| Orlat plaques | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Orlat plaques | |
| Material | Bone |
| Size | 11 cm × 13.5 cm (4.3 in × 5.3 in) |
| Created | 1st–4th century CE |
| Place | Nomadic tomb, Orlat cemetery, Kurgan |
| Present location | Institute of Art Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan |
| Culture | Saka |
  Orlat  Orlat | |
TheOrlat plaques are a series of bone plaques that were discovered in the mid-1980s inUzbekistan. They were found during excavations led byGalina Pugachenkova at the cemetery ofOrlat, by the bank of theSaganak River (a tributary of theZeravshan), immediately north ofSamarkand.[1][2] Pugachenkova published her finds in 1989. The left half is decorated with an elaborated battle scene, while on the other side is depicted a hunting scene.
The plaques are thought to have been decorative beltbuckles. They are decorated with battle scenes between soldiers armed ascataphracts, and one hunting scene. There are three other plaques, smaller in size, on which are depicted a vulture, fighting Bactrian camels, and warriors.[1][3] The date and attribution of the plaques are disputed, although the consensus tends to suggest a 1st-century CE date.
The plaque with the battle scene depicts a clash with armored warriors. There are soldiers battling on foot, and before them there is a horseman brandishing a sword clashing with another horseman relying on his lance. A warrior has been deprived of his horse down to the right. His lance is broken and he prepares, with his sword, to fight his opponent, a horseman lunging on him with a lance.[3][1][4] According to Markus Mode, the composition was originally larger, and it was copied from another source.[1]
One hypothesis is that the plaque depicts a battle between the sedentary Sogdians and the nomadic invaders. In it, the Sogdian hero, leader of his group, repels the attacks of the groups of nomads. For the Sogdians the nomadic incursions were a real threat. According to Mode there is more to it than the record of a battle. The plaque is "a very early manifestation of the narrative imagery that characterizes Sogdian art—one that finds its supreme expression in the painted cycles of 7th- and early 8th-centuryPanjikent."[1] Thus, the purpose ofSogdian art was to transmit narrative. In their paintings and carvings, "Sogdian artists would include only the essentials. Lines, blocks of color, and a few landscape elements to set the scene create an easy-to-read two-dimensionality that helps advance the progress of the depicted tale." As noted by Mode, this style's origin may be seen in two Orlat plaques.[3][1]
Yury Khudyakov found numerous similarities between the plaques and otherXiongnu-Sarmatian finds fromMongolia andAltay, particularly a group of plaques retrieved from Tepsei Mount near theYenisey River, usually attributed toTashtyk culture.[1]
Pugachenkova believes the plaques were made by the inhabitants ofKangju, thought to have been closely related to theKushans andTocharians. The Kangjus were probably Scythians, opposed to the Kushans, as seen inKhalchayan.[5] Overall, the soldiers would be eitherSogdians orSakas,[6] much less probablyYuezhis orParthians.
.jpg)
![Detail of one of the Orlat plaques.[7] A severed head is probably hanging in front of the horse.[8]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aOrlat_plaque_(horserider).jpg)
The equipment of the warriors in the Orlat plaques is comparable to the equipement of theIndo-Scythians as seen in coins of theIndo-Scythian kingAzes II.[9] The figures of the hunters on the reverse are also comparable to the depictions of hunters on an ivory plaque fromTakht-i Sangin.[10] These designs are broadly consistent in identifying theSaka or the Saka-Kangju tribes of Central Asia, which were regularly in conflict with theYuezhis.[10]
![A coin of the Indo-Scythian king Azes II with equipment similar to that of the Orlat plaque.[11]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aAzesIIFineCoin.jpg)
![Hunters in an ivory plaque from Takht-i Sangin, with design comparable to the hunting scenes of the Orlat plaques.[12]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aRight_hunter_detail%2c_Takht-i_Sangin%2c_Temple_of_the_Oxus%2c_1st_century_BCE-_1st_century_CE.jpg)
![Model of a Saka cataphract armour with neck-guard, from Khalchayan. 1st century BCE. Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan, nb 40.[13]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aKalchayan_Prince_(armour).jpg)
"The engraved bone plaques found at Orlat in the region of Koktepe and dated by Jangar Ilyasov (2003) to the first-second centuries AD present the portraits of Kangju warriors and hunters", the Kangjus were the "western 'Scythian' neighbours" of the Yuezhi/ Kushans.