Clockwise: Townhall, I Love Aruba sign, Royal Plaza, Plaza Simon Bolivar, Plaza Betico Croes, Tram in center of the town, Census Building, Plaza Daniel Leo, Willem III tower. Center clockwise: Wilhelmina Park, Archeological Museum, Ecury House, Protestant church, Aruban Courthouse, San Francisco church
Administratively, the Oranjestad is divided into two regions: East and West.[6] In 2010, the capital had a population of 28,294, and by 2020, it increased to 28,658.[1]
Since 1754, European settlers established modest plantations along Aruba's south coast and the flat northwestern region, leading to the emergence of the first residential centers.[7][8] In the early 20th century, the island was divided into four "districts": the first district, Playa, the second withNoord, the third withSanta Cruz, and the fourth withSabaneta (Savaneta).[9] By 1795 or 1796,[a] as Aruba opened up and trade restrictions eased, urban development commenced. Traders and craftsmen subsequently migrated to thevillage by the bay.[10] GovernorJohann Lauffer granted permission to settle at the bay and engage in trade, with the condition that trade goods were sourced fromCuraçao.[11]
Jewish settlers in Aruba, likely driven by the economic decline in Curaçao, engaged insmuggling discreetly. Fluent inSpanish, they leveraged their connections with the mainland via the predominantly Jewish-controlled Curaçao trade (seeHistory of the Jews in Curaçao). TheSephardim, facing economic challenges, established independent trading colonies in theCaribbean around 1796, maintaining close links with Curaçao in trade, religion, and marriage.[12] Smuggling played a pivotal role in Jews choosing Aruba as their settlement.[13] ChoosingPaardenbaai ("Bay of Horses") as a trading hub, rather thanCommandeursbaai ("Commander's bay") inSavaneta was influenced by its improved ship accessibility and the ongoing prohibition of trade and settlement east ofHooiberg, which included Commandeursbaai.[10]
They exported local products like cattle, sheep, poultry, Antillean dyewood (Haematoxylum brasiletto), and gold after 1824. However, the primary trade involved importing goods from Curaçao, which were then smuggled ashore using small vessels along theVenezuelan coast, inCoro, and nearby areas.[14] Imports encompassed items such as food, clothing, tools, and more. Additionally, red slaves were transported from the mainland.[15]
Illegal trade from Paardenbaai spurred the growth of Playa village. The command's relocation played a key role in this development. Although the exact date of the commander's move to Playa is unknown,Fort Zoutman was erected in 1798, marking a significant period when traders shifted from Ponton to Paardenbaai. Following the commander's arrival, milestones in the village's early history included the construction of the firstCatholic church, between 1800 and 1810 and the arrival of the initialProtestant religious instructor, Klaas van Eekhout, in 1822 were milestones in the early history of the village.[16] The trade boom, however, saw a decline around 1822 or 1823 due to a civil war, during whichSimon Bolivar and the independence movement expelled the Spaniards from South America. Similar to Curaçao, trade dwindled, but a new drive for Aruban colonization emerged—the discovery of gold in 1824.[17] During the visit of GovernorPaulus Roelof Cantz'laar in 1824,[10] the village was named Oranjestad afterWilliam I of the Netherlands.[18]
Hoezee! Hoezee! Hoezee! Lang leve de Oranjestad! zij groeije en bloeije!
Hooray! Hooray! Hooray! Long live Oranjestad! May it grow and flourish!
— Gerardus B. Bosch,Reizen in West-Indië, en door een gedeelte van Zuid-en Noord-Amerika. Tweede Deel[18] (1836)
Aruba 1815 depicts Paardenbaai harbour and village at the bay during Englishinterregnum.[19]
In 1805, Paardenbaai had 32 houses, which increased to 185 by 1824 and 196 by 1832. The village was described in 1837 as "of great size but so irregularly built that it resembles more a heap of scattered houses than anything that can be called a city".[10] In 1860, approximately 1,000 out of Aruba's 2,849 inhabitants resided in the capital.[20]
In Oranjestad-west, theRanchoe (orRancho) area formed a distinct neighborhood where the majority of the island's fishing population resided.[9] In 1837, theSocotoro, a governmental plantation, cultivatedcochineal known for itscarmine-reddye, and by 1845 Socotoro was allocated for aloe cultivation.[21] Socotoro was not the sole plantation or area in Oranjestad to have cultivated the cochineal mites; Companashi, Mon Plaisir, and Sividivi were also included.[22]
FormerSocotoro state plantation (1912)
Aerial view of Oranjestad and the bay (1964)
The establishment of theLago Oil and Transport Company andArend Petroleum Company, oil refineries, not only led to a population increase but also brought about a significant increase in prosperity for Oranjestad.[23] In Oranjestad along Paardenbaai, residents included traders, shopkeepers, and craftsmen. A select few, with larger pieces of land, ships, and shops, constituted the wealthier class. However, excessive wealth was rare. City houses usually resembled those in the districts. Notably luxurious city houses emerged in the period following the arrival of the oil industry (c. 1924-1930), as the business elite capitalized on the economic boost brought about by the oil industry.[24]
In terms of geomorphology, Oranjestad is situated on limestone sediments from theEarly Miocene, dating back to approximately 24Ma.[25] The city also includes man-made expansion into the sea, featuring notable areas such as the Renaissance Marketplace (formerly Seaport Marketplace) and Queen Wilhelmina Park situated on reclaimed land. Additionally, theImportant Bird AreaMPAOranjestad Reef Islands is located adjacent to the main harbor.
