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v t e

The followingoutline provides an overview and topical guide tofinance:

Finance – the field concerned with how individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and managemonetary resources over time, while accounting for therisks associated with their activities and investments.

The termfinance may incorporate any of the following:

• The study ofmoney and otherassets
• Themanagement and control of those assets
• Profiling andmanaging related risks

• Finance
  • Arbitrage
  • Capital (economics)
  • Capital asset pricing model
  • Cash flow
  • Cash flow matching
  • Debt
    • Default
    • Consumer debt
    • Debt consolidation
    • Debt settlement
    • Credit counseling
    • Bankruptcy
    • Debt diet
    • Debt-snowball method
    • Debt of developing countries
  • Asset types
    • Real estate
    • Securities
    • Commodities
    • Futures
    • Cash
  • Discounted cash flow
  • Financial capital
    • Funding
  • Entrepreneur
    • Entrepreneurship
  • Fixed income analysis
  • Gap financing
  • Global financial system
  • Hedge
    • Basis risk
  • Interest rate
    • Risk-free interest rate
    • Term structure of interest rates
  • Short-rate model
    • Vasicek model
    • Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
    • Hull–White model
    • Chen model
    • Black–Derman–Toy model
  • Interest
    • Effective interest rate
    • Nominal interest rate
    • Interest rate basis
    • Fisher equation
    • Crowding out
    • Annual percentage rate
    • Interest coverage ratio
  • Investment
    • Foreign direct investment
    • Gold as an investment
    • Over-investing
  • Leverage
  • Long (finance)
  • Liquidity
  • Margin (finance)
  • Mark to market
  • Market impact
  • Medium of exchange
  • Microcredit
  • Money
    • Money creation
    • Currency
    • Coin
    • Banknote
    • Counterfeit
    • History of money
    • Monetary reform
  • Portfolio
    • Modern portfolio theory
    • Mutual fund separation theorem
    • Post-modern portfolio theory
  • Reference rate
    • Reset
  • Return
    • Absolute return
    • Investment performance
    • Relative return
  • Risk
    • Financial risk
    • Risk management
      • Financial risk management
      • Uncompensated risk
    • Risk measure
      • Coherent risk measure
      • Deviation risk measure
      • Distortion risk measure
      • Spectral risk measure
      • Value at risk
        • Expected shortfall
        • Entropic value at risk
  • Scenario analysis
  • Short (finance)
  • Speculation
    • Day trading
  • Position trader
  • Spread trade
  • Standard of deferred payment
  • Store of value
  • Time horizon
  • Time value of money
    • Discounting
    • Present value
    • Future value
    • Net present value
    • Internal rate of return
    • Modified internal rate of return
    • Annuity
    • Perpetuity
  • Trade
    • Free trade
    • Free market
    • Fair trade
  • Unit of account
  • Volatility
  • Yield
  • Yield curve
  • Equated monthly installment
  • Down payment

• History of finance
• History of banking
• History of insurance
• Tulip mania (Dutch Republic), 1620s/1630s
• South Sea Bubble (UK) &Mississippi Company (France), 1710s; see alsoStock market bubble
• Vix pervenit 1745, on usury and other dishonest profit
• Panic of 1837 (US)
• Railway Mania (UK), 1840s
• Erie War (US), 1860s
• Long Depression, 1873–1896 (mainly US and Europe, though other parts of the world were affected)
• Post-World War I hyperinflation; seeHyperinflation andInflation in the Weimar Republic
• Wall Street Crash of 1929
• Great Depression 1930s
• Bretton Woods Accord 1944
• 1973 oil crisis
• 1979 energy crisis
• Savings and Loan Crisis 1980s
• Black Monday 1987
• 1997 Asian financial crisis
• Dot-com bubble 1995-2001
• Stock market downturn of 2002
• United States housing bubble
• 2008 financial crisis and theGreat Recession

• Auditing
• Accounting software
• Book keeping
• FASB
• Financial accountancy
  • Financial statements
    • Balance sheet
    • Cash flow statement
    • Income statement
• Management accounting
• Philosophy of Accounting
• Hedge accounting
  • IFRS 9
  • Fair value accounting

• See articles listed under:Bank § See also

• Below§ Corporate finance theory
• Balance sheet analysis
  • Financial ratio
• Business plan
  • Investment policy
    • Investment committee
    • Business valuation
    • Stock valuation
    • Fundamental analysis
    • Real options
    • Valuation topics
    • Fisher separation theorem
  • Sources of financing
  • Securities
  • Debt
  • Initial public offering
  • Capital structure
  • Cost of capital
    • Weighted average cost of capital
    • Modigliani–Miller theorem
    • Hamada's equation
  • Dividend policy
    • Dividend
    • Dividend tax
    • Dividend yield
    • Modigliani–Miller theorem
• Corporate action
• (Strategic)Financial management
  • Capital management
    • Capital budgeting
    • Working capital
      • Current assets
      • Current liabilities
  • Managerial finance
  • Management accounting
• Mergers and acquisitions
  • Leveraged buyout
  • Takeover
  • Corporate raid
  • Contingent value rights
• Real options
  • Return on investment
    • Return on capital
    • Return on assets
    • Return on equity
  • Loan covenant
  • Cash conversion cycle
  • Cash management
    • Strategic financial management § Cash management
  • Inventory optimization
    • Supply chain management
    • Just In Time (JIT)
    • Economic order quantity (EOQ)
    • Economic production quantity (EPQ)
    • Economic batch quantity
  • Credit (finance)
  • Credit scoring
  • Default risk
  • Discounts and allowances
  • Factoring (trade) &Supply chain finance
  • Corporate budget

• Active management
• Efficient market hypothesis
• Portfolio
• Modern portfolio theory
  • Capital asset pricing model
• Arbitrage pricing theory
• Passive management
  • Index fund
• Activist shareholder
• Mutual fund
  • Open-end fund
  • Closed-end fund
• Financial engineering
  • Long-Term Capital Management
• Hedge fund
• Hedge
• #Quantitative investing, below

