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Operation Prosperity Guardian

Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
International military operation to protect Red Sea shipping
Not to be confused withOperation Poseidon Archer.

Operation Prosperity Guardian
Part of theRed Sea crisis and theYemeni civil war
Date18 December 2023 – 6 May 2025
(1 year, 10 months, 1 week and 1 day)
Location
Status
Belligerents
 United States Navy[1]
 Royal Navy
 Australian Navy
 Bahraini Naval Force
 Canadian Navy
 Danish Navy
 Finnish Navy
 Hellenic Navy
 Dutch Navy
 New Zealand Navy[2]
 Norwegian Navy
 Singaporean Navy
 Sri Lanka Navy[3]
Supported by:
 Seychelles Coast Guard
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Yemen Unclear (seeHouthi armed strength)Unknown
Casualties and losses
10 deaths, 2 injured[9]3 deaths (non-combat)[10]
2F-18 aircraft[11][12]
Background
October 7 attacks
Military engagements
Civilian attacks
Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Military engagements
Civilian attacks
War crimes and effects
Impacts and repercussions
Other theaters
West Bank conflicts
Red Sea/Yemen
Attacks on US bases
Israel–Hezbollah conflict
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Assassinations and deaths of prominent individuals
See also

Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen

Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen

Attacks

Military operations

Diplomacy

Effects

Humanitarian crisis
Timeline
Lebanon
Iran, Iraq and Syria
Yemen and the Red Sea
Deaths
Related topics

Bab-el-Mandeb transits by cargo vessels
over 10,000deadweight tonnage (approx.)[13]

         Before attacks

         After first Houthi ship seizure/attack (19 November 2023)

         Afternaval protection operation started (18 December 2023)

         After US/UK attack on Yemen mainland (12 January 2024)

100
200
300
400
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600
45 Week in 2023
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
1 Week in 2024
2
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8
12
16
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32

Operation Prosperity Guardian was aUnited States-ledmilitary operation by a multinationalcoalition formed in December 2023 to respond toHouthi-led attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[14]

Following the breakout of theGaza war in October 2023, theHouthi movement in Yemen launched a series of attacks against commercial vessels in theRed Sea, including but not limited to[15][16] those heading or related to Israel, with the stated purpose of preventing the bombing of Gaza and forcing Israel to let food and medicine into the strip.[17][18][19] On 18 December 2023, U.S. Secretary of DefenseLloyd Austin announced the formation of an international maritime security force aimed at ending the blockade[20] and countering threats byHouthi forces against internationalmaritime commerce in the region.[21]

The coalition had more than 20 members[22][23]Egypt andSaudi Arabia, both economically reliant on unhindered commercial shipping in the area, are absent from the listed participants.[24]France,Italy andSpain have also declined to participate.[25] The chairman of theSuez Canal Authority, Usama Rabia, claimed that "navigation traffic in the Suez Canal was not affected by what is happening in the Red Sea".[26] Nevertheless, on 10 January, theUnited Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted a resolution demanding a cessation of Houthi attacks on merchant vessels.[27]

The day of the UNSC resolution, the Houthis launched their largest-ever barrage of 18–24 attack drones and missiles at international ships and warships in the Red Sea.[28][29] In response, on 12 January 2024, the coalition launched itsfirst airstrikes against Houthi targets in Yemen, to which the Houthis have pledged to retaliate.[30]

As of 2 January 2025, the Houthis recorded 931 American and British airstrikes against its sites in Yemen, resulting in 106 deaths and 314 injuries.[31] Since 15 March 2025, attacks in Yemen have intensified duringOperation Rough Rider and the United States have conducted over 1,000 airstrikes.[5][32]

On 6 May 2025, President Donald Trump announced that the Houthis had "capitulated" and promised not to attack commercial vessels passing Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.[33] He further declared the US strikes to be over, "effective immediately," as a result of a ceasefire between the U.S. and the Houthis, brokered byOman.[34]

The Houthis agreed to halt attacks on US vessels in the Red Sea but emphasized that the ceasefire did not in "any way, shape, or form" apply to Israel.[35] While Trump framed the truce as the Houthis having "capitulated" and not "want[ing] to fight anymore," while also having shown "a lot of bravery," the Houthis stated that it was in fact the U.S. that "backed down."[36] Administration officials interviewed by theNew York Times said that Trump agreed to the cease fire because the airstrikes were not achieving their objectives and the United States failed to achieveair superiority against the Houthis.[37]

After the ceasefire was implemented, attacks on commercial shipping resumed.Operation Aspides a "purely defensive"EUmilitary operation has continued to provide limited protection to shipping.[38]

Background

See also:Red Sea crisis

The operation aims to ensure both thefreedom of navigation and the safety of maritime traffic in theRed Sea,Bab al-Mandeb andGulf of Aden.[1] Following the start of theGaza war, multiple civiliancontainer andfreight ships were attacked and hijacked in the Gulf of Aden byHouthi forces.[39] Houthi forces stated that only vessels with links to Israel are targeted, though vessels without links to Israel have been targeted, possibly due to misidentification from many vessels turning off theirautomatic identification system signal during transit.[40][41] The Houthis claim the attacks will end if Israel allows humanitarian supplies to enter Gaza; the attempted blockade is seen as a way to pressure Israel's Western allies to work to restrain Israeli operations in the war.[42] As of 1 January 2024[update],at least seventeen civilian vessels have been attacked.

