Inorganic chemistry, theoxymercuration reaction is anelectrophilic addition reaction that transforms analkene (R2C=CR2) into a neutralalcohol. In oxymercuration, the alkene reacts withmercuric acetate (AcO−Hg−OAc) inaqueous solution to yield the addition of an acetoxymercury (−HgOAc) group and ahydroxy (−OH) group across thedouble bond.Carbocations are not formed in this process and thus rearrangements are not observed. The reaction followsMarkovnikov's rule (the hydroxy group will always be added to the more substituted carbon). The oxymercuration part of the reaction involves anti addition of OH group but the demercuration part of the reaction involves free radical mechanism and is not stereospecific, i.e. H and OH may be syn or anti to each other.[2][3][4]
Oxymercuration followed byreductive demercuration is called anoxymercuration–reduction reaction oroxymercuration–demercuration reaction. This reaction, which is almost always done in practice instead of oxymercuration, is treated at the conclusion of the article.
Oxymercuration can be fully described in three steps (the whole process is sometimes calleddeoxymercuration), which is illustrated in stepwise fashion to the right. In the first step, the nucleophilic double bond attacks the mercury ion, ejecting an acetoxy group. The electron pair on the mercury ion in turn attacks a carbon on the double bond, forming amercurinium ion in which the mercury atom bears a positive charge. The electrons in the highest occupied molecular orbital of the double bond are donated to mercury's empty 6s orbital and the electrons in mercury's dxz (or dyz) orbital are donated in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the double bond.
In the second step, the nucleophilic water molecule attacks the more substituted carbon, liberating the electrons participating in its bond with mercury. The electrons collapse to the mercury ion and neutralize it. The oxygen in the water molecule now bears a positive charge.
In the third step, a negatively charged acetate ion deprotonates the alkyloxonium ion, forming the waste product HOAc. The two electrons participating in the bond between oxygen and the attacked hydrogen collapse into the oxygen, neutralizing its charge and creating the final alcohol product.
Oxymercuration is very regioselective and is a textbook Markovnikov reaction; ruling out extreme cases, the water nucleophile will always preferentially attack the more substituted carbon, depositing the resultant hydroxy group there. This phenomenon is explained by examining the threeresonance structures of themercuronium ion formed at the end of the step one.
By inspection of these structures, it is seen that the positive charge of the mercury atom will sometimes reside on the more substituted carbon (approximately 4% of the time). This forms a temporarytertiarycarbocation, which is a very reactiveelectrophile. Thenucleophile will attack the mercuronium ion at this time. Therefore, the nucleophile attacks the more substituted carbon because it retains a morepositive character than the lessersubstituted carbon.
Stereochemically, oxymercuration is ananti addition. As illustrated by the second step, the nucleophile cannot attack the carbon from the same face as the mercury ion because of steric hindrance. There is simply insufficient room on that face of the molecule to accommodate both a mercury ion and the attacking nucleophile. Therefore, when free rotation is impossible, the hydroxy and acetoxymercuri groups will always betrans to each other.
Shown below is an example of regioselectivity and stereospecificity of the oxymercuration reaction with substituted cyclohexenes. A bulky group liket-butyl locks the ring in achair conformation and prevents ring flips. With 4-t-butylcyclohexene, oxymercuration yields two products – where addition across the double bond is alwaysanti – with slight preference towards acetoxymercury grouptrans to thet-butyl group, resulting in slightly morecis product. With 1-methyl-4-t-butylcyclohexene, oxymercuration yields only one product – stillanti addition across the double bond – where water only attacks the more substituted carbon. The reason foranti addition across the double bond is to maximize orbital overlap of the lone pair of water and the empty orbital of the mercuronium ion on the opposite side of the acetoxymercury group. Regioselectivity is observed to favor water attacking the more substituted carbon, but water does not addsyn across the double bond which implies that the transition state favors water attacking from the opposite side of the acetomercury group.[5]
In practice, the mercury adduct product created by the oxymercuration reaction is almost always treated withsodium borohydride (NaBH4) in aqueous base in a reaction calleddemercuration. In demercuration, theacetoxymercury group is replaced with a hydrogen in a stereochemically insensitive reaction[6] known as reductive elimination. The combination of oxymercuration followed immediately by demercuration is called an oxymercuration–reduction reaction.[7]
Therefore, the oxymercuration-reduction reaction is the net addition of water across the double bond. Any stereochemistry set up by the oxymercuration step is scrambled by the demercuration step, so that the hydrogen and hydroxy group may be cis or trans from each other. Oxymercuration reduction is a popular laboratory technique to achieve alkene hydration withMarkovnikov selectivity while avoiding carbocation intermediates and thus the rearrangement which can lead to complex product mixtures.
Oxymercuration is not limited to an alkene reacting with water to add hydroxyl and mercury groups. The carbon–mercury structure can undergo spontaneous replacement of the mercury by hydrogen, rather than persisting until a separate reduction step. In this manner, the effect is for mercury to be aLewis acid catalyst. For example, using analkyne instead of an alkene yields an enol, which tautomerizes into a ketone. Using analcohol instead of water yields an ether (see alsoHofmann-Sand reaction). In both cases, Markovnikov's rule is observed.
Using avinyl ether in the presence of an alcohol allows the replacement of one alkoxy group (RO–) for another by way of anacetal intermediate. An allyl alcohol and a vinyl ether under the conditions of oxymercuration–reaction can give R–CH=CH–CH2–O–CH=CH2, which is suitable for aClaisen rearrangement.[8]
