| Eastern Trans-Fly | |
|---|---|
| Oriomo Plateau | |
| Geographic distribution | Oriomo Plateau,Papua New Guinea,Torres Strait Islands (Australia) |
| Linguistic classification | Trans-Fly or independentlanguage family
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | east2503 |
 Map: The Eastern Trans-Fly languages of New Guinea The Eastern Trans-Fly languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Australian languages Uninhabited | |
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TheEastern Trans-Fly (orOriomo Plateau) languages are a small independentfamily ofPapuan languages spoken in theOriomo Plateau to the west of theFly River in New Guinea.
The languages constituted a branch ofStephen Wurm's 1970 Trans-Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of theTrans–New Guinea family as part of aTrans-Fly – Bulaka River branch. They are retained as a family but removed from Trans–New Guinea in the classifications ofMalcolm Ross and Timothy Usher.
Wurm had determined that some of the languages he classified as Trans-Fly were not actually part of the Trans-New Guinea family but were instead heavily influenced by Trans-New Guinea languages. In 2005, Ross removed most of these languages, including Eastern Trans-Fly, from Wurm's Trans-New Guinea classification.
Timothy Usher links the four languages, which he callsOriomo Plateau, to thePahoturi languages and theTabo language in an expanded Eastern Trans-Fly family.
Oriomo (Eastern Trans-Fly) languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[1] Geographical coordinates are also provided for each dialect (which are named after villages).[2]
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto–Eastern Trans-Fly are,
| I | *ka | exclusive we | *ki |
| inclusive we | *mi | ||
| thou | *ma | you | *we |
| he/she/it | *tabV; *e | they | *tepi |
There is a possibility of a connection here toTrans–New Guinea. If the inclusive pronoun is historically a second-person form, then there would appear to bei-ablaut for the plural:*ka~ki, **ma~mi, **tapa~tapi. This is similar to the ablaut reconstructed for TNG(*na~ni, *ga~gi). Although the pronouns themselves are dissimilar, ablaut is not likely to be borrowed. On the other hand, there is some formal resemblance to Austronesian pronouns (*(a)kuI, *(ka)muyou, *kitawe inc., *(ka)miwe exc., *iahe/she/it; some archeological, cultural and linguistic evidence of Austronesian contact and settlement in the area exists (David et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2011; McNiven et al., 2006; McNiven et al., 2004: 67-68; Mitchell 1995).
The following basic vocabulary words for Bine (Täti dialect), Bine (Sogal dialect), Gizra (Kupere dialect) and Wipi (Dorogori dialect) are from the Trans-New Guinea database.[3] The equivalent words for Meriam Mir are also included.[4]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g.iřeʔu,iřeku,ilkʰəp for “eye”) or not (e.g.dřeŋgo,ume,yɔŋg for “dog”).
| gloss | Bine (Täti dialect) | Bine (Sogal dialect) | Gizra (Kupere dialect) | Wipi (Dorogori dialect) | Meriam Mir |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | mopo | mopo | siŋɨl | mopʰ | kìrìm |
| hair | ede ŋæři | mopo ŋæři | eřŋen | mop ŋɨs | mus |
| ear | tablam | tablamo | gublam | yəkəpya | girip, laip |
| eye | iřeʔu | iřeku | ilkʰəp | yəř | erkep |
| nose | keke | keke | siəkʰ | sok | pit |
| tooth | giřiʔu | ziřgup | tìrìg | ||
| tongue | wætæ | wærtæ | uːlitʰ | vlat | werut |
| leg | er̃ŋe | er̃ŋe | wapʰər̃ | kwa | teter |
| louse | ŋamwe | ŋamo | ŋəm | bɨnɨm | nem |
| dog | dřego | dřeŋgo | ume | yɔŋg | omai |
| pig | blomwe | blomo | b'om | borom | |
| bird | eře | eře | pʰöyɑy | yi | ebur |
| egg | ku | ku | uŕgup | kʰɨp | wer |
| blood | uːdi | uːdi | əi | wɔːdž | mam |
| bone | kaːke | kaːko | kʰus | kʰakʰ | lid |
| skin | tæːpwe | tæːpo | sopʰai | gɨm | gegur |
| breast | nono | ŋamo | ŋiam | ŋɔm | nano |
| tree | uli | uli | nugup | wʉl | lu(g) |
| man | řoːřie | řoːřie | pʰam | r̃ɨga | kimiar |
| woman | magebe | magobe | kʰoːl | kʰɔŋga | koskìr |
| sun | abwedži | bimu | abɨs | lom | lìm |
| moon | mřeːpwe | mabye | mɛlpal | mobi | meb |
| water | niːye | niːye | nai | ni | nì |
| fire | ulobo | ulikobo | uːř | par̃a | ur |
| stone | kula | kula | iŋlkʰup | gli | bakìr |
| name | ŋi | ŋi | ŋi | niː | nei |
| eat | waː aloda | nina wavwin | ero | ||
| one | neːteřa | yepæ | dər̃pʰan | yəpa | netat |
| two | neneni | neneni | niːs | nɨmɔg | neis |
Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". InAndrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.).Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66.doi:10.15144/PL-572.ISBN 0858835622.OCLC 67292782.