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Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)

Coordinates:59°46′30″N1°48′11″W / 59.775°N 1.803°W /59.775; -1.803
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the archipelago, seeNorthern Isles.

Orkney and Shetland
County constituency
for theHouse of Commons
Location of Orkney and Shetland in Scotland
Subdivisions of ScotlandOrkney andShetland
Electorate34,824 (March 2020)[1]
Major settlementsKirkwall,Lerwick
Current constituency
Created1708
Member of ParliamentAlistair Carmichael (Liberal Democrats)
SeatsOne
Created fromOrkney and Shetland

Orkney and Shetland (Scottish Gaelic:Arcaibh agus Sealtainn) is aconstituency of theHouse of Commons of theParliament of the United Kingdom. It elects oneMember of Parliament (MP) by thefirst past the post system of election and has been represented byAlistair Carmichael of theScottish Liberal Democrats since 2001. In theScottish Parliament,Orkney andShetland are separate constituencies.The constituency was historically known asOrkney and Zetland (an alternative name for Shetland).

In the2014 Scottish independence referendum, 65.4% of the constituency's electors voted for Scotland to stay part of the United Kingdom.[2]

Creation

[edit]

The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following theActs of Union, 1707 and replaced the formerParliament of Scotland shire constituency ofOrkney & Zetland.

Boundaries

[edit]

The constituency is made up of the two northernmost island groups ofScotland,Orkney andShetland. A constituency of this name has existed continuously since 1708. However, before 1918 the town ofKirkwall (the capital of Orkney) formed part of theNorthern Burghs constituency. It is the most northerly of the 650 UK Parliament constituencies.

The constituency is one of five "protected constituencies", the others beingNa h-Eileanan an Iar, two on theIsle of Wight, andYnys Môn, defined exclusively by geography rather than by size of electorate.[3] The constituency contains the areas of theOrkney Islands Council and theShetland Islands Council. Before 2011 the constituency had been unique in having its boundaries protected by legislation.[4]

The constituency has the second smallest electorate of any UK parliamentary constituency, afterNa h-Eileanan an Iar.[5]

History

[edit]

The constituency has elected oneMember of Parliament (MP) by thefirst past the post since its creation in 1707.[6][7][8][9][10]

Although called Orkney and Shetland, prior to theScottish Reform Act 1832 there were no eligible voters from Shetland. This was due to the land tenure and valuation structures used in Shetland, which meant no-one could show that they met the property qualification to be eligible to vote. This was a source of resentment in Shetland; its residents made several attempts to argue that some different form of valuation should be acceptable to show eligibility, but they were unsuccessful until the wider reforms of 1832.[11]

The constituency has remained largely unchanged since its creation. The town ofKirkwall was added in 1918, having previously been part ofWick Burghs.

Members of Parliament

[edit]

The constituency has elected only Liberal and Liberal Democrat MPs since 1950; the longest run of any British parliamentary constituency.[12][13] At each general election from1955 until1979, in1987,2010 and again in2017 it was thesafest Liberal Democrat seat in the UK. At the2015 general election, it was the only seat in Scotland to return a Liberal Democrat MP.

YearMemberParty
1707Sir Alexander Douglas
1713George Douglas
1715James Moodie
1722George Douglas
1730 by-electionRobert Douglas
1747James Halyburton
1754James Douglas
1768Thomas Dundas I
1771 by-electionThomas Dundas II
1780Robert Baikie
1781Charles Dundas
1784Thomas Dundas II
1790John BalfourTory[14]
1796Capt. Robert Honyman I
1806Col. Robert Honyman II
1807Malcolm LaingWhig
1812Richard Honyman
1818George Dundas
1820John Balfour
1826George DundasWhig
1830George Traill
1835Thomas BalfourConservative[14]
1837Frederick DundasWhig[14][15][16]
1847Arthur Anderson
1852Frederick Dundas
1859Liberal
1873 by-electionSamuel Laing
1885Leonard Lyell
1900Cathcart WasonLiberal Unionist
1902 by-electionIndependent Liberal
1906Liberal
1918Coalition Liberal
1921 by-electionMalcolm Smith
1922Robert HamiltonLiberal
1935Basil Neven-SpenceUnionist
1950Jo GrimondLiberal
1983Jim Wallace
1992Liberal Democrat
2001Alistair Carmichael

