Oscar De Priest
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromIllinois's1st district
In office March 4, 1929 – January 3, 1935
Preceded by	Martin B. Madden
Succeeded by	Arthur W. Mitchell
Member of theChicago City Council
In office 1943–1947
Preceded by	Benjamin A. Grant
Succeeded by	Archibald Carey Jr.
Constituency	3rd Ward
In office 1915–1917
Preceded by	George F. Harding Jr.
Succeeded by	Louis B. Anderson
Constituency	2nd ward
Member of theCook County Board of Commissioners
In office 1904–1908
Preceded by	Archibald Carey Jr.
Personal details
Born	(1871-03-09)March 9, 1871 Florence, Alabama, U.S.
Died	May 12, 1951(1951-05-12) (aged 80) Chicago,Illinois, U.S.
Resting place	Graceland Cemetery
Party	Republican
Spouse	Jessie Williams ​ (m. 1898)​
Children	2

Oscar Stanton De Priest (March 9, 1871 – May 12, 1951) was an American politician andcivil rights advocate from Chicago. A member of theIllinoisRepublican Party, he served as aU.S. representative fromIllinois's 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1935. He was the firstAfrican American to be elected toCongress in the 20th century. During his three terms, he was the only African American serving in Congress. He was also the first African-American U.S. Representative from outside thesouthern states.

Born in Alabama tofreedmen parents, De Priest was raised inDayton, Ohio. He studied business and made a fortune in Chicago as a contractor, and in real estate and the stock market before theCrash. A successful local politician, he was elected an alderman to theChicago City Council in 1914, the first African American to hold that office.

In Congress in the early 1930s, he spoke out againstracial discrimination, including at speaking events in the South; tried to integrate the House public restaurant; gained passage of an amendment todesegregate theCivilian Conservation Corps, one of the work programs under PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt'sNew Deal; and introduced anti-lynching legislation to the House (it was not passed because of theSolid South Democratic opposition).^[1] In 1934, De Priest was defeated byArthur W. Mitchell, the first African American to be elected as a Democrat to Congress. De Priest returned to Chicago and his successful business ventures, eventually returning to politics, when he was again elected an alderman in the 1940s.^[1]

De Priest was born in 1871 inFlorence, Alabama, tofreedmen, former slaves of mixed race. He had a brother named Robert. His mother, Martha Karsner, worked part-time as a laundress, and his father Neander was ateamster, associated with theExodusters movement.^[1] After the Civil War, thousands of blacks left continued oppression by whites in the South by moving to other states that offered promises of freedom and greater economic opportunities, such as Kansas. Others moved later in the century.^[2]

In 1878, the year afterReconstruction had ended and federal troops been withdrawn from the region, the De Priests left Alabama forSalina, Kansas. Violence had increased in Alabama as whites were restoringwhite supremacy: the elder De Priest had to save his friend, former U.S. RepresentativeJames T. Rapier, from alynch mob, and a black man was killed on their doorstep.^[2] The boy Oscar attended local schools in Salina.^[2]

De Priest studied bookkeeping at theSalina Normal School, established also for the training of teachers.^[3] In 1889, he moved toChicago, Illinois, which had been booming as an industrial city. He worked first as an apprentice plasterer, house painter, and decorator. He became a successful contractor and real estate broker. He built a fortune in the stock market and in real estate by helping black families move into formerly all-white neighborhoods, often ones formerly occupied by ethnic white immigrants and their descendants. There was population succession in many neighborhoods under the pressure of new migrants.

From 1904 to 1908, De Priest was a member of the board of commissioners ofCook County, Illinois.^[3]

De Priest was elected in 1914 to theChicago City Council, serving from 1915 to 1917 as alderman from the2nd ward, on the South Side. He was Chicago's first black alderman.^[1]

In 1917 De Priest was indicted for allegedgraft and resigned from the City Council.^[1] He hired nationally knownClarence Darrow as his defense attorney and was acquitted.^[3]Edward H. Morris worked with Darrow on De Priest's defense.^[4]

After De Priest resigned from the council, he was succeeded in office byLouis B. Anderson.^[5]

In 1919, De Priest ran unsuccessfully for alderman as a member of the People's Movement Club, a political organization he founded. In a few years, De Priest's black political organization became the most powerful of many in Chicago, and he became the top black politician under ChicagoRepublican mayorWilliam Hale Thompson.

In 1928, when Republican congressmanMartin B. Madden died, Mayor Thompson selected De Priest to replace him on the ballot. He was the first African American elected to Congress outside the South and the first to be elected in the 20th century. He represented the1st Congressional District of Illinois (which includedThe Loop and part of theSouth Side of Chicago) as aRepublican.^[3] During the 1930 election, De Priest was challenged in the primary by noted African-American spokesperson, orator, and RepublicanRoscoe Conkling Simmons. De Priest defeated Simmons' primary challenge and won the general election afterward.^[6] During De Priest's three consecutive terms (1929–1935), he was the only black representative in Congress. He introduced several anti-discrimination bills during these years of theGreat Depression.

DePriest's 1933 amendment barring discrimination in theCivilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a program of the New Deal to employ people across the country in building infrastructure, was passed by theSenate and signed into law by PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt. His anti-lynching bill (House Joint Resolution 171, in 1933^[7]) failed due to opposition by the white Democrats of theSolid South, although it would not have made lynching a federal crime. (Previous anti-lynching bills had also failed to pass the Senate, which was dominated by the South since its disenfranchisement of blacks at the turn of the century.)^{[citation needed]} He presented the legislation with a long and detailed speech in which he read newspaper reports and legal opinions: he included the names of victims of lynchings from 1927 on, and provided graphic details of these murders.^[8] A third proposal, a bill to permit a transfer of jurisdiction if a defendant believed he or she could not get a fair trial because of race or religion, was passed by a later Congress.

