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Ordo Augustinianorum Recollectorum | |
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| Abbreviation | OAR |
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| Formation | December 5, 1588; 436 years ago (December 5, 1588) |
| Founded at | Toledo, Spain |
| Type | Mendicant Order of Pontifical Right (for Men) |
| Headquarters | Viale dell'Astronomia, 27 Rome, Italy |
| Membership | 955 (includes 815 priests)[1] (2022) |
Prior General | Miguel Angel Hernández Domínguez, OAR[2] |
Vicar General | Javier González Velásquez, OAR |
Motto | Latin:Extende caritatem tuam (English: 'Extend your love') |
Parent organization | Catholic Church |
| Website | agustinosrecoletos |
TheOrder of Augustinian Recollects (OAR) is amendicantCatholic religious order offriars andnuns. It is a reformist offshoot from theAugustinian hermit friars and follows the sameRule of St. Augustine. They have also been known as the "Discalced Augustinians".
The Recollects reflect a reform movement of the Augustinians begun in Spain the 16th-century.Thomas of Andrada was of one of the most illustrious houses of Portugal. He joined the Order of Saint Augustine at the age of fifteen. His efforts at reform met resistance, but after his death the regulations he had proposed were later adopted by those who formed the discalced branch.[3]
In 1561,Luis de León O.S.A., chair of theology atSalamanca undertook a revision of the constitutions of the order; in 1588 the first Augustinian community of the Spanish Regular Observance was established at Talavera. The reform emphasized fidelity to the Rule of St. Augustine. The reformers placed special emphasis on community prayer and simplicity of life. In 1592, Andrés Díaz introduced the reform congregation to Italy, first in Naples, then in Rome. As more houses were established, the Discalced members came to constitute a separateprovince of the Augustinian friars.[4]
In 1606Philip III of Spain sent some Discalced friars to the missions in the Philippines. In 1622Pope Gregory XV authorized the erection of a separate congregation for the Recollect Augustinians, with its own vicar-general. The first Recollects reached Japan, by way of the Philippines in 1623. In 1626 a house was founded at Prague and in 1631 at Vienna.[4]
In the 1800s, the Order was persecuted by Revolutionary governments in Spain and Colombia. It however didn't stop the sacking and pillaging of Recollect possessions and the Communists destroyed many others, while many Recollect properties were destroyed, a few such as the Monastery ofMonteagudo, Navarre were left.
The Recollects were formally recognized as a separateMendicant Order in 1912, the last to be so designated.
As of 2023, the Recollects numbered about 1,240 in eight provinces across nineteen countries; they are strongest in Spain, the Philippines and Colombia. The official languages of the Order are Spanish, English, and Portuguese.[4]
With their arrival in May 1606 from Spain, the Recollects became one of the most important groups in the history of theevangelization of thePhilippines. Many times, the areas given to this Order were the poorest islands in thearchipelago, the ones not desired by other orders because of distance from the mainland.[5]
Being a contemplative Order, it was not really their main goal to evangelize the country, but they became more active in the Philippines from 1606 to 1898, and later some missionaries spread the Recollect mission in Central America and in other parts of the world. Most of their houses were just formation centers, but they opened them to the public because thefaithful would go and attend Sunday services with the friars.
Their first house was built in Bagumbayan, outside thewalls of Manila.[6] Later, they also built a house, San Nicolas de Tolentino Church, within the walls that became their house for the next hundreds of years after the British demolished all structures in Bagumbayan during theiroccupation of the city in the 1760s.[7] The convent was destroyed during theWorld War IIliberation of Manila. Instead of rebuilding, the Order moved to its present house, thenSan Sebastian Church, inQuiapo, Manila.
Their first parish was inMasinloc,Zambales. However, this has already been transferred to the management of thediocese. Other parishes that were given to them early in their ministry in thePhilippines were those ofMabalacat inPampanga,Capas andBamban inTarlac province.
The Order also had missions inPalawan,Calamianes andCaraga (in the northeastern part ofMindanao). They laid the foundation forPuerto Princesa City, the capital ofPalawan.Mindoro andBohol became part of their missions as well.
The province that was most heavily influenced by the Order is the island of Negros now divided into two provinces,Occidental andOriental. Most of the towns in both provinces are named after towns where the missionaries came from in Spain, such as La Carlota, Valencia, and Cádiz. The Recollect friars form a significant segment of the clergy.
The Recollects had a pivotal role in causing and guiding thePhilippine Revolution since when theJesuits were suppressed (For their anti-colonial tendencies in theJesuit missions among the Guaraní) they moved to the Jesuits' vacated parishes and gave their former parishes to the Filipino Secular/Diocesan Clergy giving Diocesan Clergy like the famous martyrsGomburza who were militating under the issue of theSecularization movement in the Philippines, their own parishes, before the return of the Jesuits forced them to retake their parishes from the Diocesan Clergy.
