Ottawa County, Oklahoma | |
|---|---|
 Modoc Mission Church (2010) | |
 Location within the U.S. state ofOklahoma | |
 Oklahoma's location within theU.S. | |
| Coordinates:36°50′N94°49′W / 36.84°N 94.81°W /36.84; -94.81 | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Oklahoma |
| Founded | 1907 |
| Named after | Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma |
| Seat | Miami |
| Largest city | Miami |
| Area | |
• Total | 485 sq mi (1,260 km2) |
| • Land | 471 sq mi (1,220 km2) |
| • Water | 14 sq mi (36 km2) 2.8% |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 30,285 |
• Estimate (2024) | 30,404 |
| • Density | 64.3/sq mi (24.8/km2) |
| Congressional district | 2nd |
| Website | ottawa |
Ottawa County is acounty located in the northeastern corner of theU.S. state ofOklahoma. As of the2020 census, the population was 30,285.[1] Itscounty seat isMiami.[2] The county was named for theOttawa Tribe of Oklahoma.[3] It is also the location of the federally recognizedModoc Nation and theQuapaw Nation, which is based inQuapaw. Ottawa County comprises the Miami, OKMicropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in theJoplin-Miami, MO-OK Combined Statistical Area. The county borders bothKansas andMissouri. The county was an important lead and zinc mining region during the early 1900s, and in 1983 theTar Creek Superfund site was inaugurated to clean uptailings and prevent groundwater and waterway contamination withleachates.
Archaeological studies indicate this area was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous peoples. According to theEncyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture, at the start of the 20th century, there were eight known Archaic sites (6000 B. C. to 1 A. D.), sixteen Woodland sites (1 A. D. to 1000 A.D.), and six Plains Village sites (1000 to 1500 A. D.).[3]
The Osage Nation had moved into the area from Missouri and Kansas by the 19th century, under pressure from European-American encroachment on their lands. They ceded this land to the Federal Government in exchange for another area farther west inIndian Territory. In 1828, the Western Cherokee, the first group of this nation to relocate west of the Mississippi River, ceded their land in Western Arkansas to the Federal Government in exchange for some of the land just vacated by the Osage.
In 1831, the Federal Government reacquired part of what would eventually become Ottawa County in order to forcibly relocate several other tribal nations that had been systematically displaced from the Midwest under itsIndian Removal program. These included two tribes ofIroquois,Shawnee,Quapaw,Peoria,Kaskaskia,Miami,Ottawa andWyandotte. The Neosho Agency administered the affairs of these tribes from 1837 until 1871. In that year, it was renamed as the Quapaw Agency, serving only the tribes in Indian Territory.[3]
The Modoc band led by Captain Jack in northern California was exiled and relocated here in 1873, after being taken as prisoner following their defeat in theModoc War. The 153 members were settled at the Quapaw Agency. After regaining federally recognized status in 1978 as theModoc Tribe of Oklahoma, they were given land of their own under federal trust in this county. Native Americans make up nearly 17% of the population in the county.
This county is part of theTri-State district, a center of lead and zinc mining through the first half of the 20th century. Unrestricted mining resulted in severeenvironmental degradation, and mining centers such asPicher, Oklahoma in the county were included within theTar Creek Superfund Site in 1980. In 1996 the government found that 34% of the children of Picher hadlead poisoning due to groundwater, air and dust effects. Environmental remediation was conducted, but the state and federal government have since closed Picher as a city and relocated nearly all its residents since the early 21st century.
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 485 square miles (1,260 km2), of which 471 square miles (1,220 km2) is land and 14 square miles (36 km2) (2.8%) is water.[4] It is the fourth-smallest county in Oklahoma by area. The eastern part of the county lies in the Ozark Plains, while the western is in the Neosho Lowlands.[3]
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 15,713 | — | |
| 1920 | 41,108 | 161.6% | |
| 1930 | 38,542 | −6.2% | |
| 1940 | 35,849 | −7.0% | |
| 1950 | 32,218 | −10.1% | |
| 1960 | 28,301 | −12.2% | |
| 1970 | 29,800 | 5.3% | |
| 1980 | 32,870 | 10.3% | |
| 1990 | 30,561 | −7.0% | |
| 2000 | 33,194 | 8.6% | |
| 2010 | 31,848 | −4.1% | |
| 2020 | 30,285 | −4.9% | |
| 2024 (est.) | 30,404 | [5] | 0.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[6] 1790–1960[7] 1900–1990[8] 1990–2000[9] 2010–2019[10] | |||
As of thecensus[11] of 2020, there were 30,285 people, 12,984 households, and 9,114 families residing in the county. Thepopulation density was 175/km2 (450/sq mi). There were 14,842 housing units at an average density of 12/km2 (31/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 68.9%White, 1.2%Black orAfrican American, 20.3%Native American, 0.7%Asian, 0.9%Pacific Islander, 1.54% fromother races, and 8.0% from two or more races. 5.9% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.
