| Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick | |
|---|---|
 Insignia of a Knight of the Order of St. Patrick | |
| Awarded by themonarch of the United Kingdom .svg) | |
| Type | Order of chivalry |
| Established | 1783 |
| Motto | Quis separabit? |
| Criteria | At the monarch's pleasure |
| Status | Last appointment in 1936 Dormant order since 1974 |
| Sovereign | Charles III |
| Grades | Knight (KP) |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Order of the Thistle |
| Next (lower) | Order of the Bath |
 Riband of the Order of St. Patrick | |
TheMost Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick is a dormant Britishorder of chivalry associated withIreland. The Order was created in 1783 by KingGeorge III at the request of the thenLord Lieutenant of Ireland,the 3rd Earl Temple (later createdMarquess of Buckingham). The regular creation of knights of the Order lasted until 1922, when most of Ireland gained independence as theIrish Free State, adominion within what was then known as theBritish Commonwealth of Nations. While the Order technically still exists, no knight of St Patrick has been created since 1936, and the last surviving knight,Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, died in 1974.Charles III, however, remains the Sovereign of the Order, and one officer, the Ulster King of Arms (now represented in the office ofNorroy and Ulster King of Arms), also survives.[citation needed]Saint Patrick ispatron of the order; its motto isQuis separabit?,Latin for "Who will separate [us]?": an allusion to theVulgate translation ofRomans 8:35, "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?"[1]
Most British orders of chivalry cover the entireUnited Kingdom, but each of the three most senior ones pertains to oneconstituent country only. The Order of St Patrick, which pertains to Ireland, is the most junior of these three in precedence and age. Its equivalent inEngland, the Most NobleOrder of the Garter, is the oldest order of chivalry in theBritish Isles, dating from the mid-fourteenth century. TheScottish equivalent is the Most Ancient and Most NobleOrder of the Thistle, dating in its present form from 1687.
The order was founded in 1783, a year after the grant of substantial autonomy to Ireland, as a means of rewarding (or obtaining) political support in theIrish Parliament.[2] TheOrder of the Bath, founded in 1725, was instituted for similar reasons. The statutes of the Order restricted membership to men who were bothknights andgentlemen, the latter being defined as having three generations of "noblesse" (meaning ancestors bearing coats of arms) on both their father's and mother's side.[3] In practice, however, onlyIrish peers andBritish princes were ever appointed to the Order. The cross of St Patrick (a red saltire on a white background) was chosen as one of the symbols of the Order. Aflag of this design was later incorporated into theUnion Flag. Its association with Saint Patrick or with Ireland prior to the foundation of the Order is unclear, however.[4] One of the first knights was theWilliam FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster, whose arms carry the same cross.[5]
The last non-royal member appointed to the Order wasJames Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn in 1922, who served as the firstGovernor of Northern Ireland. When theIrish Free State left theUnited Kingdom in December of that same year, the IrishExecutive Council underW. T. Cosgrave chose to make no further appointments to the Order.[2]
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Since then, only three people have been appointed to the Order, all members of theBritish Royal Family. The then-Prince of Wales (the future KingEdward VIII and later Duke of Windsor) was appointed in 1927[6][7] and his younger brothers,Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, in 1934[8] and Prince Albert, Duke of York (later KingGeorge VI), in 1936.[9]
TheConstitution of Ireland of 1937 provides that "Titles of nobility shall not be conferred by the State" (Article 40.2.1°) and "No title of nobility or of honour may be accepted by any citizen except with the prior approval of the Government" (Article 40.2.2°). Legal experts are divided on whether this clause prohibits the awarding of membership of the Order of St Patrick toIrish citizens, but some suggest that the phrase "titles of nobility" implies hereditarypeerages and other noble titles, not lifetime honours such asknighthoods.[10][11] This argument does not address the words "or of honour" however.
The last living non-royal recipient,Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, died in 1961.Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, at his death in 1974, was the last surviving knight. As of 2016, the Order was considered technically extant with its head QueenElizabeth II and one officer,Norroy and Ulster King of Arms.[12][unreliable source?]
