and technology, tourism, etc.; and to forge strategic and defence links with several countries of South East Asia.[58] He decided to maintain a distance from theDalai Lama in order to avoid aggravating Beijing's suspicions and concerns, and made successful overtures toTehran. The 'cultivateIran' policy was pushed through vigorously by him.[59] These policies paid rich dividends for India in March 1994, whenBenazir Bhutto's efforts to have a resolution passed by theUN Human Rights Commission in Geneva on the human rights situation in Jammu and Kashmir failed, with opposition by China and Iran.[60]
Rao's crisis management after the 12 March1993 Bombay bombings was highly praised. He personally visited Bombay after the blasts and, after seeing evidence of Pakistani involvement in the blasts, ordered the intelligence community to invite the intelligence agencies of the US, UK and other Western European countries to send their counter-terrorism experts to Bombay to examine the facts for themselves.[61]
Rao decided that India, which in 1991 was on the brink of bankruptcy,[62] would benefit fromopening its economy. He appointed economist Manmohan Singh, a former governor of theReserve Bank of India, asFinance Minister to accomplish his goals.[5] This liberalisation was criticised by many socialist nationalists at that time.[63]
He is often referred as 'Father of Indian Economic Reforms'.[64] PV Narasimha Rao: The 10th Prime Minister who changed the face of Indian economy under Rao's mandate and leadership, then finance minister Manmohan Singh launched a series of pro-globalisation reforms, including International Monetary Fund (IMF) policies, to rescue the almost-bankrupt nation from economic collapse.[65]
Kalam recalls that Rao ordered him not to test, since "the election result was quite different from what he anticipated". The BJP'sAtal Bihari Vajpayee took over as prime minister on 16 May 1996. Narasimha Rao, Abdul Kalam and R Chidambaram went to meet the new prime minister "so that", in Kalam's telling, "the smooth takeover of such a very important programme can take place".[66]
Rao knew he had only one chance to test before sanctions kicked in, i.e., he could not both test conventional atomic bombs in December 1995 as well as the hydrogen bomb separately in April 1996. AsShekhar Gupta – who has had unprecedented access to Rao as well as the nuclear team – speculates: "By late 1995, Rao's scientists told him that they needed six more months. They could test some weapons but not others...thermonuclear etc. So Rao began a charade of taking preliminary steps to test, without intending to test then."
National elections were scheduled for May 1996, and Rao spent the next two months campaigning. On 8 May at 21:00, Abdul Kalam was asked to immediately meet with the prime minister. Rao told him, "Kalam, be ready with the Department of Atomic Energy and your team for the N-test and I am going to Tirupati. You wait for my authorisation to go ahead with the test. DRDO-DAE teams must be ready for action."Rao energised the national nuclear security and ballistic missiles programme. His efforts resulted in the 1998 Pokhran nuclear tests.
Vajpayee said that, in May 1996, a few days after he had succeeded Rao as prime minister, "Rao told me that the bomb was ready. I only exploded it."
"Saamagri tayyar hai," Rao had said. ("The ingredients are ready.") "You can go ahead."The conventional narrative at the time was that prime minister Rao had wanted to test nuclear weapons in December 1995. The Americans had caught on, and Rao had dithered – as was his wont. Three years later, prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee fulfilled his party's campaign promise by ordering five nuclear tests below the shimmering sands of Rajasthan.[66]
Rao successfully decimated the Sikh separatist movement and neutralised the Kashmiri separatist movement to a certain extent. It is said that Rao was 'solely responsible' for the decision to hold elections in Punjab, no matter how narrow the electorate base would be.[67] In dealing with Kashmir, Rao's government was highly restrained by the US government and its president, Bill Clinton. Rao's government introduced theTerrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA),[68] India's first anti-terrorism legislation, and directed the Indian Army to eliminate the infiltrators from Pakistan.[69] Despite a heavy and largely successful Army campaign, Pakistani Media accuses the state of descending into a security nightmare. Tourism and commerce were also largely disrupted.
In the late 1980s, theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) brought theRam Janmabhoomi issue to the centre stage of national politics, and the BJP and VHP began organising large-scale protests in Ayodhya and around the country.
