| National Ossoliński Institute | |
|---|---|
| Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich | |
 | |
 Main building of the Ossolineum,Wrocław | |
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| Location | Wrocław,Poland |
| Type | National library,publishing house |
| Established | 12 June 1817; 207 years ago (1817-06-12) |
| Collection | |
| Size | 1,800,000 (As of 2015)[1] |
| Other information | |
| Director | Phd Łukasz Kamiński |
| Website | ossolineum |
Ossoliński National Institute (Polish:Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, ZNiO), or theOssolineum is a Polish culturalfoundation,publishing house, archival institute and a research centre of national significance founded in 1817 inLwów (now Lviv). Located in the city ofWrocław since 1947, it is the second largest institution of its kind in Poland after the ancientJagiellonian Library inKraków. Its publishing arm is the oldest continuous imprint in Polish since the early 19th century.[2] It bears the name of its founder, Polishnobleman, CountJózef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748-1826).[3]
Although its origin may be traced to the foreign imposedpartitions of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century, the institute's actual history dates from 1817 in the former Polish city ofLwów, then known asLemberg, capital ofGalicia, a province ofAustria-Hungary (nowLviv in western Ukraine). The institute first opened its doors to the public in 1817. Ossoliński's purpose was not only to establish a library with archival and other historical materials and a printing works as a basis for the most important Polish national cultural institution at a time when sovereign Poland did not exist, but also to disseminate information to the Polish population through publishing as a means of maintaining cultural ties.[4]
Due to continued existential ordeals provoked by two world wars and other military and political conflicts, such as the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population of the Eastern Borderlands (Kresy) after the annexation of one-third of Poland's landmass in 1939, much of the library and other collections were plundered, scattered or deliberately destroyed. Barely one-third of the artefacts and printed items from the Ossolineum made it to Wrocław afterWorld War II.[5] However those items which survived, did so thanks to the heroic dedication of staff, not least,Mieczysław Gębarowicz.[6]
Since its westerly relocation in 1947 the Ossolineum's Polish department has become the most extensive in the country as it strives to complete a record of the whole Polish scientific and literary oeuvre. It is the repository of manuscripts of some of the foremost Polish scientists, writers and poets, including:Nicolaus Copernicus'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium,Jan Kochanowski,Adam Mickiewicz,Adam Asnyk,Jan Kasprowicz,Władysław Reymont,Stefan Żeromski,Juliusz Słowacki, and in particularHenryk Sienkiewicz, whose chief publisher it has been.
The ZNiO departments are: the Ossolineum Library (1816), theLubomirski Museum (1823), Ossolineum Publishers (1827), thePan Tadeusz Museum.
Ossoliński who was a politician, writer and researcher had already devoted his long life to building and cataloguing an extremely rich library collection, consisting of books, manuscripts, prints and coins. It was only upon mature consideration and after observing developments since theCongress of Vienna that he opted for Lwów, as the most suitable place in which to house his 52 crates of materials having obtained prior approval of the Austrian emperor,Francis I. Thus began his Institute in Lwów (Institut in Lemberg in German). The income from Ossoliński's landed properties served for over three decades to finance his acquisitions and collection.[4] The Ossolineum quickly became a celebrated centre for Polish science and culture which not only survived under foreign rule, but throughout theSecond Polish Republic in theInterwar period.
Until the 1939invasion of Poland it had combined a library, publishing house, and the Lubomirski Museum.[4]The National Ossoliński Institute had been located from its foundation until 1945 in the former convent and church buildings of theCarmelite Order of nuns in Lwów at 2, Ossolińscy street, (since renamed vulytsia Stefanyka). Afterthe first partition of Poland and the dissolution of many convents by the Austrian emperorJoseph II, the convent buildings had become a ruin. Their restoration became a project for GeneralJózef Bem who in 1823 merged the Lubomirski Museum (originally founded by Prince Henryk Lubomirski) with the Ossoliński Institute.
Under Austrian rule, the Ossolineum became a beacon for the Polish independence movement and was one of the most important centres of Polish culture despite foreign rule and the Germanization of its structures. During that time there were many persecutions such as police searches and arrests of employees of the institute.[7] It housed a clandestine Polish printing works in the early 1840s, and had exclusive rights for publishing textbooks under the relativeGalician autonomy. During therevolutionary upheaval in 1848, the Ossolineum became a Polish landmark in an otherwise highly ethnically diverse city.
