| Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia | |
|---|---|
| Pravoslavná církev v Českých zemích a na Slovensku(Czech) Pravoslávna cirkev v českých krajinách a na Slovensku(Slovak) | |
| Type | Autocephaly |
| Classification | Christian |
| Orientation | Eastern Orthodox |
| Primate | Rastislav of Prešov |
| Bishops | 6 |
| Parishes | 172 |
| Language | Church Slavonic, Czech andSlovak |
| Headquarters | Prague,Czech Republic Prešov,Slovakia |
| Territory |  Czech Republic Slovakia |
| Possessions | — |
| Founder | Ss.Cyril and Methodius(asmission to the Slavs) Gorazd Pavlík(asSerbian Orthodox Eparchy ofMoravia andSilesia) |
| Origin | 1921 |
| Independence | 1951 1998 |
| Recognition | Autocephaly recognised in 1951 by theRussian Orthodox Church and in 1998 by theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. |
| Separated from | Czechoslovak Church (1924) |
| Members | 75,000 (2021)[1] |
| Official website | Czech official website Slovak official website |
TheOrthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia (Czech:Pravoslavná církev v Českých zemích a na Slovensku;Slovak:Pravoslávna cirkev v českých krajinách a na Slovensku), sometimes abbreviatedOCCLS, is aself-governing body of theEastern Orthodox Church that territorially covers the countries of theCzech Republic andSlovakia. The current primate of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church isRastislav of Prešov (born Ondrej Gont), Metropolitan of the Czech Lands and Slovakia since 2014.
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The Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia presents both an ancient history as well as a very modern history. The present-day church occupies the land ofGreat Moravia, where the brothers Ss.Cyril and Methodius began their mission to the Slavs, introducing the liturgical and canonical order of theEastern Orthodox Church, translated intoChurch Slavonic, using mostly Greekcalques to explain concepts for which no Slavic term existed.[2]: 192 In doing this they developed the first Slavic alphabet, a mixture of Greek and Hebrew-based characters with a few invented characters of their own to represent unique Slavic sounds.[2]: 190 : 191
This was done at the express invitation of the powerful rulerRastislav of Moravia. Yet within the Moravian state there was a Frankish party among the nobility who desired closer ties withEast Francia, whose ruler,Louis the German, was Ratislav's nominalsuzerain, and a Frankish bishop had ecclesiastical jurisdiction over a small part of Ratislav's domain that had earlier converted to Christianity. Despite thePhotian Schism, the churches of Rome and Constantinople still preserved some semblance of unity, andPope Nicholas I did not want to see the formation of a large independent Frankish church in Central Europe. When an appeal of the ecclesiastical issue was made to Rome, Nicholas summoned both Cyril and Methodius and the complaining Frankish parties to his court to hear them out. Nicholas died before their arrival, but the new PopeAdrian II reached a compromise after hearing both sides: Old Church Slavonic was confirmed as a liturgical language alongside Greek, Hebrew and Latin, and Methodius was confirmed as bishop with a Frankish co-adjutor,Wiching. Adrian was convinced by Cyril's impassioned defence of the Slavic liturgy in which he cited1 Corinthians 14:19 "Yet in the church I had rather speak five words with my understanding, that by my voice I might teach others also, than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue." Cyril fell ill while the brothers were still at Rome, and on his deathbed he asked Methodius to swear to return to Moravia and complete the mission to the Slavs instead of returning to the monastic life onMount Olympus as he had intended to do.[2]: 192–4
Methodius kept his word and returned, but his mission was interrupted by the death of Ratislav, as the new ruler,Svatopluk I of Moravia sided with the pro-Frankish party and had Methodius imprisoned for almost three years, until he was freed through the intercession ofPope John VIII. For the next ten years, Methodius continued his work, but the death of John VIII in 882 removed his papal protection, and Methodius died in 885. After this,Pope Stephen V of Rome confirmed hisSwabian co-adjutor Wiching as bishop.[3] Methodius's disciples were imprisoned, expelled toBulgaria, like Gorazd and many others, or enslaved. The expelled, led byClement of Ohrid andNaum of Preslav, were of great importance to theEastern Orthodox faith in the already Christian from year 864Bulgaria, after they were released from prison and escorted to the Danube.[2]: 197 In AD 870 theFourth Council of Constantinople granted the Bulgarians the right to have the oldest organizedautocephalous Slavic Orthodox Church that little later, from autonomous Bulgarian archbishopric, became patriarchate. A major event that strengthened the process of Christianization was the development of theCyrillic script in Bulgaria at the founding by Naum and Clement of thePreslav Literary School in the 9th century. The Cyrillic script and the liturgy inOld Church Slavonic were declared official in Bulgaria in 893.[4][5][6]
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The Eastern Orthodox ecclesiastical order survived in present-day easternSlovakia and neighboring regions due to its nearness and influence to Kievan Rus', especially among the population of the Rusins, until the middle of the 17th century when theUnion of Uzhhorod was brought about in theKingdom of Hungary. During the times of suppression, remaining Eastern Orthodox Christians from the region kept their ties with neighboring Eastern OrthodoxEparchy of Buda of theSerbian Patriarchate of Peć and later with theMetropolitanate of Karlovci (that became in 1848 thePatriarchate of Karlovci). One of the most northern parishes of the Serbian Orthodox Church existed in the Slovak city ofKomárno with local church built in the 18th century still standing today.[7]
Between 1871 and 1916 Orthodox faithfuls in Prague had the magnificentSaint Nicholas Church, one of the largest churches of the city.