• 529 plan (US college savings)
• ABLE account (US plan for benefit of individuals with disabilities)
• Asset allocation
  • Asset location
• Budget
• Coverdell Education Savings Account (Coverdell ESAs, formerly known as Education IRAs)
• Credit and debt
  • Credit card
  • Debt consolidation
  • Mortgage loan
    • Continuous-repayment mortgage
• Debit card
• Direct deposit
• Employment contract
  • Commission
  • Employee stock option
  • Employee or fringe benefit
  • Health insurance
  • Paycheck
  • Salary
  • Wage
• Financial literacy
• Insurance
• Predatory lending
• Retirement plan
  • Australia –Superannuation in Australia
  • Canada
    • Registered retirement savings plan
    • Tax-free savings account
  • Japan –Nippon individual savings account
  • New Zealand –KiwiSaver
  • United Kingdom
    • Individual savings account
    • Self-invested personal pension
  • United States
    • 401(a)
    • 401(k)
    • 403(b)
    • 457 plan
    • Keogh plan
    • Individual retirement account
      • Roth IRA
      • Traditional IRA
      • SEP IRA
      • SIMPLE IRA
  • Pension
• Simple living
• Social security
• Tax advantage
• Wealth
• Comparison of accounting software
• Personal financial management
• Investment club
• Collective investment scheme

• Central bank
• Federal Reserve
• Fractional-reserve banking
  • Deposit creation multiplier
• Tax
  • Capital gains tax
  • Estate tax (andinheritance tax)
  • Gift tax
  • Income tax
  • Inheritance tax
  • Payroll tax
  • Property tax (includingland value tax)
  • Sales tax (includingvalue added tax,excise tax, anduse tax)
  • Transfer tax (includingstamp duty)
  • Tax advantage
  • Tax, tariff and trade
  • Tax amortization benefit
• Crowding out
• Industrial policy
• Agricultural policy
• Currency union
• Monetary reform

• Asset and liability management
• Asset–liability mismatch
• Capital Requirements Regulation 2013 &Credit Institutions Directive 2013 (Capital Requirements Directives)
• Cash flow hedge
• Cash management
• Corporate governance
• Climate-related asset stranding
• Credit risk
• Default (finance)
• Discounted maximum loss
• Downside risk &Upside risk
• Duration gap
• Enterprise risk management
• Financial engineering
• Financial risk
• Financial risk management
• Foreign exchange hedge
• Fuel price risk management
• Gordon–Loeb model forcyber security investments
• Interest rate risk
  • Interest rate risk in the banking book
• Insurance
• Investment risk
• Irrational exuberance
• Kelly criterion
• Liquidity risk
• Market risk
• Operational risk
• Risk accounting
• Risk adjusted return on capital
• Risk aversion
• Risk-based internal audit
• Risk measure
  • Coherent risk measure
  • Deviation risk measure
  • Distortion risk measure
  • Spectral risk measure
• Risk modeling
• Risk of ruin
• Risk pool
• Risk register
• Risk return ratio
• Risk–return spectrum
• Security management
• Settlement risk
• Shadow banking system
• Specific risk
• St. Petersburg paradox
• Systematic risk
• Three lines of defence
• Treasury management
• Uncompensated risk
• Valuation risk
• Value at risk
  • Computation
    • Historical
    • Monte Carlo
    • variance-covariance
    • delta-gamma
  • Alternate measures
    • Entropic value at risk
    • Conditional value-at-risk /Expected shortfall
    • Tail value at risk
  • Extensions
    • Profit at risk
    • Margin at risk
    • Liquidity at risk
    • Earnings at risk
    • Cash flow at risk
    • Liquidity-adjusted VaR
• Volatility risk
• Volume risk
• Wrong way risk

• Environmental finance
• Feminist economics
• Green economics
• Islamic economics
• Uneconomic growth
• Value of Earth
• Value of life

• Actuarial science
• Annuities
• Catastrophe modeling
• Earthquake loss
• Extended coverage
• Financial risk management § Insurance
• Insurable interest
• Insurable risk
• Insurance
  • Health insurance
    • Disability insurance
    • Accident insurance
    • Flexible spending account
    • Health savings account
    • Long term care insurance
    • Medical savings account
  • Life insurance
    • Life insurance tax shelter
    • Permanent life insurance
    • Term life insurance
    • Universal life insurance
    • Variable universal life insurance
    • Whole life insurance
  • Property insurance
    • Auto insurance
    • Boiler insurance
    • Business interruption insurance
    • Condo insurance
    • Earthquake insurance
    • Home insurance
    • Title insurance
    • Pet insurance
    • Renters' insurance
  • Casualty insurance
    • Fidelity bond
    • Liability insurance
    • Political risk insurance
    • Surety bond
    • Terrorism insurance
  • Credit insurance
    • Trade credit insurance
    • Payment protection insurance
    • Credit derivative
  • Mid-term adjustment
  • Reinsurance
  • Self insurance
  • Travel insurance
  • Niche insurance
• Insurance contract
• Loss payee clause
• Risk Retention Group

• Financial economics
• Financial econometrics
• Monetary economics
• Mathematical economics
• Managerial economics
• Economic growth theory
• Decision theory
• Game theory
• Experimental economics /Experimental finance
• Behavioral economics /Behavioral finance

• Fisher separation theorem
• Modigliani–Miller theorem
• Theory of the firm
• The Theory of Investment Value
• Agency theory
• Managerial finance
• Capital structure
  • Corporate finance § Capitalization structure
  • Capital structure substitution theory
  • Pecking order theory
  • Market timing hypothesis
  • Trade-off theory of capital structure
  • Merton model
  • Tax shield
• Dividend policy
  • Corporate finance § Dividend policy
  • Walter model
  • Gordon model
  • Lintner model
  • Residuals theory
  • Signaling hypothesis
  • Clientele effect
  • Dividend puzzle
  • Treasury stock § Buying back shares
  • Dividend tax
• Capital budgeting (valuation)
  • Corporate finance § Investment and project valuation
  • Clean surplus accounting
  • Residual income valuation
  • Economic value added /Market value added
  • T-model
  • Adjusted present value
  • Uncertainty
    • Penalized present value
    • Expected commercial value
    • Risk-adjusted net present value
    • Contingent claim valuation
    • Real options
    • Monte Carlo methods
• Risk management
  • Corporate finance § Financial risk management
  • Financial risk management § Corporate finance
  • Hedging irrelevance proposition
  • Risk modeling
  • Risk-adjusted return on capital