In accordance with the intentions of its founder, the Ossolineum became one of the most important research centres for history and Polish literature, with one of the largest book collections in Poland as well as a large collection of manuscripts and autographs, including medieval manuscripts and some of the rarestincunabula. There were also individual smaller archives and book collections deposited at the Ossolineum bygrand families such as the:Jabłonowski, Piniński,Pawlikowski,Skarbek,Balzer,Sapieha,Lubomirski andMniszech.
After theRussian Revolution and the collapse ofAustria-Hungary, beforeWorld War I had even ended, Galicia was the scene of further major more localised armed conflict. The Ossolineum was attacked by Ukrainian soldiers during thefighting over the city in 1918.[8]
Before the Second World War, the Ossolineum library consisted of 220,000 works, over 6,000 manuscripts, over 9,000 autographs, over 2,000 diplomas and over 3,000 maps (the collection of J.M. Ossoliński from the year 1827 included 10,121 works, 19,055 volumes, duplicates,567 manuscripts in715 volumes,133 maps, 1,445 figures). The Ossolineum also kept a complete collection of the published Polish press from the 19th and 20th centuries, the largest in Poland.
In his last will, Józef Ossoliński had named members of his family as curators and directors to ensure the continuity of the institute and nominated 28 notable Polish families from among whom successors could be chosen in the event his own family died out.[9]
After the takeover of Lwów by the Soviet Union in theSeptember 1939 attack on Poland, the Communist Party nationalized and redistributed all private property.[10] The Ossolineum was closed and its library holdings were absorbed in the newly createdLviv Branch of the Academy of Sciences of theUkrainian SSR.[11] TheLubomirski Museum collection was distributed among various Lwów museums managed by the Ukrainians for the next two years.[12] During the subsequent German occupation of Lwów, from 29 June 1941 to 27 July 1944, the Ossolineum library was incorporated into the structure of the new GermanStaatsbibilothek Lemberg. At the beginning of 1944, the German government decided to move not only the collection of Staatsbibilothek Lemberg (Lwów's library), but also the university and polytechnic libraries and theShevchenko Scientific Society collection.
Following German orders, two archival consignments were prepared by professorMieczysław Gębarowicz, the Ossolineum's manager during part of the war, and were supposed to include only specifically German literature and a reference book collection from the main reading room. However, in the event it also contained the most valuable and carefully selected special collections of the Ossolineum's cimelia. Gębarowicz sent instructions by covert letters to his colleagues inKraków.[13] Altogether there were 2,300 manuscripts, ca. 2,200 documents, ca. 1,700 old prints, ca. 2,400 figures and drawings from an old collection in the Lubomirski Museum, the Pawlikowski collection and hundreds ofold coins. Moreover, it also included c. 170 of the most valuable manuscripts of another Polish foundation library theBaworowscy Library, and the most valuable manuscripts and incunabula of the University Library in Lwów. Among the evacuated literature of the 19th and 20th centuries there were the autographs ofPan Tadeusz byAdam Mickiewicz, the entire literary legacy ofJuliusz Słowacki: his manuscripts with autographs ofMazepa, Lilla Weneda, Król-Duch, andAleksander Fredro, with autographs ofPan Jowialski, Śluby panieńskie,Zemsta andDożywocie, and the autographs of works bySeweryn Goszczyński, Teofil Lenartowicz,Józef Conrad,Henryk Sienkiewicz, including autographs ofThe Deluge,Józef Ignacy Kraszewski,Jan Kasprowicz,Władysław Reymont, including the autograph ofChłopi, and the papers ofStefan Żeromski.
The manuscript collection of Lwów's own scholars was included in the move:Wojciech Kętrzyński, Ludwik Bernacki,Oswald Balzer,Karol Szajnocha along with the archive of the Galician activist peasant movement of Bolesław and Maria Wysłouch. In terms of documents, the oldest and most valuable items were selected, including the documents ofPope Gregory IX from 1227 and the Silesian prince,Henry I the Bearded from 1229.[14][15]
The Ossolineum cargo reached German occupied Kraków during March and April 1944, with the intention of safe storage in a cellar of theJagiellonian Library during the expected military actions. However, in the summer of 1944, the consignment was transferred by the Germans further West and stored in Adelin (Zgrodno) nearZłotoryja inLower Silesia. Fortunately, it survived the whole war and in 1947 was able to be incorporated in the collection of the relocated Ossolineum Library in Wrocław.