Civil rights activists criticized De Priest for opposing federal aid to the poor, although they nevertheless applauded him for making public speeches in theSouth despite death threats. They also praised De Priest for telling anAlabama senator he was not big enough to prevent him from dining in the private Senate restaurant. (Some Congressmen ate in the Senate restaurant to avoid De Priest, who usually ate in the Members Dining Room designated for Congressmen.) The public areas of the House and Senate restaurants were segregated. The House accepted that De Priest sometimes brought black staff or visitors to the Members Dining Room, but objected when he entertained mixed groups there.^[9]

De Priest defended the right of students ofHoward University, ahistorically black college in Washington, D.C., to eat in the public section of the House restaurant and not be restricted to a section in the basement near the kitchen, used mostly by black employees and visitors. He took this issue of discrimination against the students (and other black visitors) to a special bipartisan House committee. In a three-month-long heated debate, the Republican political minority argued that the restaurant's discriminatory practice violatedFourteenth Amendment rights to equal access. TheDemocratic majority skirted the issue by claiming that the restaurant was a private facility and not open to the public. The House restaurant remainedsegregated through much of the 1940s and maybe as late as 1952.^[9]

Mostly aligned with the political right, De Priest generally opposed liberal federal programs under the New Deal, instead favoring increased initiatives on the state or local level.^[1] He also was vocal in his denunciation of communism, fearing that its influence would spread to disgruntled blacks. He unsuccessfully pushed to enact a special committee that would investigate theCommunist Party of the United States.^[1]

In 1929, De Priest made national news whenFirst LadyLou Hoover invited his wife,Jessie De Priest, toa traditional tea for congressional wives at the White House.^[10][11]

De Priest appointedBenjamin O. Davis Jr. to theUnited States Military Academy at a time when the only African-American line officer in the Army was Davis'sfather.

By the early 1930s, De Priest's popularity waned because he continued to oppose higher taxes on the rich and foughtDepression-era federal relief programs under President Roosevelt.^[1] De Priest was defeated in the1934 United States House of Representatives elections by Republican-turned-Democrat African-AmericanArthur W. Mitchell, who campaigned on support for the New Deal.^[1] After returning to his businesses and political life in Chicago, De Priest was elected again to the Chicago City Council in 1943 as alderman of the 3rd Ward, serving until 1947. He died in Chicago at 80 and is buried inGraceland Cemetery.

De Priest married the formerJessie L. Williams (September 3, 1870 – March 31, 1961).^[12] They had two sons together: Laurence W. (1899 – July 28, 1916), who died at the age of 16,^[13] and Oscar Stanton De Priest Jr. (May 24, 1906 – November 8, 1983).^[14][15] A great-grandson of Oscar De Priest Jr., Philip R. DePriest, became the administrator of his estate after his grandmother's death in 1992. This included his great-grandfather'sOscar Stanton De Priest House, now a National Historic Landmark, which still held his locked political office. This had not been touched since about 1951. This great-grandson has been working to restore the office and house, and assessing the political archives—"a veritable treasure trove."^[16]

• TheOscar Stanton De Priest House in Chicago, at 45th and King Drive, has been designated as aNational Historic Landmark and city landmark.^[17]

• List of African American firsts
• List of African-American United States representatives
• Oscar Stanton De Priest House

• Day, S. Davis. "Herbert Hoover and Racial Politics: The De Priest Incident".Journal of Negro History 65 (Winter 1980): 6–17.
• Gosnell, Harold F.Negro politicians; the rise of Negro politics in Chicago (1935)online
• Hendricks, Wanda A. "'Vote for the Advantage of Ourselves and Our Race': The Election of the First Black Alderman in Chicago."Illinois Historical Journal 87.3 (1994): 171–184.JSTOR 40192719
• Mann, Kenneth Eugene. "Oscar Stanton DePriest: Persuasive Agent for the Black Masses."Negro History Bulletin 35.6 (1972): 134–137.JSTOR 24767380
• Nordhaus-Bike, Anne. "Oscar DePriest lived Pisces's call to service, unity."Gazette, March 7, 2008.
• Olasky, Martin. "History turned right side up".World magazine. 13 February 2010. p. 22.
• Rudwick, Elliott M. "Oscar De Priest and the Jim Crow Restaurant in the U.S. House of Representatives".Journal of Negro Education 35 (Winter 1966): 77–82.

• United States Congress."Oscar Stanton De Priest (id: D000263)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Media related toOscar De Priest at Wikimedia Commons
• Search for National Historic Landmark: Oscar De Priest House, National Park Service
• Shelley Stokes-Hammond, Biographical sketch: "Pathbreakers: Oscar Stanton DePriest and Jessie L. Williams DePriest",The White House Historical Association
• "The DePriest Family Legacy", Video Interview/YouTube, White House Historical Association
• Part of his life is retold in the 1949 radio drama "Maiden Speech", a presentation fromDestination Freedom, written byRichard Durham

• 1871 births
• 1951 deaths
• Politicians from Florence, Alabama
• African-American United States representatives
• African-American people in Illinois politics
• Activists for African-American civil rights
• American anti-lynching activists
• Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
• Chicago City Council members
• Politicians from Chicago
• Republican Party United States representatives from Illinois
• Members of the Cook County Board of Commissioners
• 20th-century African-American people
• American anti-communists
• 20th-century United States representatives
• Black conservatism in the United States

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