Anox-wagon orbullock wagon is a four-wheeled vehicle pulled byoxen (draught cattle). It was a traditional form oftransport, especially inSouthern Africa but also inNew Zealand andAustralia. Ox-wagons were also used in theUnited States. The first recorded use of an ox-wagon was around 1670,[citation needed] but they continue to be used in some areas up to modern times.
Ox-wagons are typically drawn by teams ofoxen, harnessed in pairs. This gave them a very wideturning circle, the legacy of which are the broad, pleasant boulevards of cities such asBulawayo,Zimbabwe, which are 120 feet (37 m) wide,[1] andGrahamstown,South Africa, which are "wide enough to turn an ox-wagon".
The wagon itself is made of various kinds of wood, with the rims of the wheels being covered with tyres ofiron, and since the middle of the 19th century theaxles have also been made of iron. The back wheels are usually substantially larger than the front ones and rigidly connected to the tray of the vehicle. The front wheels are usually greater in diameter than the clearance under the tray of the vehicle so that the steering axle could not turn far under the tray. This makes little difference to the turning circle of the wagon because of the oxen drawing it (see above) and it makes the front of the wagon much more stable because thetrack is never much less than the width of the tray. It also allowed a much more robust connection between the haulingtraces of the oxen and the rear axle of the wagon (usually iron chain or rods) that is necessary for heavy haulage.
Most of the load-carrying area was covered in canvas supported by wooden arches; the driver sat in the open on a wooden chest (Afrikaans:wakis).
Bullock wagons were important in the colonial history of Australia.[2] Olaf Ruhen, in his bookBullock Teams remarks on how bullock teams "shaped and built the colony. They carved the roads and built the rail; their tractive power made populating the interior possible; their contributions to the harvesting of timber opened the bush; they offered a start in life to the enterprising youngster".Bullocks were preferred by manyexplorers andteamsters because they were cheaper, quieter, tougher and more easily maintained thanhorses therefore making them more popular for draught work.[3] Frequently comprising long trains of bullocks, yoked in pairs, they were used for hauling drays, wagon or jinker loads of goods and lumber prior to the construction of railways and the formation of roads. In early days the flexible two-wheeled dray, with a centre pole and narrow 3-inch (8 cm) iron tyres was commonly used. The four-wheeled dray or box wagon came into use after about 1860 for loads of 6 to 8 long tons (6.7 to 9.0 short tons; 6.1 to 8.1 t) and was drawn by 16 to 18 bullocks. A bullock team was led by a pair of well trained leaders who responded to verbal commands as they did not have reins or a bridle.[4] The bullock team driver was called abullocky, bullock puncher orteamster.
Many Australian country towns owe their origin to the bullock teams, having grown from a store or shanty where teams rested or crossed a stream. These shanties were spaced at about 12-mile (19 km) intervals, which was the usual distance for a team to travel in a day.[5]
TheVoortrekkers used ox-wagons (Afrikaans:Ossewa) during theGreat Trek north and north-east from theCape Colony in the 1830s and 1840s. An ox-wagon traditionally made with the sides rising toward the rear of the wagon to resemble the lower jaw-bone of an animal is also known as akakebeenwa (jaw-bone wagon). South Africa has 800 varieties of wood of which 17 varieties were used for wagon building. South African wood varieties are regarded as the best for wagon building. Wood varieties used for wagon making ranged from hard yellowwood to Boekenhout, is a softer wood and was used as a shock absorber but still stayed firmly in place. The iron rim around the wheel was burnt onto the wheel, the charcoal would protect the iron rim from rust and rot, making it easy to cross rivers. The ox-wagon could be pulled by 12-16 oxen.[6]
The ox-wagon could also be disassembled in five minutes by hitting out four pegs on the wheels, then lifting the top of the wagon in seven pieces and carried by four people over rough terrain or across rivers. The ox-wagon could also twist 40 degrees which made it ideal for traversing difficult surface areas. The wheels of the ox-wagon were painted in red lead paint which acted as an excellent water repellant. Various flower and ornament designs were also painted on the wagons and the chests the wagons carried, making them look very colourful.[7]
Often the wagons were employed as a mobile fortification called alaager, such as was the case at theBattle of Blood River.
After the discovery of gold in theBarberton area in 1881, ox-wagons were used to bring in supplies from formerLourenço Marques.James Percy FitzPatrick worked on those ox-wagons and described them in his famous 1907 bookJock of the Bushveld.
InSouth Africa, the ox-wagon was adopted as anAfrikaner cultural icon. Theossewa is mentioned in the first verse of "Die Stem", theAfrikaans poem which became South Africa's national anthem from 1957 to 1994. When a pro-German Afrikanernationalist organisation formed in 1939, to oppose South Africa's entry intoWorld War II on the British side, it called itself theOssewabrandwag (Ox-wagon Sentinel).[8]
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