After the subsequent reversal of military fortunes and a second seizure of the city of Lwów by theSoviet army, till then under German occupation, from August 1944 the library holdings became part of the so-calledPolish Sector of the Lviv Institute of Sciences' library. Only a small part of the library and archival material was transported from Lviv toWrocław during 1946–1947 as a "gift from the Ukrainian people to the Polish nation".[11][12] It arrived in two train consignments in sealed carriages in Wrocław, which was still in ruins at the time, and was opened to readers in September 1947.
In 1946–1947, theUkrainian authorities divided the Ossolineum collection into two parts. They followed the general rule that all materials referring to or with origins in lands east of theCurzon line, especially those connected with (in the Ukrainian commission's opinion) the history and culture of West Ukraine, and those connected in any way withRussia,Belarus,Podolia,Volhynia (Wołyń),Lithuania,Turkey were to remain in Lviv. This rule applied even to those materials in which there was only a single reference toWest Ukraine. As an example, a large carton of papers pertaining toGreater Poland andSilesian could not be released to Poland since it contained a single page referring toZhovkva (Żółkiew). The same happened to foreign materials which, in the Ukrainian commission's opinion, were not connected to Poland.[16]
Originally, the Ukrainians planned to hand over just 30,000 volumes from theOssolineum Library. This number was reviewed several times so that in May 1946 it had finally reached 150,000 items including books, prints from the 19th and 20th centuries and manuscripts. It constituted only 15–20% of the entire collection because the graphical and cartographical collections, and almost the entire collection of Polish periodicals from the 19th and 20th centuries were not taken into consideration.
Polish staff was not allowed to participate in the decision-making and were assigned solely to technical tasks, whereas management decisions and therefore ultimate control were the preserve solely of Ukrainian staff. The premises where materials were being packed were closed off, and Polish staff were denied access to them. The whole operation was conducted in a great hurry.[16]
While dividing the collections, apparently arbitrary criteria were applied. Among the deeply questionable decisions to withhold documents were:
In Lviv stayed a priceless collection of the Polish press, which lay unprotected and "temporarily" stored for 50 years in theJesuit Saints Peter and Paul Church. This collection was subsequently deliberately destroyed as a part of the Soviet tendency to eradicate any evidence of Polish heritage and its 600-year role in the history of Lviv.[7]
TheNational Ossoliński Institute in Lviv was renamedW. Stefanyk Lviv's National Scientific Library of Ukraine.
Since 1947, the Ossolineum Library in Wrocław has been reassembled from the original collections in the Lwów Ossolineum, which Poland had only partially recovered from the Soviet authorities. It is estimated that about a third of the entireInterwar period collection found its way to Wrocław. The Wrocław city authorities allocated a former German secondary Catholic boys school, which had ceased to function in 1945, as the main building for the Ossolineum in the old St. Matthew's Academy at 37, Szewska street. Two further buildings were later provided, one at 24, Sołtysowicka Street and the other a Museum and exhibition space at "Kamienica pod Złotym Słońcem" at 6, Rynek ('The House under the Golden Sun' at no. 6, in the Market Square).
After the "Agrarian reform Act" 1945 in Poland which abolished landed estates, the main source of finance for the institute's maintenance dried up so theBudget took over responsibility in the new order of thePolish People's Republic. Since 1953, when thePolish Academy of Sciences (PAN) came into being, the Ossolineum Library and publishing house became integrated with the academy institutions as two distinct operations. It functioned within PAN until mid 1990s.[17]
With an Act of 5 January 1995, the National Ossoliński Institute was granted the status of afoundationsubsidized from the National Exchequer. At the same time the Ossolineum stopped being part of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Relations between the Ossolineum and the Stefanyk Library were established in the early 1990s, but for a long time, the parties could not come to a mutually satisfactory agreement. In 1997, Poland put forward a proposal for the return of all of the Ossolineum collections from Lviv. In 2003, the Ossolineum was offered the option of full access to the Polish collection stored in the Stefanyk Library with access to copy (scanning and microfilming) for research purposes by Polish specialists. In Wrocław an agreement was reached and signed about mutual access for copying the extant Polish and Ukrainian collections in Lviv.
