| Ottoman Tripolitania ایالت طرابلس غرب (1551–1864) Eyālet-i Trâblus Gârb ولايت طرابلس غرب (1864–1912) Vilâyet-i Trâblus Gârb | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eyalet andVilayet of Ottoman Empire | |||||||||||||||
| 1551–1912 | |||||||||||||||
.svg) Flag  Lesser coat of arms (1856) | |||||||||||||||
.png) The Tripolitania Eyalet in 1795 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital | Tripoli | ||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||
| 1551 | |||||||||||||||
• Karamanli dynasty rises to power | 1711 | ||||||||||||||
| 1801-1805 + 1815 | |||||||||||||||
• Ottoman Empire reestablishes direct control | 1835 | ||||||||||||||
| 1912 | |||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Libya | ||||||||||||||
Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as theRegency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by theOttoman Empire from 1551 to 1912.[1][2] It corresponded roughly to the northern parts of modern-dayLibya in historicTripolitania andCyrenaica.[1][3] It was initially established as anOttoman province ruled by apasha (governor) inTripoli who was appointed fromConstantinople, though in practice it was semi-autonomous due to the power of the localJanissaries.[1][2] From 1711 to 1835, theKaramanli dynasty ruled the province as ade facto hereditary monarchy while remaining under nominal Ottomansuzerainty.[1] In 1835, the Ottomans reestablished direct control over the region until itsannexation by Italy in 1912.[4]
Like the Ottoman regencies inTunis andAlgiers, the Regency of Tripoli was a major base for the privateering activities of theNorth African corsairs, who also provided revenues for Tripoli.[1][2] A remnant of the centuries of Turkish rule is the presence ofa population of Turkish origin, and those of partial Turkish origin, theKouloughlis.
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| History ofLibya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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By the beginning of the 16th century the Libyan coast had minimal central authority and its harbours were havens for unchecked bands of pirates. TheSpaniards occupied Tripoli in 1510, but the Spaniards were more concerned with controlling the port than with the inconveniences of administering a colony. In 1530 the city, along withMalta andGozo, was ceded byCharles I of Spain to theKnights of St John as compensation for their recent expulsion from the island ofRhodes at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. Christian rule lasted then until 1551, when Tripoli wasbesieged and conquered by famed Ottoman admiralsSinan Pasha andTurgut Reis. Declared asBey and laterPasha of Tripoli, Turgut Reis received submission from the tribes of the interior and several cities likeMisrata,Zuwara,Gharyan, andGafsa in the next decade. These efforts contributed to cement the foundations of a statal structure in what is today Libya, but control fromConstantinople remained loose at best, much like in the rest of theBarbary Coast ofNorth Africa.
Under the Ottomans, theMaghreb was divided into three provinces,Algiers,Tunis, andTripoli. After 1565, administrative authority in Tripoli was vested in a Pasha directly appointed by the Sultan in Constantinople. The sultan supported the pasha with a corps ofjanissaries who he was dependent upon, which was in turn divided into a number of companies under the command of a junior officer orbey. The janissaries quickly became the dominant force in Ottoman Libya and were also in charge of collecting taxes; however,Barbary corsairs were the ones who steadily provided income to Tripoli from privateering activities. As a self-governing military guild answerable only to their own laws and protected by adivan (a council of senior officers who advised the pasha), the janissaries soon reduced the pasha to a largely ceremonial role.[5]
In 1611, the local chiefs of the area conducted acoup d'état and successfully appointed Suleiman Safar, their own leader, asdey (local chief). As a result, his successors continually held the title and even occasionally identified as pasha.[5] As Pasha of Tripoli,Osman Saqizli managed to maintain political stability during the 1650s and 1660s. However, by the 1670s, the position of the dey experienced the succession of eight different leaders, leading to instability.[6]: 260
Thomas Baker, an English consul stationed in Tripoli from 1679 to 1686, described a turbulent government, a dwindling treasury and an economy heavily reliant on piracy. Tripoli's fleet was the smallest among theBarbary States, with only 13 vessels compared to 20 inTunis and 40 inAlgiers.[6]: 259 Besides piracy, the region's inland areas, consisting of ravines, mountains and inhospitable desert, forced a reliance on exports of salt, coastal slave raiding inCalabria andMorea, and tribute from the interior tribes.[6]: 268–9 The 1676 peace treaty between Tripoli and English shipping had shifted most pirate activity towards the French, leading to French demands for peace in 1681. Driven by financial desperation, Tripoli violated these terms a year later by seizing a French merchant ship. The following dispute saw the French mortar-bombing Tripoli into submission in 1686.[6]: 259, 266–7
During the 18th century, Ottoman power waned in North Africa, with the sultans ending the practice of sending pashas to Tripoli, Algiers and Tunis. The title of pasha began to assume its hereditary status.[7]
In 1711,Ahmed Karamanli, an Ottoman cavalry officer and son of a Turkish officer and Libyan woman, seized power and founded theKaramanli dynasty, which would last 124 years. The1790–95 Tripolitanian civil war occurred in those years.