Elections

[edit]
Orkney & Shetland election results

Elections in the 2020s

[edit]
General election 2024: Orkney and Shetland[17][18]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsAlistair Carmichael11,39255.1+10.3
SNPRobert Leslie3,58517.3−16.7
GreenAlex Armitage2,0469.9New
ReformRobert Smith1,5867.7+3.8
LabourConor Savage1,4937.2+0.5
ConservativeShane Painter5862.8−7.1
Majority7,80737.8+27.0
Turnout20,68860.4−7.3
Registered electors34,236
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing+13.5

Elections in the 2010s

[edit]
General election 2019: Orkney and Shetland[19][20]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsAlistair Carmichael10,38144.8−3.8
SNPRobert Leslie7,87434.0+5.0
ConservativeJenny Fairbairn2,2879.9+1.2
LabourCoilla Drake1,5506.7−4.7
Brexit PartyRobert Smith9003.9New
IndependentDavid Barnard1680.7New
Majority2,50710.8−8.8
Turnout23,16067.7−0.4
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing−4.4
General election 2017: Orkney and Shetland[21][22]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsAlistair Carmichael11,31248.6+7.2
SNPMiriam Brett6,74929.0−8.8
LabourRobina Barton2,66411.4+4.3
ConservativeJamie Halcro Johnston2,0248.7−0.2
UKIPRobert Smith2831.2−3.6
IndependentStuart Hill2451.1New
Majority4,56319.6+16.0
Turnout23,27768.1+2.3
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing+8.0
General election 2015: Orkney and Shetland[23][24]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsAlistair Carmichael[25]9,40741.4−20.6
SNPDanus Skene8,59037.8+27.2
ConservativeDonald Cameron[26]2,0258.9−1.6
LabourGerry McGarvey1,6247.1−3.6
UKIPRobert Smith[27]1,0824.8−1.5
Majority8173.6−47.7
Turnout22,72865.8+7.3
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing−23.9
General election 2010: Orkney and Shetland[28][29][30]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsAlistair Carmichael11,98962.0+10.5
LabourMark Cooper2,06110.7−3.5
SNPJohn Mowat2,04210.6+0.3
ConservativeFrank Nairn2,03210.5−2.8
UKIPRobert Smith1,2226.3+3.9
Majority9,92851.3+14.0
Turnout19,34658.5+4.8
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing+7.0

Elections in the 2000s

[edit]
General election 2005: Orkney and Shetland[31]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsAlistair Carmichael9,13851.5+10.2
LabourRichard Meade2,51114.2−6.4
ConservativeFrank Nairn2,35713.3−5.4
SNPJohn Mowat1,83310.3−4.5
Scottish SocialistJohn Aberdein9925.6+1.0
UKIPScott Dyble4242.4New
Legalise CannabisPaul Cruickshank3111.8New
Free Scotland PartyBrian Nugent1761.0New
Majority6,62737.3+16.6
Turnout17,74253.7+1.3
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing+8.3
General election 2001: Orkney and Shetland[32]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsAlistair Carmichael6,91941.3−10.7
LabourRobert Mochrie3,44420.6+2.3
ConservativeJohn Firth3,12118.7+6.5
SNPJohn Mowat2,47314.8+2.1
Scottish SocialistPeter Andrews7764.6New
Majority3,47520.7−13.0
Turnout16,73352.4−11.6
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing−13.0

Elections in the 1990s

[edit]
General election 1997: Orkney and Shetland[33][34][35]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsJim Wallace10,74352.0+5.6
LabourJames Paton3,77518.3−1.5
SNPWillie Ross2,62412.7+1.5
ConservativeHope Anderson2,52712.2−9.8
ReferendumFrancis Adamson8204.0New
Natural LawChristian Wharton1160.60.0
IndependentArthur Robertson600.3New
Majority6,96833.7+10.3
Turnout20,66564.0−1.5
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing+3.6
General election 1992: Orkney and Shetland[36][37]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal DemocratsJim Wallace9,57546.4+4.7
ConservativePaul McCormick4,54222.0−1.3
LabourJohn Aberdein4,09319.8+1.1
SNPFrances McKie2,30111.2New
Natural LawChristian Wharton1150.6New
Majority5,03324.4+6.0
Turnout20,62665.5−3.2
Liberal DemocratsholdSwing+3.0

