De orthographia bohemica (English:On Bohemian Orthography) is aLatin work published between 1406 and 1412. It is attributed toCharles University rector and reformerJan Hus. The book codified theCzech language's modern spelling and orthography and had decisive impact on the orthography of a number of other European languages.
Orthographia bohemica was the first known document in which spelling reforms were suggested for a Slavic language. It introduced, among other reforms, the precursors to thediacritic signs ´ and ˇ which are now besides Czech used in the Baltic languages Lithuanian and Latvian, in other Slavic languages like Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian and partly Polish, and in several other European languages[further explanation needed].
Literacy in native languages became also one of the chief projects for the CzechReformation including the firstHussites but especially for their laterUnity of the Brethren branch with their bishopComenius.While the author's identity and the precise date of authorship are unknown, it is widely held that the author isJan Hus and the year of creation somewhere between 1406 and 1412, based on historical and philological studies.
The primary purpose ofDe orthographia bohemica was to simplify and unify Czech orthography in order to promote literacy by making the language "clearer and easier" to read and write. Instead of representing sounds usingdigraphs andtrigraphs, it proposed a "diacritic orthography", where one letter indicates only one sound, and different but related sounds (such as those now represented byr andř) are distinguished by diacritics. Briefly, one can summarize the spelling changes in Orthographia Bohemica as follows:
| Ě | ě |
| Í | í |
| Ť | ť |
To illustrate the simple and revolutionary nature of this spelling, take as an example the various ways of representing ř, compared with that seen in the grammar ofJan Gebauer. In manuscripts written before Hus, all of the following representations were in use:rz,rrz,rs,rzs,rzss,zr,sr,rzs andrzz. Long vowels were written either with no indication of the length, or written double (sometimes with the second letter written insuperscript), or with any of a wide and unstandardized range of diacritical marks. One could not even assume that the same scribe would consistently use their own conventions, and their use often varied even within a single manuscript.
Orthographia bohemica was the first known document in which suchspelling reforms were suggested for aSlavic language. It is not yet fully clear where Jan Hus drew inspiration for this work. Considered in the context of the contemporaneous study of letters ofSt. Jerome by Danish scholars ofHebrew working at theSorbonne, there was a good knowledge of such orthographic practices at the time (particularly the designation of long vowels). According to a study byF. V. Mareš, a stimulus for the project was the author's knowledge ofGlagolitic, used byCroatian monks in theEmmaus Monastery (Na Slovanech) inPrague.
The significance of the document lies in the longevity and wide application of its logical system of diacritics. Its impact is apparent in theGrāmatyka Cžeſka w dwogij ſtránce, the first grammar of the Czech language, published in 1533, but the adoption of the new rules was relatively slow and far from uniform. Throughout the 16th century, some printers and typesetters ignored the prescriptions ofOrthographia bohemica and continued to maintain some digraphs (e.g.ss for/ʃ/ instead ofš), although their use became considerably more uniform. In addition, scribes adopted the new rules much more slowly than book printers.
The manuscript forOrthographia bohemica was found byFrantišek Palacký on 13 August 1826, inTřeboň in the south of Bohemia. The public was made aware of the existence of the work a year later, with the first issue of the newly founded journalČasopis společnosti vlastenského Museum v Čechách ("Journal of the Society of the National Museum in Bohemia"), but its publication had to wait a further thirty years. The Latin text with translation appeared in 1857 inSlavische Bibliothek in Vienna thanks to A. V. Šembera, who worked at the time at the university as Professor of Czech Language and Literature. A year later in Prague, the fifth volume ofMistra Jana Husi sebrané spisy ("Collected Works of Master Jan Hus") appeared with a Czech translation and a short introduction byVáclav Flajšhans, to date the latest Czech translation of this manuscript. The Latin text was published twice more: first in the unaltered Šembera edition bySlavische Bibliothek (Amsterdam, 1965) and second with a German translation and commentary by J. Schröpfer in Wiesbaden, Germany in 1968.
Šembera's Latin text was probably taken directly from Palacký's copy of the manuscript; Schröpfer produced a new revised (though not flawless) edition of the manuscript. A critical evaluation comparing the preserved Třeboň manuscript with the extant excerpts has yet to appear.
A manuscript ofOrthographia bohemica in Jan Hus' hand has still not been found; the only complete copy of the manuscript which is available for study was written byCrux of Telč (Kříž z Telče), anAugustinian canon inTřeboň (i.e. the copy found by Palacký). Its age can not be accurately determined as the copy is not dated. The end of the manuscript contains the inscriptionIn die Leonardi, i.e. on January 6; however, this may indicate either the date of completion of the original manuscript or Crux's copy. In the same volume asOrthographia bohemica, however, are some more works: three of them bear the year 1459 and one 1457. The writings are not arranged chronologically, however, and so they serve only as an approximate guide for determining the age of the manuscript.
In addition to the manuscript written by Crux there are various excerpts deposited in the archives ofPrague Castle.Anežka Vidmanová's comparative study with the manuscript of Crux of Telč shows that the Třeboň manuscript is unreliable in many places.
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