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Ornithurae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Clade of dinosaurs

Ornithurans Temporal range: Early Cretaceous -Present,130–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Cast skeleton ofIchthyornis dispar,Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center

Australian brushturkey (Alectura lathami)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	Avialae
Clade:	Ornithuromorpha
Clade:	Ornithurae Haeckel, 1866
Subgroups
†Antarcticavis? †Apatornis †Austinornis †Cerebavis †Gallornis †Gargantuavis?^[1] †Guildavis †Iaceornis †Kookne †Limenavis †Qinornis †Tingmiatornis †Hesperornithes †Ichthyornithes †Cimolopterygidae Aves (modern birds)

Ornithurae (meaning "bird tails" inGreek) is anatural group that includes modernbirds and their very close relatives such as theichthyornithines and thehesperornithines. This clade is defined in thePhyloCode by Juan Benito and colleagues in 2022 as "the smallest clade containingIchthyornis dispar,Hesperornis regalis, andVultur gryphus".^[2]

Classification

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Ernst Haeckel coined the name in 1866 and included in the group all "true birds" with the "characteristic tail morphology of all extant birds" (translation byJacques Gauthier). This distinguishes the group fromArchaeopteryx, which Haeckel placed in another new group calledSauriurae. Said simply, modern birds have short, fusedpygostyle tails, whileArchaeopteryx retained the long tail characteristic of non-aviantheropod dinosaurs.^[3]

Gauthier converted Ornithurae into aclade, giving it a branch-based definition: "extant birds and all other taxa, such asIchthyornis andHesperornithes, that are closer to extant birds than isArchaeopteryx". Later he andde Queiroz redefined it as an apomorphy-based clade more in keeping with Haeckel's original usage, including the firstpan-avian with a "bird tail" homologous with that ofVultur gryphus, and all of its descendants.^[4] They defined "bird tail" as a tail that is shorter than the femur, with apygostyle that is a ploughshare-shaped, compressed element, with the bones fused in the adult, composed of less than sixcaudal vertebrae, and shorter than the free part of the tail, which itself is composed of less than eight caudal vertebrae. They included Aves (which they defined as the "crown group" of modern birds),Ichthyornis, Hesperornithes, andApsaravis in Ornithurae.

Neornithes was originally proposed as a replacement for Ornithurae byGadow in 1892 and 1893. Gauthier and de Queiroz, therefore, consider Neornithes a junior synonym of Ornithurae,^[4] though many other scientists use Neornithes to refer to the much more restrictive crown group consisting only of modern birds (a group for which Gauthier uses the name Aves). Alternately, some researchers have used Ornithurae to refer to a more restrictive node-based clade, anchored onHesperornis and modern birds.^[5]

Relationships

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Thecladogram below is the result of a 2017 analysis by McLachlan and colleagues.^[6]

Ornithurae

†Hesperornithes

†Ichthyornithes

	†Ichthyornis dispar

	†Ornithurine D

†Iaceornis marshi

†Vegaviidae

	†Maaqwi cascadensis

	†Vegavis iaai

†Cimolopteryx minima

†Cimolopteryx petra

†Cimolopteryx rara

†Ornithurine A

†Ornithurine E

	†Ceramornis major

	†Cimolopteryx maxima

	†Ornithurine B

	†Ornithurine C

	†Ornithurine F

Aves

References

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^Mayr, Gerald; Codrea, Vlad; Solomon, Alexandru; Bordeianu, Marian; Smith, Thierry (2020)."Reply to comments on "A well-preserved pelvis from the Maastrichtian of Romania suggests that the enigmatic Gargantuavis is neither an ornithurine bird nor an insular endemic""(PDF).Cretaceous Research.112 (104465).Archived(PDF) from the original on October 14, 2023.
^Benito, J.; Chen, A.; Wilson, L.E.; Bhullar, B.S.; Burnham, D.; Field, D.J. (2022)."Forty new specimens ofIchthyornis provide unprecedented insight into the postcranial morphology of crownward stem group birds".PeerJ e13919.doi:10.7717/peerj.13919.PMC 9762251.PMID 36545383.
^Haeckel, Ernst (1866).Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin: Georg Reimer.
^^a ^bGauthier, Jacques, de Queiroz, Kevin (2001). "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name 'Aves'". inNew Perspective on the Origin and Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. Yale Peabody Museum. Yale University. New Haven, Conn. USA
^Chiappe, Luis M. (2007).Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.ISBN 978-0-86840-413-4.
^McLachlan, S. M. S.; Kaiser, G. W.; Longrich, N. R. (2017)."Maaqwi cascadensis: A large, marine diving bird (Avialae: Ornithurae) from the Upper Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada".PLOS ONE.12 (12) e0189473.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189473.PMC 5722380.PMID 29220405.