Elections in the 1980s

[edit]
General election 1987: Orkney and Shetland[38]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJim Wallace8,88141.7−4.2
ConservativeRichard Jenkins4,95923.3−2.3
LabourJohn Aberdein3,99518.7+5.6
Orkney and Shetland MovementJohn Goodlad3,09514.5New
GreenGrierson Collister3891.8New
Majority3,92218.4−1.9
Turnout21,31968.7−0.1
LiberalholdSwing
General election 1983: Orkney and Shetland[39]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJim Wallace9,37445.9−10.5
ConservativeDavid Myles5,22425.6+4.3
SNPWinifred Ewing3,14715.4+10.6
LabourRobina Goodlad2,66513.1−4.3
Majority4,15020.3−14.8
Turnout20,41067.8+0.6
LiberalholdSwing

Elections in the 1970s

[edit]
General election 1979: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond10,95056.4+0.2
ConservativeCharles Donaldson4,14021.3+7.1
LabourRobina Goodlad3,38517.4+5.0
SNPMichael Spens9354.8−12.4
Majority6,81035.1−3.9
Turnout19,41067.2+0.4
LiberalholdSwing−3.5
General election October 1974: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond9,87756.2−5.8
SNPHoward Firth3,02517.2New
ConservativeRaymond M. Fraser2,49514.2−8.4
LabourJonathan W. G. Wills2,17512.4−3.1
Majority6,85239.0−0.4
Turnout17,57266.8−4.3
LiberalholdSwing−11.5
General election February 1974: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond11,49162.0+15.0
ConservativeJohn L. Firth4,18622.6−9.3
LabourJonathan W. G. Wills2,86515.5−5.6
Majority7,30539.4+24.3
Turnout18,54271.1+5.5
LiberalholdSwing+12.2
General election 1970: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond7,89647.0−12.1
ConservativeJohn L. Firth5,36431.9+9.6
LabourWilliam Macpherson Reid3,55221.1+2.5
Majority2,53215.1−21.7
Turnout16,81265.6+0.4
LiberalholdSwing−10.9

Elections in the 1960s

[edit]
General election 1966: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond9,60559.1−3.5
UnionistJohn L. Firth3,63022.3+2.3
LabourHugh Lynch3,02118.6+1.2
Majority5,97536.8−5.8
Turnout16,25665.2−7.5
LiberalholdSwing
General election 1964: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond11,60462.6−1.5
UnionistJohn L. Firth3,70420.0+1.5
LabourIan MacInnes3,23217.40.0
Majority7,90042.6−3.0
Turnout18,54072.7+1.4
LiberalholdSwing

Elections in the 1950s

[edit]
General election 1959: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond12,09964.1+0.3
UnionistRobert Hunter Wingate Bruce3,48718.5−1.9
LabourRobert S. McGowan3,27517.4+1.6
Majority8,61245.6+2.2
Turnout18,86171.3+5.2
LiberalholdSwing
General election 1955: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond11,75363.8+6.3
UnionistJohn W. Eunson3,76020.4−6.2
LabourEdgar Ramsay2,91415.8−0.4
Majority7,99343.4+12.1
Turnout18,42766.1−2.9
LiberalholdSwing
General election 1951: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond11,74557.5+10.7
UnionistArchibald Tennant5,35426.2−5.7
LabourMagnus A. Fairnie3,33516.2−3.1
Majority6,39131.3+16.4
Turnout20,43469.0+1.4
LiberalholdSwing
General election 1950: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalJo Grimond9,23746.8+12.6
UnionistBasil Neven-Spence6,28131.9−4.1
LabourHarald Leslie3,33521.3−8.5
Majority2,95614.9N/A
Turnout19,71667.7+12.2
Liberalgain fromUnionistSwing

Elections in the 1940s

[edit]
General election 1945: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
UnionistBasil Neven-Spence6,30436.0−21.6
LiberalJo Grimond5,97534.2−8.2
LabourProphet Smith5,20829.8New
Majority3291.8−13.4
Turnout17,48755.5+9.2
UnionistholdSwing

Elections in the 1930s

[edit]

General election 1939–40:Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;

General election 1935: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
UnionistBasil Neven-Spence8,40657.6N/A
LiberalRobert Hamilton6,18042.4N/A
Majority2,22615.2N/A
Turnout14,58646.3N/A
Unionistgain fromLiberalSwingN/A
General election 1931: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalRobert HamiltonUnopposed
Liberalhold