Prime MinisterWinston Churchill suggested reviving the Order in 1943 to recognise the services in North Africa ofGeneral SirHarold Alexander, a member of anUlster Scots family fromCounty Tyrone, but the opinion of the otherministers and civil servants was that it would upset the diplomatic balance between London and Dublin.[13]TaoiseachSeán Lemass considered reviving the Order during the 1960s, but did not take a decision.[10]
The British monarch is the Sovereign of the Order of St Patrick. TheLord Lieutenant of Ireland, the monarch's representative in Ireland, served as the Grand Master.[14] The office of Lord Lieutenant was abolished in 1922; the last Lord Lieutenant and Grand Master wasEdmund FitzAlan-Howard, 1st Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent.[15] Initially, the statutes of the Order did not provide that the Grand Master be admitted to the Order as a matter of right. While some Lords Lieutenant were in fact appointed to the Order, this seems to have been the exception rather than the rule. In 1839,Queen Victoria altered this and, though not a member during his Grand Mastership, he was permitted to retain the insignia after his term of office.[16]
The Order originally consisted of fifteen knights in addition to the Sovereign.[17] In 1821, however,George IV appointed six additional knights;[18] he did not issue aRoyal Warrant authorising the change until 1830.William IV formally changed the statutes in 1833, increasing the limit to twenty-two knights.[19]
The original statutes, based heavily on those of theOrder of the Garter, prescribed that any vacancy should be filled by the sovereign upon the nomination of the members. Each knight was to propose nine candidates, of whom three had to have the rank ofearl or higher, three the rank ofbaron or higher, and three the rank ofknight or higher, and a vote taken. In practice this system was never used; the grand master would nominate a peer, the Sovereign would usually assent, and a chapter meeting was held at which the knights "elected" the new member.[20] The Order of St Patrick differed from its English and Scottish counterparts, the Orders of the Garter and theThistle, in only ever appointing peers and princes. Women were never admitted to the Order of St Patrick; they were not eligible to become members of the other two orders until 1987. The only woman to be part of the Order was Queen Victoria, in her capacity as Sovereign of the Order. Although it was associated with the establishedChurch of Ireland until 1871, severalCatholics were appointed to the order throughout its history.[21]
The Order of St Patrick initially had thirteen officers: the Prelate, the Chancellor, the Registrar, the Usher, the Secretary, the Genealogist, theKing of Arms, twoheralds and fourpursuivants.[22] Many of these offices were held by clergymen of theChurch of Ireland, then theestablished church. After thedisestablishment of the Church in 1871, the ecclesiastics were allowed to remain in office until their deaths, when the offices were either abolished or reassigned to lay officials.[23] All offices except that of Registrar and King of Arms are now vacant.
The office of Prelate was held by theArchbishop of Armagh, the most senior clergyman in theChurch of Ireland. The Prelate was not mentioned in the original statutes, but was created by a warrant shortly afterwards, apparently because the then Archbishop asked to be appointed to the post.[24] Since the death of the last holder in 1885, the office has remained vacant.[25]
The Church of Ireland's second highest cleric, theArchbishop of Dublin, originally served as the Chancellor of the Order. From 1886 onwards, the office was held by theChief Secretary for Ireland. Since the abolition of the position of Chief Secretary in 1922, the office of Chancellor has remained vacant.[25]The Dean ofSt Patrick's Cathedral was originally the Registrar of the Order. In 1890, on the death of the Dean who had held the post at the time of disestablishment, the office was attached to that of the King of Arms of the Order.[25] This position was held byUlster King of Arms, Ireland's chief heraldic official, a post which had been created in 1552. In 1943, this post was in effect divided in two, reflecting thepartition of Ireland in theGovernment of Ireland Act 1920. The position, insofar as it related toNorthern Ireland, was combined with that ofNorroy King of Arms (who had heraldic jurisdiction in the north of England). The post ofNorroy and Ulster King of Arms still exists, and thus continues to hold the offices of Registrar and King of Arms of the Order of St Patrick. The office of Ulster King of Arms, insofar as it related to theIrish Free State (now officially called Ireland), became the position ofChief Herald of Ireland.[26]
The Order had six other heraldic officers, many more than any other British order. The two heralds were known as Cork and Dublin Heralds. Three of the four pursuivants were untitled, the fourth was held byAthlone Pursuivant, founded in 1552.[27]
The Usher of the Order was "the Usher at Arms named the Black Rod".[28] The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in Ireland was distinct from theEnglish officer of the same name, though like his counterpart he had some duties in theIrish House of Lords.[29]