After the creation ofCzechoslovakia in 1918, legal restraints to Eastern Orthodoxy were removed. In the new state, Eastern Orthodox communities were mainly located in the eastern parts of the country, including Carpatho-Rus' that was incorporated into Czechoslovakia in 1919. In that region, the city ofMukachevo was located with its traditions going back to the old Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachevo, that existed before the Union of Uzhhorod. In the spirit of Eastern Orthodox revival, many people in the region left the Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church. Since there were no Eastern Orthodox bishops in Czechoslovakia, local leaders looked to theSerbian Orthodox Church because theSerbs were historically and ethnically close to theCzechs,Slovaks and Rusins. That view was also supported by state authorities of Czechoslovakia (1920). In order to regulate the ecclesiastical order, BishopDositej Vasić ofNiš (Serbia) arrived in Prague and met with leaders of the Eastern Orthodox community, receiving them into full communion (1921).[8]
Among those seeking to restore ties with the Eastern Orthodox Church was Catholic priest Matěj Pavlík, who had been interested in Eastern Orthodoxy for years. The Serbian Orthodox Church thus consented to receive him in full communion and he becamearchimandrite with the nameGorazd, in honor ofSaint Gorazd of Moravia, disciple and successor ofSaint Methodius, Archbishop of Moravia. On September 25, 1921, Archimandrite Gorazd was consecratedBishop of Moravia and Silesia at theCathedral of the Holy Archangel Michael in Belgrade,Yugoslavia, bySerbian Patriarch Dimitrije. Bishop Gorazd received jurisdiction over Czech Lands.[9]
As the Orthodox leader in the new nation ofCzechoslovakia, Bishop Gorazd laid the foundations of the Orthodox Church throughoutBohemia, Moravia, and also into Slovakia. In Bohemia, he oversaw the building of eleven churches and two chapels. He also published the essential books for the conduct of church services that were translated into Czech. He provided aid to those in Slovakia and Carpatho-Rus', which then was part of Czechoslovakia, and who wanted to return to Eastern Orthodox Faith from the Unia,Union with Rome. Thus, in the inter-war period, Bishop Gorazd built the small Czech church that duringWorld War II would show how firmly it was connected to the Czech nation.[10]
By 1931, Eastern Orthodox renewal in eastern Slovakia and Carpatho-Rus' was progressing very well, allowing for the creation of the second diocese, theEparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov.[11] That diocese was also created under the auspices of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The first bishop of Mukachevo and Prešov wasDamaskin Grdanički.[12] In 1938, he was succeeded by BishopVladimir Rajić.
In 1938,Nazi Germany succeeded in annexing theSudetenland from Czechoslovakia during theMunich Conference. In the same year, after theFirst Vienna Award, southern parts of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia were annexed by Hungary. Since the city of Mukačevo was taken by Hungary, bishop Vladimir had to move to the city ofKhust. In 1939, Nazi Germany annexed the remainder of the Czech lands into theProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and installed a pro-Nazi regime inSlovakia. At the same time, Hungary occupied the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia and in 1941 Hungarian authorities arrested bishop Vladimir Rajić and deported him back toSerbia.
The years ofNazi occupation (1938–1945) were marked by renewed restrictions and persecutions.[13] By 1942,Reinhard Heydrich, architect of theFinal Solution, had become governor of the Czech Protectorate. After the May 27, 1942assassination attack on Heydrich's car in Prague, Czech and Slovak partisans took refuge in thecrypt of theSs. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral before continuing their escape. They were aided by senior churchlaymen, who kept Bishop Gorazd informed. However, their presence was discovered by the Nazis, and on June 18 the Nazis attacked their hiding place in the cathedral, forcing them to commit suicide. The Orthodox priests, laymen, and Bishop Gorazd were arrested and killed by firing squad on September 4, 1942.[14]
In reprisal the Nazis forbade the church to operate in Bohemia and Moravia.[15] Churches and chapels were closed, and a rounding up of Czechs was conducted, including the whole village ofLidice, whose inhabitants were either killed or sent to forced labor camps.[16] For the Orthodox, the whole church fell under Nazi persecution and was decimated. A total of 256 Orthodox priests and laymen were executed, and church life came to a stop.[17]
In 1945, after the incorporation of Carpatho-Rus' by the USSR asZakarpattia Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR, eastern parts of theEparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov were transferred from the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church to the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church, and on that territory a newEparchy of Mukačevo and Užgorod was formed, while the western part of the diocese remained in Czechoslovakia and was reorganized as theEparchy of Prešov.