In 2006, the Lviv branch of the Wrocław National Ossoliński Institute was opened. It is located in the renovated premises of the formerBaworowscy Library. It consists of an exhibition hall and office for an Ossolineum employee, who is responsible for copying the collection, preparing a catalogue, vetting the condition of the collection and other maintenance needs.[18]
In 2015, the Ossolineum library housed 1,800,000 items, including complete editions, serial editions,incunabula, manuscripts, prints, drawings,exlibris bookplates, coins and medals,seals, documents relating to social events andmicrofilms.[19]
In 2023, the painting byBaroque artistAlessandro TurchiMadonna with Child was returned to the Ossolineum after it had gone missing after theWorld War II. It was rediscovered in Japan and repatriated to Poland.[20]
Ever since Józef Ossoliński donated his own vast collection to start the foundation and persuaded Henryk Lubomirski to do likewise in 1823, Poles have continued to donate their family collections to the Ossolineum. In some instances, there were deposits as "loans" or deposits for "safe-keeping" when the clouds of war began to gather. Such donations continue to this day. The story of the autograph of "Pan Tadeusz" is a case in point. When the representative of the original owners of Mickiewicz's epic, theTarnowski family, came to reclaim their "deposit" of the Polish national bard's manuscript after theFall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, its destiny seemed on a knife-edge. Delicate negotiations as described by the Ossolineum's director, Adolf Juzwenko, and Mr. Tarnowski eventually led to a 1/3 purchase and 2/3 donation, which managed to both indemnify the family for a sum and ensure the autograph stayed in the Ossolineum.[21][22]
Even before de-merging from the Polish Academy of Science, the publishing arm of the National Ossoliński Institute continued its independent publishing operation and has resumed its popular world literary classics series,Biblioteka Narodowa, as well as major publishing projects, such asRoman Aftanazy's monumental work of referenceDzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej -History of Residences in Poland's Former Eastern Borderlands, (1991–1997), in eleven volumes byvoivodship listing, illustrating and describing the cultural heritage contained in the myriad estates and grand residences in the once PolishKresy andInflanty regions.[23]
Restituted in part on 5 January 1995 to Wrocław as the Lubomirski Museum, it is now theFine art section of ZNIO housed in its own building.[24] Its foundation in Lwów traces back to a pact made between prince Henryk Lubomirski and Józef Ossoliński on 25 December 1823. In 1939 the collection was seized by theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on behalf of theUSSR. The original collection consisted of works by leading European masters and items related to the history of Poland.
The Lubomirski collection in Lwów was made up of:
Representatives of thePolish school of art were:Bacciarelli,Brandt,Fałat,Juliusz andWojciech Kossak,Lampi,Matejko and his first canvas, depicting theUnion of Lublin,Piotr Michałowski,Norblin,Aleksander Orłowski,Kazimierz Pochwalski andLeon Wyczółkowski.
Items from the Lubomirski collection recovered in Kraków and inZagrodno,Lower Silesia and part of the art that belonged to the Pawlikowski Library (Biblioteka Pawlikowskich), were handed to the Ossolineum, where they became the nucleus of the Cabinet ofGraphic arts and the Numismatic section. At present there are 700 European works on paper from Henryk Lubomirski's original donation, from count Skarbek and part of the Kühnel donation. Over 1,600 drawings come from the Pawlikowski family bequest representingoriginal works of Polish artists, from the letters "D" to "R", so the drawings byDaniel Chodowiecki andFranciszek Smuglewicz are missing. There are however European prints from the Piniński bequest and several hundred PolishArt Deco and other prints of the interwar period and a collection of 218Miniature Portraits. The remainder has been withheld in Lviv, including most of the paintings now in theLviv Gallery of Art and part of the graphical collection, that is, works by Chodowiecki which remain in theVasyl Stefanyk Library. Of the Dürer drawings, apart from one, they either went missing or were sold off.[26]
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