• Value (economics)
  • Fair value
  • Intrinsic value
  • Market price
  • Expected value
  • Opportunity cost
  • Risk premium
  • #Underlying theory below
• Financial markets
  • Stylized fact
  • Regulatory economics
    • Macroprudential regulation § Theoretical rationale
  • Market microstructure
    • Walrasian auction
    • Fisher market
    • Arrow-Debreu market
    • Matching market
  • Market design
  • Agent-based model
    • Representative agent
    • Aggregation problem
    • Heterogeneity in economics
      • Heterogeneous agent model
      • Agent-based model § In economics and social sciences
      • Artificial financial market
• General equilibrium theory
  • Supply and demand
  • Competitive equilibrium
  • Economic equilibrium
  • Partial equilibrium
• Equilibrium price
  • Market efficiency
  • Economic equilibrium
  • Rational expectations
  • Risk factor (finance)
• Arbitrage-free price
  • Rational pricing
    • § Arbitrage free pricing
    • § Risk neutral valuation
  • Contingent claim analysis
  • Brownian model of financial markets
  • Complete market &Incomplete markets
• Utility
  • Risk aversion
  • Expected utility hypothesis
  • Utility maximization problem
  • Marginal utility
  • Quasilinear utility
  • Generalized expected utility
• Economic efficiency
  • Efficient-market hypothesis
  • efficient frontier
  • Production–possibility frontier
  • Allocative efficiency
  • Pareto efficiency
  • Productive efficiency
  • Dumb agent theory
• Stochastic discount factor
  • Pricing kernel
  • Marginal rate of substitution
  • Hansen–Jagannathan bound
  • Girsanov theorem
  • Radon–Nikodym derivative
• State prices
  • Arrow–Debreu model
  • Application:
    • Arrow–Debreu model § Economics of uncertainty: insurance and finance
    • State prices § Application to financial assets
• Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
  • Rational pricing
  • Arbitrage-free
  • No free lunch with vanishing risk
  • Self-financing portfolio
  • Stochastic dominance
    • Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
• Martingale pricing
  • Brownian model of financial markets
  • Random walk hypothesis
  • Risk-neutral measure
  • Martingale (probability theory)
    • Sigma-martingale
    • Semimartingale
• Quantum finance

• Equilibrium pricing
  • Equities; foreign exchange and commodities
    • Capital asset pricing model
    • Consumption-based CAPM
    • Intertemporal CAPM
    • Single-index model
    • Multiple factor models
      • Fama–French three-factor model
      • Carhart four-factor model
    • Arbitrage pricing theory
  • Bonds; other interest rate instruments
    • Vasicek
    • Rendleman–Bartter
    • Cox–Ingersoll–Ross
• Risk neutral pricing
  • Equities; foreign exchange and commodities; interest rates
    • Black–Scholes
    • Black
    • Garman–Kohlhagen
    • Heston
    • CEV
    • SABR
  • Bonds; other interest rate instruments
    • Ho–Lee
    • Hull–White
    • Black–Derman–Toy
    • Black–Karasinski
    • Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi
    • Longstaff–Schwartz
    • Chen
    • Rendleman–Bartter
    • Heath–Jarrow–Morton
      • Cheyette
    • Brace–Gatarek–Musiela
      • LIBOR market model

• Present value
• Future value
• Discounting
• Net present value
• Internal rate of return
• Annuity
• Perpetuity

• Probability
  • Probability distribution
    • Binomial distribution
    • Log-normal distribution
    • Poisson distribution
• Stochastic calculus
  • Brownian motion
    • Geometric Brownian motion
  • Cameron–Martin theorem
  • Feynman–Kac formula
  • Girsanov's theorem
  • Itô's lemma
  • Martingale representation theorem
  • Radon–Nikodym derivative
  • Stochastic differential equations
  • Stochastic process
    • Jump process
    • Lévy process
    • Markov process
    • Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
    • Wiener process
• Monte Carlo methods
  • Low-discrepancy sequence
  • Monte Carlo integration
  • Quasi-Monte Carlo method
  • Random number generation
• Partial differential equations
  • Finite difference method
  • Heat equation
  • Numerical partial differential equations
    • Crank–Nicolson method
• Volatility
  • ARCH model
  • GARCH model
  • Stochastic volatility
  • Stochastic volatility jump

• Underlying logic (see also#Economics and finance above)
  • Rational pricing
    • Risk-neutral measure
    • Arbitrage-free pricing
  • Brownian model of financial markets
  • Martingale pricing
• Forward contract
  • Forward contract pricing
• Futures
  • Futures contract pricing
• Options (incl.Real options andESOs)
  • Valuation of options
  • Black–Scholes formula
    • Approximations for American options
      • Barone-Adesi and Whaley
      • Bjerksund and Stensland
      • Black's approximation
      • Optimal stopping
      • Roll–Geske–Whaley
  • Black model
  • Binomial options model
  • Finite difference methods for option pricing
  • Garman–Kohlhagen model
  • The Greeks
  • Lattice model (finance)
  • Margrabe's formula
  • Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
    • Monte Carlo methods in finance
    • Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance
    • Least Square Monte Carlo for American options
  • Trinomial tree
  • Volatility
    • Implied volatility
    • Historical volatility
    • Volatility smile (&Volatility surface)
    • Stochastic volatility
      • Constant elasticity of variance model
      • Heston model
      • SABR volatility model
    • Local volatility
      • Implied binomial tree
      • Implied trinomial tree
      • Edgeworth binomial tree
      • Johnson binomial tree
• Swaps
  • Swap valuation
    • Asset swap § Computing the asset swap spread
    • Credit default swap § Pricing and valuation
    • Currency swap § Valuation and pricing
    • Interest rate swap § Valuation and pricing
      • Multi-curve framework
    • Variance swap § Pricing and valuation
• Interest rate derivatives (bond options,swaptions,caps and floors, andothers)
  • Black model
    • caps and floors
    • swaptions
    • Bond options
  • Short-rate models (generally applied vialattice based- andspecialized simulation-models, although "Black like" formulae exist in some cases.)
    • Rendleman–Bartter model
    • Vasicek model
    • Ho–Lee model
    • Hull–White model
    • Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
    • Black–Karasinski model
    • Black–Derman–Toy model
    • Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model
    • Longstaff–Schwartz model
    • Chen model
  • Forward rate /Forward curve -based models (Application as per short-rate models)
    • LIBOR market model (also called: Brace–Gatarek–Musiela Model, BGM)
    • Heath–Jarrow–Morton Model (HJM)
    • Cheyette model
• Valuation adjustments
  • Credit valuation adjustment
  • XVA
• Yield curve modelling
  • Multi-curve framework
  • Bootstrapping (finance)
  • Yield curve § Construction of the full yield curve from market data
  • Fixed-income attribution § Modeling the yield curve
  • Nelson-Siegel
  • Principal component analysis § Quantitative finance