In May 1801, PashaYusuf Karamanli demanded from theUnited States an increase in the tribute ($83,000) which it had paid since 1796 for the protection of their commerce andenslavement of crews bybarbary pirates when theTreaty of Tripoli was signed. The demand was refused by third American PresidentThomas Jefferson, an American naval force was sent and blockaded Tripoli, and the desultoryFirst Barbary War dragged on from 1801 until 3 June 1805. The Regency of Tripoli was defeated by the newly revivedUnited States Navy.
TheSecond Barbary War (1815, also known as the Algerian War) was the second of the two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Turks' North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as theBarbary States.
On 5 September 1817, Yusuf Karamanli invited the leaders of the Libyan tribe of Al-Jawazi to his castle inBenghazi, following a dispute regarding tribute and an uprising against his rule. Consequently, the Pasha ordered the execution of all attendees, and chased down the other tribe members, which resulted in the massacre of at least 10,000 people, who eventually sought refuge in neighboring countries, especiallyEgypt. This was known as theAl-Jawazi massacre.[8][9]
In 1835 the government of SultanMahmud II took advantage of local disturbances to reassert their direct authority. As decentralized Ottoman power had resulted in the virtual independence of Egypt as well as Tripoli, the coast and desert lying between them relapsed to anarchy, even after direct Ottoman control was resumed in Tripoli. The indigenousSenusiyya (or Sanusi) Movement, led by Islamic clericMuhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi, called on the countryside to resist Ottoman rule. The Grand Senussi established his headquarters in the oasis town ofJaghbub while hisikhwan (brothers) set upzawiyas (religious colleges or monasteries) across North Africa and brought some stability to regions not known for their submission to central authority. In line with the expressed instruction of the Grand Sanusi, these gains were made largely without any coercion.[citation needed]
It was one of the first Ottoman provinces to be reclassified from aneyalet to avilayet after anadministrative reform in 1865, and by 1867 it had been reformed into the Tripolitania Vilayet.[10]
The Ottoman sultanAbdulhamid II twice sent his aide-de-camp Azmzade Sadik El Mueyyed to meet Sheikh Sanusi to cultivate positive relations and counter the West European scramble for Africa.[11]
The highpoint of the Sanusi influence came in the 1880s under the Grand Senussi's son,Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Sanusi. With 146 lodges spanning the entire Sahara, he moved the Senussi capital toKufra.[citation needed]
Over a 75‑year period, the Ottoman Turks provided 33 governors[citation needed] and Libya remained part of the empire untilItaly invaded for the second time in 1911.
TheItalo-Turkish War was fought between theOttoman Empire and theKingdom of Italy from September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912.
As a result of this conflict, the Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces ofTripolitania,Fezzan, andCyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known asLibya.
By the 19th century, the province of Tripoli, known officially asTarablus al-Gharb ('Tripoli of the West') was organized into fivesanjaks (districts):[12]
These district names were reported byJames Henry Skene in 1851[13] and five districts of the same name existed after the reforms of the 1860s that transformed the province officially into avilayet (orwilayah in Arabic).[12] Among these, Cyrenaica was made an independentsanjak in 1863 that was directly dependent on Istanbul, then it was assigned to Tripoli's supervision in 1871, and finally it was attached to Istanbul again in 1888.[12][14]
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