The opposition of the other religious orders against an autonomous diocesan clergy independent of them (With the possible exception of the Recollects and Jesuits) lead to the martyrdom of Filipino Diocesan priestsMariano Gomez,José Burgos,Jacinto Zamora collectively known asGomburza who were wrongly implicated in theCavite Mutiny, since the Spanish feared that because a priest, Rev. Fr.Miguel Hidalgo lead theMexican war of independence against Spain, the same would happen in the Philippines.[8] Furthermore, the Governor General who was aFreemason,Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez upon discovering the Cavite Mutiny was led by fellow Freemasons: Maximo Innocencio, Crisanto de los Reyes, and Enrique Paraiso; the Governor-General as per his Masonic vow to protect fellow brothers of the Craft, shifted the blame toGomburza since they had inspired ethnic pride among Filipinos due to their campaign for reform.[8] The Governor-General asked the Catholic hierarchy in the person of Archbishop of Manila Gregorio Meliton Martinez (the same Archbishop who ordained the Recollect Saint,Ezequiél Moreno y Díaz) to have them declared as heretics and defrocked but he refused as he believed in Gomburza's innocence.[8] As the Imperial government executed Gomburza, churches all across the territory were rung in mourning.[8] This inspired theJesuit educated and future National HeroJose Rizal to form theLa Liga Filipina, to ask for reforms from Spain and recognition of local clergy.
Rizal was executed and the La Liga Filipina dissolved. As cries for reform were ignored, formerly loyal Filipinos were radicalized and the 1896Philippine revolution was triggered when the Spanish discovered the anti-colonial secret organisationKatipunan (formed with Masonic rites in mind, and Freemasonry is traditionally Anti-Catholic, yet the Katipunan were dedicated to the martyred priests Gomburza as Gomburza was a password in theKatipunan), the Katipunan waged the revolution leading to the end of Spanish rule. However, there was conflict betweenFilipino Masons in the Katipunan andAmerican Masons as a result of thePhilippine-American War, wherein the American Masonic lodges considered the Filipino Masonic lodges "irregular" and illegitimate.[9] During the American era of the Philippines, the Augustinian Recollects were large shareholders inSan Miguel Corporation.[10]
Since the creation of theProvince of Saint Ezekiél Moreno on November 28, 1998, the Philippine Province was officially separated from the Province of San Nicolas de Tolentino. Now, the Philippine Province supervises not only the different missions in thePhilippines but also inSierra Leone andTaiwan.
The Order administers two universities: theUniversity of Negros Occidental-Recoletos inBacolod founded in 1941 and acquired by the order in 1962 andUniversity of San Jose - Recoletos inCebu City founded in 1947. They also administer two colleges - theSan Sebastian College - Recoletos inManila, its pioneer institution, established in 1941 (later, added an extension campus inCanlubang in 2006) and theSan Sebastian College - Recoletos de Cavite inCavite City that was founded in 1966. They also manage four secondary schools namelyColegio de Santo Tomas-Recoletos inSan Carlos City, Colegio San Nicolas de Tolentino - Recoletos inTalisay City both inNegros Occidental; and the Colegio de San Pedro-Recoletos atBrgy.Poblacion and San Pedro Academy atBrgy. Caidiocan inValencia,Negros Oriental.
In 2023, the University of San Jose- Recoletos unveiled a historical marker given by theNational Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), which recognizes the contributions of OAR in the Philippines.[11]
The Recollect foundation in Taiwan is based atKaohsiung City.[12][13] They are supported byFilipino Recollects from the Province of St. Ezekiel Moreno.
Alonso de Orozco Mena, court preacher, was instrumental in the founding of the first Recollect convent, that of the Visitation, in Madrid, in 1589.[14] Juan de Ribera, Archbishop of Valencia (d. 1611), founded a second Discalced Augustinian congregation at Alcoy, in 1597. It soon had houses in different parts of Spain, and in 1663 was established at Lisbon by Queen Louise of Portugal. In addition to the Rule of St. Augustine these religious observed the exercises of the Reformed Carmelites of St. Teresa.
In the convent at Cybar, Mariana Manzanedo of St. Joseph instituted a reform which led to the establishment of a third group, that of the female Augustinian Recollects. The statutes, drawn up by Father Antinólez, and later confirmed by Paul V, bound the sisters to the strictest interpretation of the rules of poverty and obedience, and a rigorous penitential discipline.[15]
The Third Order of the Recollects of St. Augustine was set up to involve lay men and women. They publicly declare promises to seek to follow the teachings of St. Augustine. Modern changes in theCatholic Church have led to an increased emphasis on thelaity in the work of the Church. As part of the Order, they now share in the work of the friars, and have been reorganized as the Secular Augustinian Recollects.
TheSecular Augustinian Recollects (together composed a body called theSecular Augustinian Recollect Fraternity orSARF) is theThird Order of the Order of Augustinian Recollects. Being a full member of the OAR Family, they share in thecharism of the Order and in turn share in the graces bestowed upon theFirst Order and theSecond Order.
Today, the SARF is present in 15 countries, divided into 111 local chapters and totals about 3500 members. like theRecollectpriests andnuns, full-fledged members of theThird Order attach the SAR to their names.
Like theThird Order of theAugustinians, the Secular Augustinian Recollects trace back its history in theMiddle Ages. On 5 December 1588, a number of religious of theAugustinian Province of Castile, moved by a special collective charism, expressed with renewed fervour, and according to new norms, their desire to live the type of consecrated life whichSaint Augustine established in the Church, illustrated by his doctrine and examples and ordered in his Holy Rule.[16] Hence, the Augustinian Recollection came to be.
The first groups of tertiaries were recorded in the convents ofMadrid,Alcalá,Nava del Rey. InGranada, there were known to exist two or three groups ofmantelatas (Spanish members of the Third Order) between 1655 and 1676.
Saints
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Venerables
Servants of God
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from a publication in thepublic domain: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). "Augustinians".New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
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