After World War II, the Orthodox Church in Czechoslovakia began its recovery without its bishop. On December 9, 1951, thePatriarch of Moscow grantedautocephaly to theOrthodox Church of Czechoslovakia, recognized by nearly all Orthodox local churches, though this action was not recognized by theEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, who made claims to jurisdiction, regarding the Czechoslovak church as being autonomous under its authority. The Patriarch of Constantinople later issued atomos, or official proclamation, of autocephaly in 1998.[18]
When the Communists came to power in April 1950, the government convoked a synod of theSlovak Greek Catholic Church inPrešov, where five priests and a large number of laymen signed a document declaring that the union with Rome was disbanded and asking to be received into the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, later the Orthodox Church of Czechoslovakia. Greek Catholic faithful and clergy were presented with the choice of remaining in union with Rome and becomingLatin-rite Catholics or keeping theirByzantine rite and becoming Orthodox. The government transferred control of the Greek Catholic churches and other property to the Orthodox Church.
During the Prague Spring in 1968, the former Greek Catholic parishes were allowed to restore communion with Rome.[19] As a result of anti-Russian sentiment, of the 292 parishes involved, 205 voted in favor. This was one of the few reforms by Dubček that survived the Soviet invasion the same year. However, most church buildings remained in the hands of the Orthodox Church as they had originally been built as Orthodox churches, and/or their congregations had in large measure voted to have their parishes placed under theomophorion of the Orthodox Church in 1950. After communism was overthrown in the 1989Velvet Revolution, most of the Church property was returned to the Slovak Greek Catholic Church by 1993.
Themartyrdom of Bishop Gorazd was recognized by the Serbian Orthodox Church on May 4, 1961, which canonized Gorazd as aNew Martyr. Subsequently, on August 24, 1987, he was canonized at theCathedral of St. Gorazd inOlomouc, Moravia.[20]
ArchbishopRastislav of Prešov was elected by the Extraordinary Synod held on January 11, 2014, as the newprimate.[21] On December 9, 2013, the Synod removed ArchbishopSimeon (Jakovlevic) of Brno and Olomouc from his position asLocum Tenens (ad interim administrator following the resignation of the previous primate, Archbishop Krystof, over allegations of sexual relations with women),[22] and appointed Archbishop Rastislav in his place,[23] an action against which Archbishop Simeon protested[24] and which was deplored byEcumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, who had supported Krystof.[25]
AfterCzechoslovakia separated in 1993, church activities continued in each new country as separate legal entities: in theCzech Republic as theOrthodox Church in theCzech Lands and in theSlovak Republic as theOrthodox Church in Slovakia, with canonical unity maintained as theOrthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia. The church is now organized into foureparchies divided into two administrative centers: the Metropolitan Council for the Czech Republic resident in Prague, and the Metropolitan Council for the Slovak Republic inPrešov. Under the Council of theCzech Lands (Prague) are the eparchies of Prague and Olomouc-Brno, while the eparchies of Prešov andMichalovce are under the Council of Slovakia (Prešov).
After the death ofMetropolitanDorotheus of Prague and All Czechoslovakia,Archbishop Nicholas of Prešov was elected the new metropolitan, and the church'sprimatial see was moved from Prague to Prešov. Metr. Nicholas reposed (died) on January 30, 2006, and succeeded by Archbishop Christopher of Prague and the Czech Lands since May 2, 2006.
In the Czech Republic, there are 82 parishes: 51 in Bohemia and 31 in Moravia and Silesia. In Slovakia, there are 90 parishes: 69 in the eparchy of Prešov and 21 in the eparchy ofMichalovce. The Orthodox Theological Faculty of theUniversity of Prešov functions as aseminary for future priests of combined Church, with asatellite campus in Olomouc.[26]
The Monastery of Saint Procopius of Sazava is located inMost, and the Monastery of the Dormition of the Theotokos inVilémov.
The current primate of the Czechoslovak Orthodox Church isRastislav of Prešov [cs] (born Ondrej Gont), Metropolitan of the Czech Lands and Slovakia since 2014.
The Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia awards several awards. Among others, they are:
The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.
Cyrillic preslav.
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