Members of theVishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) demolished theBabri Mosque (which was constructed by Mir Baqi, a general of India's first Mughal Emperor, Babur[70]) inAyodhya on 6 December 1992.[71] The site is believed to be the birthplace of the Hindu godRama.[72][73] The destruction of the disputed structure, which was widely reported in the international media, unleashed large scale communal violence, the most extensive since thePartition of India. Hindus and Muslims were involved in massive rioting across the country and almost every major city, including Delhi, Mumbai,Kolkata,Ahmedabad,Hyderabad andBhopal, struggled to control the unrest.[74]
Rao had assured the Muslims that the Babri Mosque would be rebuilt.[75] TheLiberhan Commission, after extensive hearing and investigation, exonerated Rao. It pointed out that Rao was heading a minority government and accepted the centre's argument that central forces could not be deployed by the Union, nor could President's Rule be imposed "on the basis of rumours or media reports". Taking such a step would have created a "bad precedent" damaging the federal structure and would have "amounted to interference" in the state administration, it said. The state "deliberately and consciously understated" the risk to the disputed structure and general law and order. The commission also stated that the Governor's assessment of the situation was either badly flawed or overly optimistic and was thus a major impediment to the central government. The Commission further said, "... knowing fully well that its facetious undertakings before the Supreme Court had bought it sufficient breathing space, it (state government) proceeded with the planning for the destruction of the disputed structure. The Supreme Court's own observer failed to alert it to the sinister undercurrents. The Governor and its intelligence agencies, charged with acting as the eyes and ears of the central government, also failed in their task. Without substantive procedural prerequisites, neither the Supreme Court nor the Union of India was able to take any meaningful steps."[76]
In another interview with journalistShekhar Gupta, Rao spoke further about the demolition. He said he was wary of the impact of hundreds of deaths on the nation and that it could have been far worse. He also argued that he had to consider the possibility that some of the troops would have turned around and joined the mobs instead. Regarding the dismissal of Uttar Pradesh Chief MinisterKalyan Singh, he said, "mere dismissal does not mean you can take control. It takes a day or so to appoint advisers, send them to Lucknow, and take control of the state. Meanwhile, what had to happen would have happened, and there would have been no Kalyan Singh to blame either."[77]
In 1993, astrong earthquake in Latur, Maharashtra, killed nearly 10,000 people and displaced hundreds of thousands.[78] Rao was applauded by many for using modern technology and resources to organise major relief operations to assuage the stricken people, and for schemes ofeconomic reconstruction.[79]
Narasimha Rao was charged for his facilitating safe exit of accused of 1995 Purulia arms drop case.[80] Although, it was never proved.
In the early 1990s, one of the earliest accusations came in the form of stockbrokerHarshad Mehta, who through his lawyer,Ram Jethmalani, revealed that he had paid a sum of one crore rupees to the then prime minister Rao for help in closinghis cases.[81]
Rao's government faced ano-confidence motion in July 1993, because the opposition felt that it did not have sufficient numbers to prove a majority. It was alleged that Rao, through a representative, offered millions of rupees to members of theJharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM), and possibly a breakaway faction of theJanata Dal, to vote for him during the confidence motion.Shailendra Mahato, one of those members who had accepted the bribe, turnedapprover. In 1996, after Rao's term in office had expired, investigations began in earnest in the case. In 2000, after years of legal proceedings, a special court convicted Rao and his colleague,Buta Singh (who is alleged to have escorted the MPs to the Prime Minister).[82] Rao was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment up to three years and a fine of 100,000 rupees ($2,150) for corruption.[83] Rao appealed to theDelhi High Court and remained free on bail. In 2002, the Delhi High Court overturned the lower court's decision mainly due to the doubt in credibility of Mahato's statements, which were extremely inconsistent, and both Rao and Buta Singh were acquitted of the charges.[84]
Rao, along with fellow minister K. K. Tewary,Chandraswami and K. N. Aggarwal, were accused of forging documents showing that Ajeya Singh had opened a bank account in the First Trust Corporation Bank inSaint Kitts and deposited $21 million in it, making his fatherV. P. Singh its beneficiary. The alleged intent was to tarnish V. P. Singh's image. This supposedly happened in 1989. However, only after Rao's term as PM had expired in 1996, was he formally charged by theCentral Bureau of Investigation (CBI) for the crime. Less than a year later, the court acquitted him due to lack of evidence linking him with the case.[85]
Lakhubhai Pathak, an Indian businessman living in England, alleged thatChandraswami and K. N. Aggarwal alias Mamaji, along with Rao, cheated him out of $100,000. The amount was given for an express promise for allowing supplies of paper pulp in India, and Pathak alleged that he spent an additional $30,000 entertaining Chandraswami and his secretary. Narasimha Rao and Chandraswami were acquitted of the charges in 2003 and before his death, Rao was acquitted of all the cases charged against him.[86]
In spite of significant achievements in a difficult situation, in the1996 general elections the Indian electorate voted out Rao's Congress Party. Soon, Sonia Gandhi's supporters forced Rao to step down as Party President.[citation needed] He was replaced bySitaram Kesri.