• #Mathematical techniques below
• #Quantitative investing below
• Modern portfolio theory § Mathematical model
• Portfolio optimization
  • § Optimization methods
  • § Mathematical tools
• Merton's portfolio problem
• Kelly criterion
• Roy's safety-first criterion
• Specific applications:
  • Black–Litterman model
  • Universal portfolio algorithm
  • Markowitz model
  • Treynor–Black model

• Capital markets
• Securities
• Financial markets
• Primary market
• Initial public offering
• Aftermarket
• Free market
• Bull market
• Bear market
• Bear market rally
• Market maker
• Dow Jones Industrial Average
• Nasdaq
• List of stock exchanges
• List of stock market indices
• List of corporations by market capitalization
• Value Line Composite Index

• Stock market
• Stock
• Common stock
• Preferred stock
• Treasury stock
• Equity investment
• Index investing
• Private Equity
• Financial reports and statements
• Fundamental analysis
• Dividend
• Dividend yield
• Stock split

• Dow theory
• Elliott wave principle
• Economic value added
• Fibonacci retracement
• Gordon model
• Growth stock
  • PEG ratio
  • PVGO
• Mergers and acquisitions
• Leveraged buyout
• Takeover
• Corporate raid
• PE ratio
• Market capitalization
• Income per share
• Stock valuation
• Technical analysis
• Chart patterns
• V-trend
• Paper valuation

• Behavioral finance
• Dead cat bounce
• Efficient market hypothesis
• Market microstructure
• Stock market crash
• Stock market bubble
• January effect
• Mark Twain effect
• Quantitative behavioral finance
• Quantitative analysis (finance)
• Statistical arbitrage

• Bond (finance)
• Zero-coupon bond
• Junk bonds
• Convertible bond
• Accrual bond
• Municipal bond
• Sovereign bond
• Bond valuation
  • Yield to maturity
  • Bond duration
  • Bond convexity
• Fixed income

• Repurchase agreement
• International Money Market
• Currency
• Exchange rate
• International currency codes
• Table of historical exchange rates

• Commodity
  • Asset
  • Commodity Futures Trading Commission
  • Commodity trade
  • Drawdowns
  • Forfaiting
  • Fundamental analysis
  • Futures contract
  • Fungibility
  • Gold as an investment
  • Hedging
  • Jesse Lauriston Livermore
  • List of traded commodities
  • Ownership equity
  • Position trader
  • Risk (Futures)
  • Seasonal traders
  • Seasonal spread trading
  • Slippage
  • Speculation
  • Spread trade
  • Technical analysis
    • Breakout
    • Bear market
    • Bottom (technical analysis)
    • Bull market
    • MACD
    • Moving average
    • Open Interest
    • Parabolic SAR
    • Point and figure charts
    • Resistance
    • RSI
    • Stochastic oscillator
    • Stop loss
    • Support
    • Top (technical analysis)
  • Trade
  • Trend

• Derivative (finance)
• (see alsoFinancial mathematics topics;Derivatives pricing)
• Underlying instrument

• Forward contract

• Backwardation
• Contango
• Futures contract
  • Financial future
    • Currency future
    • Interest rate future
    • Single-stock futures
    • Stock market index future
• Futures exchange

• Options
  • Stock option
    • Box spread
    • Call option
    • Put option
    • Strike price
    • Put–call parity
    • The Greeks
    • Black–Scholes formula
    • Black model
    • Binomial options model
    • Implied volatility
    • Option time value
    • Moneyness
      • At-the-money
      • In-the-money
      • Out-of-the-money
    • Straddle
    • Option style
      • Vanilla option
      • Exotic option
      • Binary option
      • European option
        • Interest rate floor
        • Interest rate cap
      • Bermudan option
      • American option
      • Quanto option
      • Asian option
    • Employee stock option
  • Warrants
  • Foreign exchange option
  • Interest rate options
  • Bond options
  • Real options
  • Options on futures

• Swap (finance)
  • Interest rate swap
  • Basis swap
  • Asset swap
  • Forex swap
  • Stock swap
  • Equity swap
  • Currency swap
  • Variance swap

• Contract for difference (CFD)
• Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
  • Closed-end fund
  • Inverse exchange-traded fund
• Equity options
• Equity swap
• Real estate investment trust (REIT)
• Warrants
  • Covered warrant

• LIBOR
• Forward rate agreement
• Interest rate swap
• Interest rate cap
• Exotic interest rate option
• Bond option
• Interest rate future
• Money market instruments
• Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds
• In-arrears Swap
• Constant maturity swap (CMS) or Constant Treasury Swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors)
• Interest rateSwaption
• Bermudan swaptions
• Cross currency swaptions
• Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo)
• Target redemption note (TARN)
• CMS steepener
• Snowball
• Inverse floater
• Strips ofCollateralized mortgage obligation
  • Interest only (IO)
  • Principal only (PO)
• Ratchet caps and floors

