In terms of area, at 24,652 km2 (9,518 sq mi) it is one of the smallest federal subjects.[6] From north to south, it extends for more than 150 km (93 mi), and from west to east—for over 200 km (120 mi).
The climate is temperate (Köppen:Dfb). The winter is moderately cold, with an average January temperature from −9 to −11 °C (16 to 12 °F). Summers are warm and humid, with an average July temperature from 19 to 21 °C (66 to 70 °F). Rainfall averages 520 to 630 mm (20 to 25 in), and snow cover averages 120 days.
On the territory of the Oryol region there are more than 2 thousand rivers and streams with a total length of 9,100 km (5,700 mi), but there are no navigable water ways. The rivers of the region belong to the basins of three rivers:Volga,Don,Dnieper.
TheOka river, one of Europe's largest rivers, flows through the oblast for part of its course (190 km) and the source of it is in the south of the region. Main tributaries:Zusha (with tributaryNeruch),Vytebet,Nugr,Tson,Orlik,Rybnitsa,Kroma.
In the 12th century, chronicles mentionMtsensk, known as Novosil then. Then modern Orlovschina was part of theChernigov Principality. After the death ofMikhail of Chernigov Novosil Principality was formed on these territories. By the end of the 15th century, it had disintegrated into four separate principalities and, along with all the other fragments of the Chernigov principality, became a part ofGrand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 16th century, the fortress town of Oryol was founded, and the town ofLivny, destroyed in the 13th century, was restored. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the territory of modern Oryol was theborderland of theTsardom of Russia, with many fortifications of theGreat Abatis Line. With the reduction of the threat posed by theTatars, agricultural activity of the area had intensified.It was created in 1937 by uniting a selection of territories of three other oblasts:Kursk Oblast,Western Oblast, andVoronezh Oblast. It also included presentBryansk Oblast between 1937 and 1944.In 1941-3 The Region was partly or fully occupied by Germany.
TheHouse of Soviets in Oryol on Lenin Square is the building of the Council of People's Deputies and the government of the Oryol Oblast
During theSoviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Oryol CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside electedregional parliament.
The Charter of Oryol Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. TheOryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of theGovernor of Oryol Oblast, who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with theConstitution of Russia.
The head of administration of Oryol Oblast between 1993 and 2009 wasYegor Stroyev. Stroyev led the region for more than 20 years. In 1985 he became the first secretary of the regional committee of theCPSU, and after three years (in 1989-1991 he worked as secretary of theCentral Committee of the CPSU), in 1991 he returned to Oryol, worked as the director of the Institute of Horticultural Crops Selection, and later was elected governor. On February 16, 2009 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev accepted Stroyev's voluntary retirement and nominatedAlexander Kozlov as his replacement, which was approved by the Oryol Regional Council of People's Deputies.
The main industries in Oryol Oblast are the food and light industries, engineering and metalworking, and ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Theengineering andmetalworking industries manufacture production equipment for various industries,forklift trucks,construction andagricultural equipment, andmachinery for municipal services. Numerous companies in the instrument-making andelectronics sectors maintain high scientific and technical potential with the latest high-end technologies and experienced specialists.[7] First digitaltelephone exchange was introduced in the oblast in 1998.[8]
As of 2016, the motorization level of the area was of 314 cars per 1000 people, which is the 15th of any region of Russia and above the national average (285).
17,468 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[16]
According to a 2012 survey,[17] 40.9% of the population of Oryol Oblast adheres to theRussian Orthodox Church, 5% areunaffiliated genericChristians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to church or belong to non-RussianOrthodox churches, 1% are adherents of theRodnovery (Slavic native faith) movement, and 1% areOld Believers. In addition, 34% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% isatheist, and 9.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[17]
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