Elections in the 1920s

[edit]
General election 1929: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalRobert Hamilton8,25660.4N/A
UnionistBasil Neven-Spence5,40439.6N/A
Majority2,85220.8N/A
Turnout13,66043.1N/A
LiberalholdSwingN/A
General election 1924: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalRobert HamiltonUnopposed
Liberalhold
General election 1923: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalRobert Hamilton5,12954.3+0.8
UnionistRobert Boothby4,31845.7New
Majority8118.6+1.6
Turnout9,44739.1+1.7
LiberalholdSwing
Hamilton
General election 1922: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalRobert Hamilton4,81453.5N/A
National LiberalMalcolm Smith4,18946.5N/A
Majority6257.0N/A
Turnout9,00337.4N/A
Liberalgain fromNational LiberalSwingN/A
1921 Orkney and Shetland by-election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
CLiberalMalcolm SmithUnopposed
Liberalhold
Cindicatescandidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Elections in the 1910s

[edit]
General election 1918: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
CLiberalCathcart WasonUnopposed
Liberalhold
Cindicatescandidate endorsed by the coalition government.
General election December 1910: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalCathcart WasonUnopposed
Liberalhold
Cathcart Wason
General election January 1910: Orkney and Shetland
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalCathcart Wason4,11780.6+1.6
Liberal UnionistThomas William Hemsley99419.4−1.6
Majority3,12361.2+3.2
Turnout5,11171.8+8.5
LiberalholdSwing

Elections in the 1900s

[edit]
General election 1906: Orkney and Shetland[40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalCathcart Wason3,83779.0+29.5
ConservativeC. J. Dunlop1,02121.0−21.5
Majority2,81658.0N/A
Turnout4,85863.3+8.4
Registered electors7,680
Liberalgain fromLiberal UnionistSwing+29.5
McKinnon Wood
1902 Orkney and Shetland by-election[40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Independent LiberalCathcart Wason2,41246.8+46.8
LiberalMcKinnon Wood2,00138.8−10.7
Liberal UnionistTheodore Vivian Samuel Angier74014.4−36.1
Majority4118.0N/A
Turnout5,15368.1+13.2
Registered electors7,572
Independent Liberalgain fromLiberal UnionistSwing
Cathcart Wason
General election 1900: Orkney and Shetland[40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal UnionistCathcart Wason2,05750.5+10.4
LiberalLeonard Lyell2,01749.5−10.4
Majority401.0N/A
Turnout4,07454.9−1.0
Registered electors7,420
Liberal Unionistgain fromLiberalSwing+10.4

Elections in the 1890s

[edit]
Lyell
General election 1895: Orkney and Shetland[40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalLeonard Lyell2,36159.9−2.0
Liberal UnionistRalph Wardlaw MacLeod Fullarton1,58040.1+2.0
Majority78119.8−4.0
Turnout3,94155.9−4.0
Registered electors7,053
LiberalholdSwing−2.0
General election 1892: Orkney and Shetland[40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalLeonard Lyell2,62461.9−1.1
Liberal UnionistWilliam Younger1,61738.1+1.1
Majority1,00723.8−2.2
Turnout4,24159.9+9.4
Registered electors7,075
LiberalholdSwing−1.1

Elections in the 1880s

[edit]
General election 1886: Orkney and Shetland[40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalLeonard Lyell2,35363.0−0.3
Liberal UnionistHenry Hoare[41]1,38237.0New
Majority97126.0−0.6
Turnout3,73550.5−21.1
Registered electors7,394
LiberalholdSwing−0.3
General election 1885: Orkney and Shetland[40]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalLeonard Lyell3,35263.3+2.5
ConservativeCospatrick Thomas Dundas[42]1,94036.7−2.5
Majority1,41226.6+5.0
Turnout5,29271.6−14.9
Registered electors7,394
LiberalholdSwing+2.5
General election 1880: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalSamuel Laing89660.8N/A
ConservativeGeorge Roy Badenoch[44]57839.2N/A
Majority31821.6N/A
Turnout1,47486.5N/A
Registered electors1,704
LiberalholdSwingN/A

Elections in the 1870s

[edit]
General election 1874: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalSamuel LaingUnopposed
Registered electors1,618
Liberalhold
1873 Orkney and Shetland by-election[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalSamuel Laing64651.0N/A
LiberalPeter Tait[45]62149.0N/A
Majority252.0−21.2
Turnout1,26782.4+4.3
Registered electors1,537
LiberalholdSwingN/A
  • Caused by Dundas' death.