• Credit default swap
• Collateralized debt obligation
• Credit default option
• Total return swap
• Securitization
  • Strip financing

• Basis swap
• Currency future
• Currency swap
• Foreign exchange binary option
• Foreign exchange forward
• Foreign exchange option
• Forward exchange rate
• Foreign exchange swap
• Foreign exchange hedge
• Non-deliverable forward
• Power reverse dual-currency note

• Corporate governance
• Financial regulation
  • Bank regulation
    • Banking license
• License

• Certified Financial Planner
• Chartered Financial Analyst
  • CFA Institute
• Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst
• Professional risk manager
• Chartered Financial Consultant
• Canadian Securities Institute
• Independent financial adviser
  • Chartered Insurance Institute
• Financial Risk Manager
• Chartered Market Technician
• Certified Financial Technician

• Liabilities Subject to Compromise

• Forex scam
• Insider trading
• Legal origins theory
• Petition mill
• Ponzi scheme

• International Swaps and Derivatives Association
• National Association of Securities Dealers

• Bank for International Settlements
• International Organization of Securities Commissions
• Security Commission
• Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
• Basel Accords –Basel I,Basel II,Basel III
• International Association of Insurance Supervisors
• International Accounting Standards Board

• European Securities Committee (EU)
• Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU)

• Financial Conduct Authority
• Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)

• Commodity Futures Trading Commission
• Federal Reserve
• Federal Trade Commission
• Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board
• Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
• Securities and Exchange Commission

• Glass–Steagall Act (US)
• Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (US)
• Sarbanes–Oxley Act (US)
• Securities Act of 1933 (US)
• Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US)
• Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US)
• USA PATRIOT Act

• Actuarial topics

• Value (economics)
• Valuation (finance) and specifically§ Valuation overview
• "The Theory of Investment Value"
• Financial economics § Corporate finance theory
• Valuation risk
• Real versus nominal value (economics)
• Real prices and ideal prices
• Fair value
  • Fair value accounting
• Intrinsic value
• Market price
• Value in use
• Fairness opinion
• Asset pricing (see also#Asset pricing theory above)
  • Equilibrium price
    • market efficiency
    • economic equilibrium
    • rational expectations
  • Arbitrage-free price
    • Rational pricing § Arbitrage free pricing
    • Rational pricing § Risk neutral valuation

• (Corporate)Bonds
  • Bond valuation
  • Bond (finance) § Bond valuation
  • Corporate bond § Valuation
• Equity valuation
  • #Equity valuation above
  • Fundamental analysis
  • Stock valuation
  • Capital Markets
  • Business valuation
  • Equity (finance) § Valuation
  • Intrinsic value (finance) § Equity
  • Capital budgeting andCorporate finance § Investment and project valuation
  • The Theory of Investment Value
• Real estate valuation
  • Real estate appraisal
  • Real estate economics

• Bonds
  • covenants and indentures
  • secured /unsecured debt
  • senior /subordinated debt
  • embedded options
• Equity
  • Minimum acceptable rate of return
  • Margin of safety (financial)
  • Enterprise value
  • Sum-of-the-parts analysis
    • Conglomerate discount
  • Minority discount
  • Control premium
  • Accretion/dilution analysis
  • Certainty equivalent
  • Haircut (finance)
  • Paper valuation

• Bond valuation
  • Modeling
    • Present value § PV of a bond
    • Bond valuation § Present value approach
    • Bond valuation § Arbitrage-free pricing approach
    • embedded options:
      • Pull to par
      • Lattice model (finance) § Hybrid securities
  • Results
    • Clean price
    • Dirty price
    • Yield to maturity
    • Coupon yield
    • Current yield
    • Duration
    • Convexity
    • embedded options:
      • Option-adjusted spread
      • effective duration
      • effective convexity
  • Cash flows
    • Principal (finance)
    • Coupon (bond)
    • Fixed rate bond
    • Floating rate note
    • Zero-coupon bond
    • Accrual bond
    • sinking fund provisions
• Real estate valuation
  • Intrinsic value (finance) § Real estate
  • Income approach
    • Net Operating Income
    • Real estate appraisal § The income approach
    • German income approach
• Equity valuation
  • Results
    • Net present value
    • Adjusted present value
    • Equivalent Annual Cost
    • Payback period
    • Discounted payback period
    • Internal rate of return
    • Modified Internal Rate of Return
    • Return on investment
    • Profitability index
  • Specific models and approaches
    • Dividend discount model
    • Gordon growth model
    • Market value added /Economic value added
    • Residual income valuation
    • First Chicago Method
    • rNPV
    • Fed model
    • Sum of perpetuities method
    • Benjamin Graham formula
    • LBO valuation model
    • Goldman Sachs asset management factor model
  • Cash flows
    • Cash flow forecasting
    • EBIDTA
    • NOPAT
    • Free cash flow
      • Free cash flow to firm
      • Free cash flow to equity
    • Dividends
    • Valuation using discounted cash flows § Determine cash flow for each forecast period

• Bonds
  • Bond valuation § Relative price approach
  • Yield spread
    • I-spread
    • Option-adjusted spread
    • Z-spread
    • Asset swap spread
  • Credit spread (bond)
    • Bond credit rating
    • Altman Z-score
    • Ohlson O-score
    • Book value
    • Debt-to-equity ratio
    • Debt-to-capital ratio
    • Current ratio
    • Quick ratio
    • Debt ratio
• Real estate
  • Capitalization rate
  • Gross rent multiplier
  • Sales comparison approach
    • Real estate appraisal § The sales comparison approach
  • Cash on cash return
• Equity
  • Financial ratio
  • Market-based valuation
  • Valuation using multiples
  • Comparable company analysis
  • Dividend yield
    • Yield gap
  • Return on equity
    • DuPont analysis
  • PE ratio
    • PEG ratio
    • Cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio
    • PVGO
  • P/B ratio
  • Price to cash based earnings
  • Price to Sales
  • EV/EBITDA
  • EV/Sales
  • Stock image
  • Valuation using the Market Penetration Model
  • Graham number
  • Tobin's q