Maniraptora

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Clade:Dinosauria
Clade:Theropoda
Clade:Maniraptoriformes

Avemetatarsalia

- seeAvemetatarsalia

Theropoda

seeTheropoda
Maniraptora	see below↓

Dzharaonyx Jaculinykus Khulsanurus Kol? Manipulonyx Nemegtonykus Ondogurvel Parvicursor Qiupanykus Trierarchuncus
Ceratonykini	Albinykus Ceratonykus Xixianykus
Mononykini	Albertonykus Linhenykus Mononykus Shuvuuia

†Therizinosauria

Therizinosauroidea

Alxasaurus Beipiaosaurus Enigmosaurus Martharaptor Suzhousaurus
Therizinosauridae	Duonychus Erliansaurus Erlikosaurus Nanshiungosaurus Neimongosaurus Nothronychus Paralitherizinosaurus Segnosaurus Therizinosaurus

Pennaraptora

†Oviraptorosauria	seeOviraptorosauria
Paraves	see below↓

Paraves

†Palaeopteryx? †Pneumatoraptor †Rahonavis
†Scansoriopterygidae?	Ambopteryx Epidexipteryx Scansoriopteryx Yi
†Anchiornithidae	Anchiornis Aurornis Caihong Eosinopteryx Fujianvenator Liaoningvenator? Ostromia Pedopenna Serikornis Xiaotingia Yixianosaurus
†Archaeopterygidae	Alcmonavis? Archaeopteryx Wellnhoferia Anchiornithidae?
†Dromaeosauridae	seeDromaeosauridae
†Troodontidae	seeTroodontidae

Avialae

†Alcmonavis †Balaur? †Baminornis †Cretaaviculus? †Fukuipteryx †Overoraptor †Rahonavis? †Yandangornis †Zhongornis †Anchiornithidae? †Archaeopterygidae? †Scansoriopterygidae?
†Jeholornithiformes	Dalianraptor? Jeholornis Jixiangornis? Kompsornis Neimengornis

Pygostylia

†"Proornis"

†Omnivoropterygidae?

Omnivoropteryx
Sapeornis

†Confuciusornithidae

†Jinguofortisidae

Ornithothoraces

†Enantiornithes	seeEnantiornithes
Euornithes	see below↓

Euornithes

†Archaeorhynchus †Bellulornis †Brevidentavis †Changmaornis †Changzuiornis †Chaoyangia †Dingavis †Eogranivora †Gargantuavis? †Hollanda †Horezmavis †Jianchangornis †Jiuquanornis †Juehuaornis †Kaririavis †Kunpengornis †Meemannavis †Piscivoravis? †Platanavis †Vorona †Xinghaiornis †Yumenornis †Zhongjianornis
†Schizoouridae	Mengciusornis Schizooura
†Patagopterygiformes	Alamitornis Kuszholia? Patagopteryx
†Ambiortiformes	Ambiortus Apsaravis? Palintropus?
†Hongshanornithidae	Archaeornithura Hongshanornis Longicrusavis Parahongshanornis Tianyuornis
†Songlingornithidae	Hollanda? Songlingornis Yanornis? Yixianornis?
†Yanornithidae	Abitusavis Similiyanornis Yanornis
†Gansuidae?	Changzuiornis Gansus Hollanda? Iteravis Khinganornis Shuilingornis

Ornithurae

†Ichthyornithes

Ichthyornis
Janavis

†Hesperornithes

Baptornis Brodavis Chupkaornis Enaliornis Judinornis Pasquiaornis Potamornis
Hesperornithidae	Asiahesperornis Canadaga Fumicollis Hesperornis Parahesperornis

†Cimolopterygidae

Aves / Neornithes

- see below↓

Aves / Neornithes

Palaeognathae

- seePalaeognathae

Neognathae

Neoaves

Galloanserae

Anserimorphae	seeAnserimorphae
Pangalliformes	seePangalliformes

Incertae sedis

†Asteriornis †Perplexicervix †Qinornis?
†Dromornithidae	Barawertornis Dromornis Genyornis Ilbandornis
†Gastornithiformes	Brontornis? Gastornis Dromornithidae?
†Pelagornithidae	Aequornis Caspiodontornis Cyphornis Dasornis Gigantornis Laornis? Lutetodontopteris Macrodontopteryx Manu? Odontopteryx Osteodontornis Palaeochenoides Pelagornis Proceriavis? Protodontopteryx Protopelicanus? Pseudodontornis Tympanonesiotes

Taxon identifiers
Ornithurae	Wikidata:Q3239179 Wikispecies:Ornithurae BioLib:22873 EoL:4434408 Paleobiology Database:137276

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