Elections in the 1860s

[edit]
General election 1868: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalFrederick Dundas71561.6N/A
ConservativeHenry Riddell[46][47]44638.4N/A
Majority26923.2N/A
Turnout1,16178.1N/A
Registered electors1,486
LiberalholdSwingN/A
General election 1865: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalFrederick DundasUnopposed
Registered electors685
Liberalhold

Elections in the 1850s

[edit]
General election 1859: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalFrederick DundasUnopposed
Registered electors621
Liberalhold
General election 1857: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
WhigFrederick DundasUnopposed
Registered electors615
Whighold
General election 1852: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
WhigFrederick Dundas22753.9−46.1
ConservativeJohn Inglis[48]19446.1New
Majority337.8+1.2
Turnout42164.7−0.7
Registered electors651
WhigholdSwing

Elections in the 1840s

[edit]
General election 1847: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
WhigArthur Anderson20953.3N/A
WhigFrederick Dundas18346.7N/A
Majority266.6N/A
Turnout39265.4N/A
Registered electors599
WhigholdSwingN/A
General election 1841: Orkney and Shetland[43]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
WhigFrederick DundasUnopposed
Registered electors526
Whighold

Elections in the 1830s

[edit]
General election 1837: Orkney and Shetland[43][14]
PartyCandidateVotes%
WhigFrederick DundasUnopposed
Registered electors476
Whiggain fromConservative
General election 1835: Orkney and Shetland[43][14]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
ConservativeThomas Balfour11457.6+12.3
WhigGeorge Traill8442.4−6.1
Majority3015.2
Turnout19866.4−11.5
Registered electors298
Conservativegain fromWhigSwing+9.2
General election 1832: Orkney and Shetland[43][14][49]
PartyCandidateVotes%
WhigGeorge Traill10750.5
TorySamuel Laing9645.3
WhigRobert Hunter94.2
Majority115.2
Turnout21277.9
Registered electors272
Whighold
General election 1831: Orkney and Shetland[14][50]
PartyCandidateVotes%
WhigGeorge TraillUnopposed
Registered electors43
Whighold
General election 1830: Orkney and Shetland[14][50]
PartyCandidateVotes%
WhigGeorge TraillUnopposed
Registered electors43
Whighold

References

[edit]
  1. ^"2023 review final recs news release"(PDF). Boundary Commission for Scotland.
  2. ^"Scottish referendum: North east and Northern Isles vote "No"".BBC News. 19 September 2014.
  3. ^"Ynys Môn constituency 'protected' from cut in number of MPS".BBC News. 30 June 2020.
  4. ^Rule 3A of theBoundary Commission rules stated "A constituency which includes the Orkney Islands or the Shetland Islands shall not include the whole or any part of a local government area other than the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands."Boundary Commission RulesArchived 2014-09-24 at theWayback Machine This rule was added in theParliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 and retained in theScotland Act 1998, which established the Scottish Parliament.
  5. ^Office for National Statistics (24 February 2016)."Parliamentary Electors by Parliamentary Constituencies 2010–2015". Retrieved17 February 2017.
  6. ^"Orkney and Shetland". History of Parliament Online (1690-1715). Retrieved9 June 2019.
  7. ^"Orkney and Shetland". History of Parliament Online (1715-1754). Archived fromthe original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved9 June 2019.
  8. ^"Orkney and Shetland". History of Parliament Online (1754–1790). Retrieved9 June 2019.
  9. ^"Orkney and Shetland". History of Parliament Online (1790–1820). Archived fromthe original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved9 June 2019.
  10. ^"Orkney and Shetland". History of Parliament Online (1820–1832). Archived fromthe original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved9 June 2019.
  11. ^Orcadensis to William Corbett MP on the Political Grievances of Orkney and Shetland. Edinburgh: John Hamilton. 1833. pp. 3–5. Retrieved7 October 2024.
  12. ^"Candidates and Constituency Assessments". alba.org.uk - "The almanac of Scottish elections and politics". Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  13. ^"The Untouchable Orkney & Shetland Isles "Archived 2 June 2013 at theWayback Machine (1 October 2009) www.snptacticalvoting.com Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  14. ^abcdefghSmith, Henry Stooks (1842).The Register of Parliamentary Contested Elections (Second ed.). Simpkin, Marshall & Company. pp. 207–208. Retrieved14 September 2018 – viaGoogle Books.
  15. ^Churton, Edward (1838).The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. p. 77. Retrieved14 September 2018 – viaGoogle Books.
  16. ^"Orkney".Fife Herald. 3 August 1837. pp. 1–2. Retrieved14 September 2018 – viaBritish Newspaper Archive.
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