• Valuation techniques
  • general
    • Valuation of options
    • Option (finance) § Valuation
    • #Derivatives pricing above
  • as typically employed
    • Real options valuation
    • Rational pricing § The replicating portfolio
    • Financial economics § Corporate finance theory
    • Lattice model (finance) § Hybrid securities
    • Monte Carlo methods in finance
• Applications
  • Corporate investments andprojects
    • Real options
    • Corporate finance § Valuing flexibility
    • Contingent value rights
    • Business valuation § Option pricing approaches
    • structured finance investments (funding dependent)
    • special purpose entities (funding dependent)
  • Balance sheet assets and liabilities
    • warrants and otherconvertible securities
    • securities withembedded options such ascallable bonds
    • employee stock options

• "Fundamentals"-based (relying on accounting information)
  • T-model
  • Residual income valuation
  • Clean surplus accounting
  • Net asset value method
  • Excess earnings method
  • Historical earnings valuation
  • Future maintainable earnings valuation
  • Graham number

• Cash flow
  • Cash flow forecasting
  • Cash flow statement
  • Operating cash flow
  • EBIDTA
    • Depreciation § Effect on cash
  • NOPAT
  • Free cash flow
    • Free cash flow to firm
    • Free cash flow to equity
  • Dividends
  • Cash is king
  • Mid-year adjustment
  • Owner earnings
• Required return (i.e. discount rate)
  • Valuation using discounted cash flows § Determine discount factor / rate
  • Cost of capital
  • Weighted average cost of capital
  • Cost of equity
  • Cost of debt
  • Capital asset pricing model
    • Beta (finance) § Empirical estimation
    • Hamada's equation
    • Pure play method
  • Arbitrage pricing theory
  • Business valuation § Build-up method
    • Total Beta
  • T-model
    • cash-flow T-model
• Terminal value
  • Valuation using discounted cash flows § Determine the continuing value
  • Forecast period (finance)
  • long term growth rate
    • Sustainable growth rate § From a financial perspective
    • Stock valuation § Growth rate
• Forecastedfinancial statements
  • Financial forecast
  • Financial modeling § Accounting
  • Pro forma § Financial statements
  • Revenue
    • Revenue model
    • Revenue § Financial statement analysis
    • Revenue management § Forecasting
    • Net sales
  • Costs
    • Profit margin
      • Gross margin
      • Net margin
      • Cost of goods sold
    • Operating expenses
      • Operating ratio
    • Cost driver
    • Fixed cost
    • Variable cost
    • Overhead cost
    • Value chain
    • activity based costing
    • common-size analysis
    • Profit model
  • Capital
    • Capital structure
    • common-size analysis
    • Equity (finance)
      • Shareholders' equity
      • Book value
      • Retained earnings
    • Financial capital
      • Long term asset /Fixed asset
        • Fixed-asset turnover
      • Long-term liabilities
        • Debt-to-equity ratio
        • Debt-to-capital ratio
    • Working capital
      • Current asset
      • Current liability
      • Inventory turnover /Days in inventory
      • Cost of goods sold
      • Debtor & Creditor days
      • Days sales outstanding
      • Days payable outstanding

• Portfolio (finance)
• Portfolio manager
• Investment management
  • Active management
  • Passive management (Buy and hold)
    • Index fund
  • Core & Satellite
  • Smart beta
  • Expense ratio
  • Investment style
    • Value investing
    • Contrarian investing
    • Growth investing
      • CAN SLIM
    • Index investing
    • Magic formula investing
    • Momentum investing
    • Quality investing
    • Style investing
    • Factor investing
  • Investment strategy
    • Benchmark-driven investment strategy
    • Liability-driven investment strategy
  • Financial risk management § Investment management
• Investor profile
• Rate of return on a portfolio /Investment performance
• Risk return ratio
  • Risk–return spectrum
• Risk factor (finance)
• Portfolio optimization
• Diversification (finance)
• Asset classes
  • Exter's Pyramid
• Asset allocation
  • Tactical asset allocation
    • Global tactical asset allocation
    • Cyclical tactical asset allocation
  • Strategic asset allocation
  • Dynamic asset allocation
• Sector rotation
• Correlation &covariance
  • Covariance matrix
  • Correlation matrix
• Risk-free interest rate
• Leverage (finance)
• Utility function
• Intertemporal portfolio choice
• Portfolio insurance
  • Constant proportion portfolio insurance
• Mathematical finance § Risk and portfolio management: the P world
• Quantitative investment /Quantitative fund (seebelow)
• Uncompensated risk

• Portfolio optimization
  • Risk return ratio
  • Risk–return spectrum
  • Economic efficiency
    • Efficient-market hypothesis
    • Random walk hypothesis
  • Utility maximization problem
  • Markowitz model
  • Merton's portfolio problem
  • Kelly criterion
  • Roy's safety-first criterion
• Theory and results (derivation of the CAPM)
  • Equilibrium price
  • Market price
  • Systematic risk
    • Risk factor (finance)
  • Idiosyncratic risk /Specific risk
  • Mean-variance analysis (Two-moment decision model)
  • Efficient frontier (Mean variance efficiency)
  • Feasible set
  • Mutual fund separation theorem
    • Separation property (finance)
  • Tangent portfolio
  • Market portfolio
  • Beta (finance)
    • Fama–MacBeth regression
    • Hamada's equation
    • Capital structure substitution theory § Beta
  • Capital allocation line
  • Capital market line
  • Security characteristic line
  • Capital asset pricing model
    • Single-index model
  • Security market line
  • Roll's critique
• Related measures
  • Alpha (finance)
  • Sharpe ratio
  • Treynor ratio
  • Jensen's alpha
• Optimization models
  • Markowitz model
  • Treynor–Black model

