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| Company type | Software Company |
|---|---|
| Predecessor | Shepardson Microsystems |
| Founded | 1981; 44 years ago (1981) |
| Founders | Bill Wilkinson Mike Peters Paul Laughton Kathleen O'Brien |
| Defunct | January 1988; 37 years ago (1988-01) |
| Fate | Merged |
| Successor | ICD |
| Headquarters |
Optimized Systems Software (OSS) was a company that produceddisk operating systems,programming languages with integrated development environments, and applications primarily forAtari 8-bit computers. The founders of OSS previously developedAtari DOS,Atari BASIC, and theAtari Assembler Editor forAtari, Inc., and many OSS products are substantially improved versions.OS A+ andDOS XL are based on Atari DOS.BASIC A+, BASIC XL, and BASIC XE are based on Atari BASIC. EASMD andMAC/65 are modeled on theAtari Assembler Editor.Action! is anALGOL-inspired compiled programming language with an integrated full-screen editor. OSS also sold some software for theApple II.[2]
OSS transitioned to theAtari ST with Personal Pascal[3] and theMac with Personal Prolog (which was also advertised for the Atari ST, but may not have been released). OSS was not as significant in those markets. The company merged with ICD in 1988.
Optimized Systems Software was formed in early 1981 by Bill Wilkinson, Mike Peters, Paul Laughton, and Kathleen O'Brien.[4] Laughton, the primary author ofAtari BASIC, was still employed by Atari, Inc. at the time, and had permission to be involved with OSS from his manager. O'Brien wrote theAtari Assembler Editor for Atari. Laughton and O'Brien (married) were not as involved with the company and were bought out by Peters and Wilkinson.
OSS purchased Atari BASIC,Atari DOS, and Atari Assembler Editor fromShepardson Microsystems who had concluded that their versions of BASIC and DOS were not viable.[citation needed] The new company enhanced the programs, renaming them OS/A+ (the Disk Operating System), BASIC A+ (a disk-based language), and EASMD (an update to the Assembler Editor). OSS continued to work withAtari, Inc. (who had previously contracted with SMI) on enhanced products, most of which never reached the market.
OSS debuted at theWest Coast Computer Faire in March 1981. The products they released over the next several years became respected among Atari programmers, particularly theMAC/65 assembler, theAction! programming language, and BASIC XL. In a 1984 interview, Bill Wilkinson said the company consisted of 15 people.[5]
In January 1988, OSS merged with ICD (the makers ofSpartaDOS and various Atari computer hardware add-ons). In 1994, Fine Tooned Engineering obtained limited rights to ICD's 8-bit products before disappearing.
AtariDOS 2.0S consisted of two portions, a memory-resident portion that facilitated access to disk files by programs, and a disk-resident portion providing menu-driven utilities to format, copy, delete, rename, and otherwise manipulate files on Atari's 810 disk drive. The menu system was too large to keep memory-resident, but the necessity to reload the menu system after every program was frustrating to many users.
However, unlike VFAT,OS/A+ 4.1 disks were notbackward compatible with earlier systems; Atari DOS orOS/A+ 2.1 could not read disks formatted byOS/A+ 4.1, breaking backward compatibility. Thememory footprint was larger as well, resulting in insufficient memory to run some popular applications. As a result of these drawbacks,OS/A+ 4.1 did not achieve the market penetration as the earlier product. OSS did reissueOS/A+ 4.1 for a brief period when they decided not to modifyDOS XL for double-sided disk support.
DOS XL was designed to replaceOS/A+. Included support for single and double-density disk drives. Utilized the command-prompt ofOS/A+ but also included a menu program. Featured extensions that took advantage of unused memory space in Atari XL/XE computers and OSS supercartridges. Included support for Indus GT Synchromesh. Due to lack of demand and Atari working on a new version of DOS, OSS decided to halt development ofDOS XL 4 and reissueOS/A+ version 4.1.[citation needed]
The team that developed Atari BASIC while at Shepherdson Microsystems developed a series of three increasingly sophisticatedBASIC interpreters at OSS.