Rao rarely spoke of his personal views and opinions during his 5-year tenure. After his retirement from national politics, he published a novel calledThe Insider.[87] The book, which follows a man's rise through the ranks of Indian politics, resembles events from Rao's own life.
According to a vernacular source, despite holding many influential posts in the Government, he faced many financial troubles. One of his sons was educated with the assistance of his son-in-law. He also faced trouble paying fees for a daughter who was studying medicine.[88] According toP. V. R. K. Prasad, anIndian Administrative Service (IAS) officer who was Narasimha Rao's media advisor when the latter was Prime Minister, Rao asked his friends to sell away his house atBanjara Hills to clear the dues of lawyers.[89]
Rao suffered a heart attack on 9 December 2004, and was taken to theAll India Institute of Medical Sciences where he died 14 days later at the age of 83.[90][91] His funeral was attended by the Prime Minister of IndiaManmohan Singh, the Home Affairs MinisterShivraj Patil, theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) presidentL. K. Advani, the Defence MinisterPranab Mukherjee, the Finance MinisterP. Chidambaram and many other dignitaries. Rao was a long-time widower, since his wife died in 1970 and he was survived by his eight children.[92] A memorial was built for P. V. Narasimha Rao located adjacent toSanjeevaiah Park, developed in 2005 on 1.2 hectares (2.9 acres) of land known as Gyan Bhumi.[93] The Government of Telangana declared his birthday to be celebrated as a Telangana State function in 2014.[94] Seven days of state mourning was declared upon his death.[95]
In 2015, Narasimha Rao was accorded a memorial in Delhi at Ekta Sthal, which is now integrated with Rashtriya Smriti, a common place for erecting memorials for former Presidents, PMs and others. The memorial is raised on a plinth in marble bearing text highlighting briefly his contributions. The plaque describes Rao: "Known as the scholar Prime Minister of India, Shri P V Narasimha Rao was born on 28 June 1921 in Vangara, Karimnagar District in Telangana state. He rose to prominence as a freedom fighter who fought the misrule of the Nizam during the formative years of his political career. A reformer, educationist, scholar, conversant in 15 languages and known for his intellectual contribution, he was called the 'Brihaspati' (wiseman) of Andhra Pradesh."[96]
India:
Bharat Ratna (9 February 2024, posthumous)[97]Rao was honoured with India's highest civilian award, theBharat Ratna (posthumously) on 9 February 2024 by theGovernment of India. Rao was awarded the Pratibha Murthy Lifetime Achievement Award.[98] Many people across the party line supported the name of P. V. Narasimha Rao forBharat Ratna.Telangana Chief MinisterK. Chandrashekhar Rao supported the move to give Bharat Ratna to Rao.[99] BJP leaderSubramanian Swamy supported the move to give Bharat Ratna to Rao.[100] Earlier in 2015,Sanjay Baru said that former PMManmohan Singh wanted to give Bharat Ratna to Rao but failed.[101]
In September 2020,Telangana Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution seeking to confer Bharat Ratna on Rao. The resolution also requested the Central Government to rename theUniversity of Hyderabad after him.[102][103]
In 1931, the 10-year-old Narasimha Rao was married to Satyamma, a girl of his own age, belonging to his own community and coming from a family of a similar background.[104] They were married for the entirety of their lives. Smt. Satyamma died on 1 July 1970.