• Equilibrium pricing models (CAPM and extensions)
  • Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
  • Consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM)
  • Intertemporal CAPM (ICAPM)
  • Single-index model
  • Multiple factor models (seeRisk factor (finance))
    • Fama–French three-factor model
    • Carhart four-factor model
    • Arbitrage pricing theory (APT)

• Approaches
  • Behavioral portfolio theory
  • Stochastic portfolio theory
    • Chance-constrained portfolio selection
  • Maslowian portfolio theory
  • Dedicated portfolio theory (fixed income specific)
  • Risk parity
  • Tail risk parity
• Optimization considerations
  • Pareto efficiency
  • Bayesian efficiency
  • Multiple-criteria decision analysis
  • Multi-objective optimization
  • Stochastic dominance
    • Second-order Stochastic dominance
    • Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
  • Downside risk
  • Volatility skewness
  • Semivariance
  • Expected shortfall (ES; also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), average value at risk (AVaR), expected tail loss (ETL))
  • Tail value at risk
  • Statistical dispersion
  • Discounted maximum loss
  • Indifference price
• Measures
  • Dual-beta
    • Downside beta
    • Upside beta
  • Upside potential ratio
  • Upside risk
  • Downside risk
  • Sortino ratio
  • Omega ratio
  • Bias ratio
  • Information ratio
    • Active return
    • Active risk
  • Deviation risk measure
  • Distortion risk measure
  • Spectral risk measure
• Optimization models
  • Black–Litterman model
  • Universal portfolio algorithm
  • Resampled efficient frontier

• Alpha (finance)
• Beta (finance)
• Performance attribution
  • Market timing
  • Stock selection
• Fixed-income attribution
• Benchmark (finance)
• Lipper average
• Returns-based style analysis
• Rate of return on a portfolio
• Holding period return
• Tracking error
  • Attribution analysis
• Style drift
  • Returns-based style analysis
• Simple Dietz method
• Modified Dietz method
• Modigliani risk-adjusted performance
• Upside potential ratio
• Maximum Downside Exposure
• Maximum drawdown
  • Sterling ratio
• Sharpe ratio
• Treynor ratio
• Jensen's alpha
• Bias ratio
• V2 ratio
• Calmar ratio (hedge fund specific)

• Modern portfolio theory § Mathematical model
• Quadratic programming
  • Critical line method
• Nonlinear programming
• Mixed integer programming
• Stochastic programming (§ Multistage portfolio optimization)
• Copula (probability theory) (§ Quantitative finance)
• Principal component analysis (§ Quantitative finance)
• Deterministic global optimization
• Extended Mathematical Programming (§ EMP for stochastic programming)
• Genetic algorithm (List of genetic algorithm applications § Finance and Economics)
• Artificial intelligence:
  • Applications of artificial intelligence § Trading and investment
  • Machine learning (§ Applications)
  • Artificial neural network (§ Finance)

• Quantitative investing
• Quantitative fund
• Quantitative analysis (finance) § Quantitative investment management
• Quantitative analysis (finance) § Algorithmic trading quantitative analyst
• Applications of artificial intelligence § Trading and investment
• Trading:
  • Automated trading
  • High-frequency trading
  • Algorithmic trading
  • Program trading
  • Systematic trading
    • Technical analysis § Systematic trading
  • Trading strategy
  • Mirror trading
  • Copy trading
  • Social trading
  • VWAP
  • TWAP
  • Electronic trading platform
  • Statistical arbitrage
• Portfolio optimization:
  • Portfolio optimization § Optimization methods
  • Portfolio optimization § Mathematical tools
  • Black–Litterman model
  • Universal portfolio algorithm
  • Markowitz model
  • Treynor–Black model
  • other models
  • Factor investing
    • low-volatility investing
    • value investing
    • momentum investing
  • Alpha generation platform
  • Kelly criterion
  • Roy's safety-first criterion
  • Online portfolio selection
• Risks:
  • Best execution
  • Implementation shortfall
  • Trading curb
  • Market impact
  • Market depth
  • Slippage (finance)
  • Transaction costs
• Discussion:
  • Automated trading system § Market disruption and manipulation
  • High-frequency trading § Risks and controversy
  • Algorithmic trading § Issues and developments
  • Positive feedback § Systemic risk
  • 2010 flash crash
  • Black Monday (1987) § Causes
  • Statistical arbitrage § StatArb and systemic risk: events of summer 2007
• Leading companies (seeQuantitative fund § List of notable quantitative funds):
  • Prediction Company
  • Renaissance Technologies
  • D. E. Shaw & Co
  • AQR Capital
  • Barclays Investment Bank
  • Cantab Capital Partners
  • Robeco
  • Jane Street Capital

• Financial software
• Financial management systems
• Financial data vendor
• Accounting software
  • Straight-through processing
• Banking software
• Treasury management system
• Strategic planning software
• Technical Analysis Software
• Algorithmic trading
• Electronic trading platform
• Numerical-analysis software (comparison)

• Business valuation /stock valuation – especially viadiscounted cash flow, but includingother valuation approaches
• Scenario planning andmanagement decision making ("what is"; "what if"; "what has to be done"^[1])
• Capital budgeting, includingcost of capital (i.e.WACC) calculations
• Financial statement analysis /ratio analysis (including ofoperating- andfinance leases, andR&D)
• Revenue related:forecasting,analysis
• Project finance modeling
• Cash flow forecasting
• Credit decisioning:Credit analysis,Consumer credit risk;impairment- andprovision-modeling
• Working capital- andtreasury management;asset and liability management
• Management accounting:Activity-based costing,Profitability analysis,Cost analysis,Whole-life cost

• Option pricing and calculation oftheir "Greeks"
• Otherderivatives, especiallyinterest rate derivatives,credit derivatives andexotic derivatives
• Modeling the term structure ofinterest rates (bootstrapping /multi-curves,short-rate models,HJM framework) andcredit spreads
• Credit valuation adjustment, CVA, as well as the variousXVA
• Credit risk,counterparty credit risk, andregulatory capital:EAD,PD,LGD,PFE
• Structured product design and manufacture
• Portfolio optimization^[2] andQuantitative investing more generally; see further reoptimization methods employed.
• Financial risk modeling:value at risk (parametric- and / orhistorical,CVaR,EVT),stress testing,"sensitivities" analysis