Atari BASIC was designed to fit in an 8K cartridge, with an optional cartridge for the second slot of the Atari 800 adding additional capability. The second cartridge was never produced. Instead, OSS produced the disk-basedBASIC A Plus (or BASIC A+), which is compatible with Atari BASIC, corrects several bugs, and adds many new features. It includes PRINT USING (for formatted output), trace and debug enhancements, direct DOS commands, and explicit support for the graphics hardware includingplayer/missile graphics. Because BASIC A+ had to be purchased, programs developed using its extended features could not be shared with people who did not own the interpreter.
BASIC XL is a bank-selected cartridge version of the language that replaced BASIC A+. It fixes bugs and has even more features. TheBASIC XL Toolkit contains additional code and examples for use with the BASIC XL and a runtime package for redistribution.
A significant change in BASIC XL is the handling of line number lookups inGOTO/GOSUB and FOR...NEXT loops. In Atari BASIC, any GOTO searches the entire program for the provided line number, and FOR...NEXT loops use the same code.Microsoft BASIC simply jumps to a FOR statement via its address. The BASIC XL FAST command replaces constant targets of GOTO/GOSUB/NEXT with addresses. This gives a huge performance boost, making loops run as fast as Microsoft BASIC, and the program as a whole even faster. The downside is that an address becomes invalid if the program is edited during runtime, preventing it from being CONTinued, unlike Atari BASIC which generally allows this after any edit.
Antic in 1984 stated that "BASIC XL is the fastest and most powerful version of BASIC available for Atari computers", with "exceptional" documentation. The magazine concluded that "This is the language that should be built into Atari computers. Is anyone at Atari listening?"[6]
BASIC XE is an enhanced version of the BASIC XL bank-selected cartridge, with additional functions and high-speed math routines. Because it requires 64KB, it only runs on an XL/XE systems. A runtime package was not released. TheBASIC XL runtime can be used, but restricted to XL functions.
EASMD (Edit/ASseMble/Debug) is the first editor/assembler from OSS. Based on the originalAtari Assembler Editor, it was released in 1981 on disk. It was superseded byMAC/65.
MAC/65 is a6502 editor andassembler originally released on disk in 1982, then on a bank-switched "supercartridge" in 1983 which includes an integrated debugger (DDT). LikeAtari BASIC, MAC/65 uses line-numberedsource code and tokenizes each line as it is entered. It is significantly faster than Atari's assemblers. TheMAC/65 Toolkit disk contains additional code and examples.
BUG/65 is a machine languagedebugger. It was initially included with MAC/65, but the cartridge-based version of the assembler added its own debugger, DDT. BUG/65 was later added to DOS XL.
A cartridge-based development system for a readableALGOL-like language that compiles to efficient6502 code.Action! combines a full-screen editor with a compiler that generates code directly to memory without involving disk access. The language found a niche for being over a hundred times faster thanAtari BASIC,[7] but much easier to program in thanassembly language. Compiled Action! programs require the cartridge to be present, because standardlibrary functions are on the cartridge. The separately availableAction! Run-Time Package overcomes this limitation and allows distribution of Action!-compiled projects.
TheAction! Toolkit (originally called the Programmer's Aid Disk, or PAD) contains additional code and examples for use with the Action! language.
C/65 is acompiler developed by LightSpeed Software for a subset of theC programming language.[8] C/65 outputs assembly source code. An assembler likeMAC/65 is needed to create an executable file.
Tiny C, stylized astiny-c, is aninterpreter for a subset of theC programming language; it was developed by Tiny C Associates.[2]
A one-pass,machine code generating compiler for thePascal language developed by J. Lohse for the Atari ST and released by OSS in 1987.[3] It came with a 500+ page manual.
A word processing application available in a bank-selected cartridge and a double-sided disk (master disk on one side, dictionary disk on the other side).[9] It was developed by Madison Micro and published by OSS in 1984.[10] According to Bill Wilkinson, OSS was already building a word processor, but stopped whenThe Writer's Tool was submitted.[11]
SpeedRead+ is aspeed reading tutor developed for the Atari 8-bit and Apple II computers.[2]
According to Bill Wilkinson, OSS sold about 12,000 copies ofBasic XL before the ICD merger.Basic XL outsoldAction! by about 2.5 or 3 to 1.MAC/65 outsoldAction! by about 1.5 to 1.Basic XE sold poorly and lost money. Personal Pascal sold over 10,000 copies.[citation needed]
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