The couple had three sons and five daughters. Their eldest son,P. V. Ranga Rao, was the education minister inKotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy's cabinet and anMLA fromHanamakonda Assembly Constituency, in Warangal District for two terms. The second son,P. V. Rajeshwar Rao, was aMember of Parliament of the11th Lok Sabha (15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997) fromSecunderabad Lok Sabha constituency.[105][106] The third son is P.V. Prabhakara Rao.
The five daughters of P.V. Narasimha Rao are Smt. N. Sharada Devi, wife of Sri N. Venkata Krishna Rao; Smt. K. Saraswathi Devi, wife of K. Sarath Chandra Rao; Smt. S. Vani Devi, wife of Sri S. Divakara Rao; Smt. Vijaya Somayaji, wife of Sri Ramakrishna Somayaji; and Smt. K. Jaya Devi, wife of Sri K. Revathi Nandan.
On the occasion of 25 years ofeconomic liberalisation in India, there have been several books published by authors, journalists and civil servants evaluating Rao's contributions.[107] While Vinay Sitapati's bookHalf Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao transformed India (2016) gives a renewed biographical picture of his entire life,[108]Sanjay Baru's book1991: How P V Narasimha Rao made history (2016)[109] andJairam Ramesh's book From the brink to back: India's 1991 story (2015)[110] focuses on his role in unleashing the reforms in the year 1991 as the Prime Minister of India.
Rao's mother tongue wasTelugu, and he had an excellent command ofMarathi. In addition to nine Indian languages (Bengali,Gujarati,Hindi,Kannada,Odia,Sanskrit,Tamil andUrdu), he spokeArabic,English,French,German,Persian andSpanish.[24][111] He was able to speak 17 languages.[20][21] Due to his college education inFergusson College inPune, then an affiliated college of theUniversity of Mumbai (but now withPune University), he became a very prolific reader and speaker of Marathi.[12] He translated the great Telugu literary workVeyipadagalu ofKavi SamraatViswanatha Satyanarayana into Hindi asSahasraphan. He also translated Hari Narayan Apte's Marathi novelPan Lakshat Kon Gheto (But Who Pays Attention?) into Telugu. He was also invited to be the chief guest of Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Sahitya Sanmelan, where he gave a speech in Marathi.
In his later life, he wrote his autobiography,The Insider, which depicts his experiences in politics.
In June 2020,Government of Telangana, led byTelangana Rashtra Samithi has declared to organise one-year-long centenary celebrations of Rao. The state government also decided to set up a memorial and five bronze statues at various places, includingHyderabad,Warangal,Karimnagar,Vangara and Delhi.[112]
In the year 2019, an independent biographical documentary film namedP V: Change with Continuity (2019) directed and produced by Sravani Kotha and Srikar Reddy Gopaladinne released on the streaming platformVimeo.[113][114][115] The documentary features rare archival footage and interviews of several distinguished people closely related to Rao's life and work.[116]
Suresh Kumar appeared as Rao in the 2019 filmNTR: Mahanayakudu directed byKrish which charts the life of the Indian actor-politicianN. T. Rama Rao.[117] The same year, Ajit Satbhai portrayed Rao as the former Prime Minister of India in the filmThe Accidental Prime Minister byVijay Gutte, aboutManmohan Singh.[118]
Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian docudrama television series which aired onABP News and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, based the twentieth episode – "P. V. Narasimha Rao and Corruption charges against him" – on his term as the country's leader;Ravi Jhankal portrayed the role of Rao.[119]
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)His father Mr. Sitarama Rao and mother Mrs. Rukma Bai. With his wife Mrs. Satyamma
Rao was one of the first converts to the new technology. Today, he is so adept with the machines that along with the 10 Indian and four foreign languages, Rao has also taught himself some computer languages and is now able to programme them.
A Sahitya Ratan in Hindi, Rao was fluent in several languages, including Spanish.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Retrieved 19 April 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). vakilno1.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Indian Investment Centre. Retrieved 2 March 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). berkeley.edu.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). newindpress.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). subcontinent.com (10 March 1996).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). yale.edu.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). imd.ernet.in.
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