Financial institutions

• Bank
  • List of banks
    • List of banks in the Arab World
    • List of banks in Africa
    • List of banks in the Americas
    • List of banks in Asia
    • List of banks in Europe
    • List of banks in Oceania
    • List of international banking institutions
  • Advising bank
  • Central bank
    • List of central banks
  • Commercial bank
  • Community development bank
  • Cooperative bank
  • Custodian bank
  • Depository bank
  • Ethical bank
  • Investment bank
  • Islamic banking
  • Merchant bank
  • Microcredit
  • Mutual savings bank
  • Offshore bank
  • Private bank
  • Savings bank
  • Swiss bank
  • Bank holding company
• Building society
• Broker
  • Broker-dealer
  • Brokerage firm
  • Commodity broker
  • Insurance broker
  • Prime brokerage
  • Retail broker
  • Stockbroker
• Clearing house
• Commercial lender
• Community development financial institution
• Credit rating agency
• Credit union
• Diversified financial
• Edge Act Corporation
• Export Credit Agencies
• Financial adviser
• Financial intermediary
• Financial planner
• Futures exchange
  • List of futures exchanges
• Government sponsored enterprise
• Hard money lender
• Independent financial adviser
• Industrial loan company
• Insurance company
• Investment adviser
• Investment company
• Investment trust
• Large and Complex Financial Institutions
• Mutual fund
• Non-banking financial company
• Savings and loan association
• Stock exchange
  • List of stock exchanges
• Trust company

• For the typical financecareer path and corresponding education requirements see:
  • Financial analyst generally, and esp.§ Qualification, discussing various investment, banking, and corporate roles (i.e. financial management, corporate finance, investment banking, securities analysis & valuation, portfolio & investment management, credit analysis, working capital & treasury management; seeFinancial modeling § Accounting)
  • Quantitative analyst,Quantitative analysis (finance) § Education andFinancial engineering § Education, specifically re roles in quantitative finance (i.e. derivative pricing & hedging, interest rate modeling, financial risk management, financial engineering, computational finance; also, the mathematically intensive variant on the banking roles; seeFinancial modeling § Quantitative finance)
• Business education listsundergraduate degrees in business, commerce, accounting and economics; "finance" may be taken as amajor in most of these, whereas "quantitative finance" is almost invariably postgraduate, following amath-focused Bachelors; the most common degrees for (entry level) investment, banking, and corporate roles are:
  • Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)
  • Bachelor of Commerce (BCom)
  • Bachelor of Accountancy (B.Acc)
  • Bachelor of Economics (B.Econ)
  • Bachelor of Finance – the undergraduate version of the MSF below
  • ThetaggedBS /BA "in Finance", or less common,"in Investment Management" or "in Personal Finance"
• Atthe postgraduate level, theMBA,MCom andMSM (and recently theMaster of Applied Economics) similarly offer training in finance generally; at this level there are also the following specifically focusedmaster's degrees, with MSF the broadest – seeMaster of Finance § Comparison with other qualifications for their focus and inter-relation:
  • Master of Applied Finance (M.App.Fin)
  • Master of Commerce in Finance (MCom)
  • Master of Computational Finance
  • Master's in Corporate Finance
  • Master of Finance (M.Fin, MIF)
  • Master's in Financial Analysis
  • Master of Financial Economics
  • Master of Financial Engineering (MFE)
  • Master of Financial Planning
  • Master's in Financial Management
  • Master of Financial Mathematics
  • Master's in Financial Risk Management
  • Master's in Investment Management
  • Master of Mathematical Finance
  • Master of Quantitative Finance (MQF)
  • Master of Science in Finance (MSF, MSc Finance)
  • MS inFintech
• Doctoral-training in finance is usually a requirement foracademia, but not relevant to industry
  • quants oftenenter the profession withPhDs in disciplines such as physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science, and learn finance "on the job”
  • asan academic field, finance theory is studied and developed within the disciplines ofmanagement, (financial) economics, accountancy, andapplied /financial mathematics.
• For specialized roles, there are variousProfessional Certifications in financial services (see#Designations and accreditation above); thebest recognized are arguably:
  • Association of Corporate Treasurers (MCT / FCT)
  • Certificate in Quantitative Finance (CQF)
  • Certified Financial Planner (CFP)
  • Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA)
  • Certified Treasury Professional (CTP)
  • Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA)
  • Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
  • Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM)
  • CISI Diploma in Capital Markets (MCSI)
  • Financial Risk Manager (FRM)
  • Professional Risk Manager (PRM)
• Various organizations offerexecutive education,CPD, or other focused training programs, including:
  • Amsterdam Institute of Finance
  • Canadian Securities Institute
  • Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment
  • GARP
  • Global Risk Institute
  • ICMA Centre
  • The London Institute of Banking & Finance
  • New York Institute of Finance
  • PRMIA
  • South African Institute of Financial Markets
  • Swiss Finance Institute
• See also qualifications in related fields:
  • Accounting § Education, training and qualifications
  • Actuarial credentialing and exams
  • Business education
  • Chief financial officer § Qualifications
  • Chief investment officer § Profile
  • Chief risk officer § Characteristics and qualifications
  • Credit analyst § Education
  • Economics education
  • Management § Training and education

• Capitalism
• Financial law

• Index of accounting articles
• Outline of business management
• Outline of marketing
• Outline of economics
• Outline of production
• Index of international trade articles
• Outline of commercial law
• List of business theorists
• Outline of actuarial science

• Prof. Aswath Damodaran – financial theory, with a focus in Corporate Finance, Valuation and Investments. Updated Data, Excel Spreadsheets.
• Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students (Prof. John M. Wachowicz) -Links to finance web sites, grouped by topic
• studyfinance.com – introductory finance web site at theUniversity of Arizona
• SECLaw.com – law of the financial markets

• Outlines of economics
• Outlines
• Finance lists
• Business terms

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page
• Pages using Sister project links with default search