The offices of Secretary and Genealogist were originally held by members of theIrish House of Commons. The office of Secretary has been vacant since 1926. The position of Genealogist was left vacant in 1885, restored in 1889, but left vacant again in 1930.[30]
For important occasions, such asCoronations and investitures of new members of the Order, Knights of St Patrick wore elaborate vestments:
Aside from these special occasions, much simpler accoutrements were used:
The Grand Master's insignia were of the same form and design as those of the Knights. In 1831, however,William IV presented the Grand Master with a star and badge, each composed ofrubies,emeralds and Braziliandiamonds. These two insignia were designated "Crown Jewels" in the Order's 1905 Statutes, and the designation "Irish Crown Jewels" was emphasised by newspapers when they were stolen in 1907, along with the collars of five Knights; they have not since been recovered.[33][34]
A number of items pertaining to the Order of St Patrick are held in museums in both theRepublic of Ireland andNorthern Ireland. The robes ofLuke Gerald Dillon, 4th Baron Clonbrock, the 122nd Knight of the Order, are on display in theNational Museum of Ireland, Dublin; the robe belonging toFrancis Charles Needham, 3rd Earl of Kilmorey is held by theNewry Museum; theNational Gallery of Ireland andGenealogical Museum in Dublin both have Stars of the Order; and theUlster Museum (part of theNational Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland) inStranmillis has a large collection on display and two mantles in storage.[35] TheIrish Guards take their capstar and motto from the Order.[36]
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The Chapel of the Order was originally inSt Patrick's Cathedral in centralDublin.[37] Each member of the Order, including the sovereign, was allotted a stall in thechoir of the chapel, above which his (or her, in the case ofQueen Victoria) heraldic devices were displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall was a helm, decorated withmantling and topped by his crest. Above the crest, the knight's heraldicbanner was hung, emblazoned with hiscoat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall was affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Upon the death of a Knight, the banner and crest were taken down and replaced with those of his successor. After thedisestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871, the Chapel ceased to be used; the heraldic devices of the knights at the time were left in place at the request of Queen Victoria.[38]
The Order was without a ceremonial home until 1881 when arrangements were made to display banners, helms andhatchment plates (the equivalent of stall plates, in the absence of stalls) in theGreat Hall, officially calledSt. Patrick's Hall, inDublin Castle.[39] On the establishment of theIrish Free State, the banners of the living knights were removed. When the Hall was redecorated in 1962 it was decided that it should be hung with the banners of the members of the Order in 1922. The existing banners were repaired or new ones made; it is these banners which can be seen today.[40] The Hall, which was renamed St Patrick's Hall from its association with the Order, also served as the Chancery of the Order. Installation ceremonies, and later investitures, were held here, often onSaint Patrick's Day, until they were discontinued. A banquet for the Knights was often held in the Hall on the occasion of an installation. St Patrick's Hall now serves as the location for the inauguration of thepresident of Ireland.[41]
Unlike many of the other British orders, the stall plates (or hatchment plates) do not form a continuous record of the knights of the order. There are only 34 stall plates for the 80 or so knights appointed before 1871 (although others were destroyed in a fire in 1940) and 40 hatchment plates for the 60 knights appointed subsequently. In the case of the stall plates, this was perhaps due to their size, 30 cm × 36 cm (12 in × 14 in).[42]
Since the members of the Order were required to be knights, and in practice had higher rank, many of the privileges of membership were rendered moot. As knights, they could prefix "Sir" to their forenames, but the form was never used in speech, as they were referred to by their peerage dignities. They were assigned positions in theorder of precedence, but had higher positions by virtue of their peerage dignities.[citation needed]
Knights used the post-nominal letters "KP". When an individual was entitled to use multiple post-nominal letters, KP appeared before all others, except "Bt" and "Btss" (Baronet andBaronetess), "VC" (Victoria Cross), "GC" (George Cross), "KG" (Knight Companion of the Garter) and "KT" (Knight of the Thistle).[citation needed]
Knights could encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a blue circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar.[43] They were also entitled to receive heraldicsupporters.[44] This high privilege was, and is, only shared by members of the Royal Family, peers, Knights and Ladies Companion of the Garter, Knights and Ladies of the Thistle, and Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the junior orders. (Of course, Knights of St Patrick, normally all being members of theBritish Royal Family orpeers, were mostly entitled to supporters in any event.)[45]
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