Oryza rufipogon is a species offlowering plant in the familyPoaceae.[2][3] It is known asbrownbeard rice,[4]wild rice,[5] andred rice.[5] In 1965,Oryza nivara was separated off fromO. rufipogon. The separation has been questioned,[6] and now many sources considerO. nivara to be asynonym ofO. rufipogon.[7]O. nivara may be treated as the annual form ofO. rufipogon.[8]
For those who acceptOryza nivara as a separate species, it is anannual, short to intermediate height (usually <2 metres (6 ft 7 in)) grass; panicles usually compact, rarely open; spikelets large, 6–10.4 millimetres (0.24–0.41 in) long and 1.9–3.4 millimetres (0.075–0.134 in) wide, with strong awn (4–10 centimetres (1.6–3.9 in) long); anthers 1.5–3 millimetres (0.059–0.118 in) long. It grows in shallow water up to 0.3 metres (1 ft 0 in), in seasonally dry and open habitats. It is found growing in swampy areas, at edge of pond and tanks, beside streams, in ditches, in or around rice fields.[11]
As with a great many plants and animals,O. rufipogon has a positive correlation betweeneffective population size and magnitude ofselection pressure.O. r. having an EPS of ≈140,000, it clusters with others of about the same EPS, and has 78% of itsamino acid sites under selection.[14]
^Haritha, Guttikonda; Malathi, Surapaneni; Divya, Balakrishnan; Swamy, B. P. M.; Mangrauthia, S. K.; Sarla, Neelamraju (2018), Mondal, Tapan K.; Henry, Robert J. (eds.), "Oryza nivara Sharma et Shastry",The Wild Oryza Genomes, Compendium of Plant Genomes, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 207–238,doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71997-9_20,ISBN978-3-319-71997-9
Wing, Rod A.; Purugganan, Michael D.; Zhang, Qifa (2018). "The rice genome revolution: from an ancient grain to Green Super Rice".Nature Reviews Genetics.19 (8):505–517.doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0024-z.PMID29872215.S2CID216051436.
These reviews cite this research.
Stein, Joshua C.; Yu, Yeisoo; Copetti, Dario; Zwickl, Derrick J.; Zhang, Li; Zhang, Chengjun; Chougule, Kapeel; Gao, Dongying; Iwata, Aiko; Goicoechea, Jose Luis; Wei, Sharon; Wang, Jun; Liao, Yi; Wang, Muhua; Jacquemin, Julie; Becker, Claude; Kudrna, Dave; Zhang, Jianwei; Londono, Carlos E. M.; Song, Xiang; Lee, Seunghee; Sanchez, Paul; Zuccolo, Andrea; Ammiraju, Jetty S. S.; Talag, Jayson; Danowitz, Ann; Rivera, Luis F.; Gschwend, Andrea R.; Noutsos, Christos; Wu, Cheng-chieh; Kao, Shu-min; Zeng, Jhih-wun; Wei, Fu-jin; Zhao, Qiang; Feng, Qi; El Baidouri, Moaine; Carpentier, Marie-Christine; Lasserre, Eric; Cooke, Richard; Rosa Farias, Daniel da; da Maia, Luciano Carlos; dos Santos, Railson S.; Nyberg, Kevin G.; McNally, Kenneth L.; Mauleon, Ramil; Alexandrov, Nickolai; Schmutz, Jeremy; Flowers, Dave; Fan, Chuanzhu; Weigel, Detlef; Jena, Kshirod K.; Wicker, Thomas; Chen, Mingsheng; Han, Bin; Henry, Robert; Hsing, Yue-ie C.; Kurata, Nori; de Oliveira, Antonio Costa; Panaud, Olivier; Jackson, Scott A.; Machado, Carlos A.; Sanderson, Michael J.; Long, Manyuan; Ware, Doreen; Wing, Rod A. (2018)."Genomes of 13 domesticated and wild rice relatives highlight genetic conservation, turnover and innovation across the genusOryza".Nature Genetics.50 (2):285–296.doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0040-0.PMID29358651.S2CID4969249.