Aruba is categorized into 8 regions, each with its respective zones. Oranjestad is further divided into two regions: Oranjestad West and Oranjestad East, each comprising 8 zones.[26]
Oranjestad has ahot semi-arid climate (KöppenBSh). Temperatures are high year-round, the air is humid with lowdiurnal temperature variation also year-round, whilst rainfall is very low due to the region lying in a zone of divergence between the southeast trade winds to the south and theNorth American Monsoon further north. The exception to this aridity occurs during the short rainy season from September to January when the southward retreat of theIntertropical Convergence Zone generates more frequent moist northeasterly winds.
Climate data for Oranjestad, Aruba (normals 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2020)
There is someDutch Colonial architecture. Due to increased government interest in maintaining the island's cultural heritage, a number of old buildings and houses in the center of town have been transformed into colorfully restored landmarks, such as the lime-coloredCity Hall on Wilhelminastraat.[32]
Air Aruba once had its headquarters in Oranjestad.[33] Air Aruba suspended its operations on 23 October 2000.[34]
Tiara Air has had its head office in Oranjestad since 2006, except between 2014 and 2016 when the company suspended services due to the Venezuelan Airline Crisis.[35]
Several modern recreations have emerged, including the outdoor shopping mall at Royal Plaza, and a few scattered buildings along Main Street and on the Main Square.
The late 18th centuryFort Zoutman is one of the town's main attractions and the oldest structure on Aruba. It is regarded byUNESCO as a 'Place of Memory of the Slave Trade Route in the Latin Caribbean'.[36] Others attractions on the island include the tax-free harbour and the Willem III Tower, located near the fort.
The touristically named Renaissance Island (formerly Sonesta Island)[37] is a 40-acre (16 ha)cay (or barrier reef) island, officially known as the Bucuti Rif[38][39] and it is off the coast near Oranjestad. It is privately owned and has the only private beaches on Aruba.[40] There are two beaches: Iguana Beach and Flamingo Beach. ABeechcraft 18 and aConvair 400 were both deliberately sunk about 50 yards (46 m) offshore to create a diving site.[41]Flamingoes can be seen on the island.[42] However, they are not native to Aruba.[43]
Caya G. F. Betico Croes, commonly known as Main Street orCaya, serves as Aruba's primary shopping destination in Oranjestad. However, in recent years, shoppers have increasingly favored Lloyd G. Smith Boulevard, the city's main thoroughfare. This shift is partly due to the boulevard's proximity to the cruise ship terminal ad harbour area.
Paardenbaai is the largest passenger port on the island, accommodating up to five vessels.[46] For cargo vessels, there's a port atBarcadera, situated 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the east.[47] Plans are underway to enhance loading capacity at Oranjestad, including the construction of a marina to address the insufficient docking space for yachts and fishing boats.[48]
Oranjestad is home to theUniversity of Aruba, which offers programs in law and economics, and to the island's largest secondary school (Colegio Arubano), both modeled on the Dutch system. Many students enroll in universities in the Netherlands for graduate and postgraduate degrees.
Lennep Coster, G. van (1842)."Het eiland Aruba".Aanteekeningen, gehouden gedurende mijn verblijf in de West-Indiën, in de jaren 1837-1840 [Notes kept during my stay in the West Indies, in the years 1837-1840] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Schleijer. pp. 90–105.
Nooyen, R.H. (1965).Millefiori di Aruba [Millefiori of Aruba] (in Papiamento). Oranjestad, Aruba: Publica cu cooperacion di Stichting Aruba Nostra.