There were 14,100 households, out of which 30.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.60% weremarried couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.80% were non-families. 26.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.70% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 24.80% from 25 to 44, 22.90% from 45 to 64, and 16.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $27,507, and the median income for a family was $32,368. Males had a median income of $25,725 versus $18,879 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $14,478. About 13.00% of families and 16.60% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 23.80% of those under age 18 and 12.20% of those age 65 or over.
| Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of June 30, 2023[12] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | |||
| Democratic | 5,204 | 29.60% | |||
| Republican | 8,856 | 50.36% | |||
| Others | 3,525 | 20.05% | |||
| Total | 17,585 | 100% | |||
Prior to 2008, Ottawa County was a swing county in presidential elections, backing the national winner in all but three presidential elections from 1912 to 2004. It has since become a Republican stronghold similar to the rest of the state, withDonald Trump's 2024 53 point win overKamala Harris being the most lopsided margin of victory in the county's electoral history.
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 1908 | 1,174 | 45.75% | 1,297 | 50.55% | 95 | 3.70% |
| 1912 | 1,315 | 45.82% | 1,384 | 48.22% | 171 | 5.96% |
| 1916 | 1,642 | 43.85% | 1,875 | 50.07% | 228 | 6.09% |
| 1920 | 5,270 | 54.80% | 3,974 | 41.33% | 372 | 3.87% |
| 1924 | 5,197 | 50.08% | 4,522 | 43.58% | 658 | 6.34% |
| 1928 | 8,144 | 64.03% | 4,488 | 35.28% | 88 | 0.69% |
| 1932 | 3,210 | 28.19% | 8,175 | 71.81% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1936 | 4,697 | 37.84% | 7,658 | 61.70% | 57 | 0.46% |
| 1940 | 5,738 | 42.05% | 7,873 | 57.69% | 35 | 0.26% |
| 1944 | 5,056 | 46.19% | 5,876 | 53.69% | 13 | 0.12% |
| 1948 | 4,304 | 37.27% | 7,243 | 62.73% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 7,211 | 51.87% | 6,692 | 48.13% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 6,730 | 54.05% | 5,721 | 45.95% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 6,520 | 53.33% | 5,705 | 46.67% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1964 | 4,090 | 35.02% | 7,589 | 64.98% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1968 | 5,000 | 44.48% | 4,820 | 42.88% | 1,421 | 12.64% |
| 1972 | 8,348 | 68.63% | 3,657 | 30.07% | 158 | 1.30% |
| 1976 | 4,985 | 39.83% | 7,446 | 59.50% | 84 | 0.67% |
| 1980 | 6,362 | 49.25% | 6,143 | 47.55% | 414 | 3.20% |
| 1984 | 7,666 | 56.76% | 5,781 | 42.81% | 58 | 0.43% |
| 1988 | 5,026 | 42.85% | 6,658 | 56.77% | 45 | 0.38% |
| 1992 | 4,141 | 31.35% | 6,304 | 47.73% | 2,764 | 20.93% |
| 1996 | 4,127 | 35.87% | 5,844 | 50.80% | 1,533 | 13.33% |
| 2000 | 5,625 | 49.29% | 5,647 | 49.49% | 139 | 1.22% |
| 2004 | 7,443 | 59.41% | 5,086 | 40.59% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2008 | 6,905 | 61.80% | 4,268 | 38.20% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2012 | 6,466 | 64.82% | 3,509 | 35.18% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2016 | 7,631 | 71.38% | 2,584 | 24.17% | 475 | 4.44% |
| 2020 | 8,545 | 74.71% | 2,686 | 23.48% | 207 | 1.81% |
| 2024 | 8,490 | 75.95% | 2,511 | 22.46% | 177 | 1.58% |
Lead and zinc mining has been important to the county economy since 1890, and Quapaw lands have been exploited for mining, first by lease. They were restricted in terms of receiving royalties and were generally excluded by discrimination from mining jobs. By 1910, the localmining industry was controlled by a few large corporations, including Commerce Mining and Royalty Company, the Eagle-Picher Company, the Childers Mining Company, the LaClede Lead and Zinc Company, and the American Lead and Zinc Company.[3]
In 1926, at the region's peak of production, Ottawa County was the largest source of lead and zinc in the world. By the 1960s most of the mines had closed, leaving mine shafts, sinkholes, chat piles, and other dangers for future cleanup. Such areas have been designated as part of theTar Creek Superfund Site by the USEnvironmental Protection Agency.Tripoli, primarily used as an abrasive, was found near Peoria in 1912, and was mined into the twenty-first century.[3]
Today, Ottawa County, together with nearby Delaware County to the south, have a large impact on tourism in Oklahoma. Said counties combined are the third-largest tourism destination in the state, following only the Oklahoma City and Tulsa metropolitan areas.[14]
School districts include:[15]
Picher-Cardin Public Schools was in operation until 2009.[16]
The following sites are in Ottawa County are listed on theNational Register of Historic Places:
Places adjacent to Ottawa County, Oklahoma | |
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Municipalities and communities ofOttawa County, Oklahoma,United States | ||
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| Cities |  | |
| Towns | ||
| CDPs | ||
| Other communities | ||
| Ghost towns | ||
| Indian reservation | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