The waterways to and from the Red Sea are shippingchokepoints for theglobal economy which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean and the Suez Canal with theHorn of Africa.[43] This had led to the 2023 situation being dubbed "a newSuez Crisis" byThe Economist.[44]

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used bybulk carriers andtankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.[45] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.[41] In contrast, six of the tenlargest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,[46] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.[47]

Forces

Aircraft carrierUSS Dwight D. Eisenhower with destroyerUSS Laboon involved in Operation Prosperity Guardian together with French frigateForbin and Italian aircraft carrierCavour fromOperation Aspides in the Red Sea, June 2024.

Combined Task Force 153, under control of the U.S.Combined Maritime Forces,[1] will control the vessels of the operation, which currently include theUnited States Navy'sCarrier Strike Group 2.[48] This strike group consists of theaircraft carrierUSS Dwight D. Eisenhower and her escortingArleigh Burke-classdestroyers,USS Gravely,USS Laboon andUSS Mason.[49][50] Other countries' vessels involved include the British destroyerHMS Diamond and frigateHMS Richmond, with Greece also announcing plans to send one frigate to the region.[8][51][52] Denmark would initially announce they would be sending one officer to aid the operation but made an additional announcement on 29 December 2023 that a frigate would also be sent.[14][53][54]

Australia announced that it will send 11 military personnel but rejected a US request to send a warship.[55][56] TheCanadian Armed Forces will deploy an unspecified number of land, air and sea support vehicles.[57] Canada is sending three staff officers by way ofOperation Artemis.[58] The Netherlands plans to send two staff officers. Norway plans on dispatching up to ten staff officers, but as of 21 December is not sending any vessels.[59] Singapore will be deploying a team from theRepublic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s Information Fusion Centre to support information sharing and engagement outreach to the commercial shipping community, as well as a senior national representative to the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).[60][61]

Seychelles is not deploying any vessels or personnel, and limits its participation to "providing and receiving information" as a member ofCombined Maritime Forces (CMF) (which is based in Bahrain).[62] On 23 January 2024, New Zealand sent sixNew Zealand Defence Force personnel to help provide maritime security in the Red Sea including "precision targeting".[63]

On 24 February 2024, Sri Lanka Navy confirmed that one of its ships had completed its maiden patrol in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait and was returning to the island but did not clarify the dates, name of the ship or plans for further patrols.[64] It was later revealed to beSLNS Gajabahu and the Sri Lankan government confirmed that patrols would continue.[65][66]

Finland announced on 8 March 2024 that the country would send up to two soldiers to support Operation Prosperity Guardian, in addition to supporting theEuropean Union-ledOperation Aspides.[67]

On 1 February 2025,Destroyer Squadron 50 ofU.S. Naval Forces Central Command assumed responsibility for leading Operation Prosperity Guardian from Combined Task Force 153.[68]

Prosperity Guardian

Joint Operations (Prosperity Guardian + Aspides)

Attacks on shipping

Main article:Timeline of the Red Sea crisis
List of attacks after the announcement of Operation Prosperity Guardian
DateVessel attackedAgentResultRef
NameFlag
18 December 2023MSCClaraPanamaHouthi dronesUnknown[87]
18 December 2023Swan AtlanticNorwayHouthi dronesMinor damage[87]
26 December 2023MSC United VIIILiberiaHouthi naval missileUnknown[88]
30 December 2023Maersk HangzhouSingaporeHouthi land-based missileMinor damage[89]
31 December 2023Maersk HangzhouSingaporeHouthi crewUnharmed[89]
12 January 2024KhalissaPanamaHouthi projectileUnknown[90]
15 January 2024Gibraltar EagleMarshall IslandsHouthi anti-ship missileMinor damage[91]
16 January 2024ZografiaMaltaBallistic missileMinor damage[92]
17 January 2024Genco PicardyMarshall IslandsHouthi droneMinor damage[93]
18 January 2024Chem RangerMarshall IslandsHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnharmed[94]
22 January 2024Ocean JazzUnited StatesHouthisUnknown[95]
24 January 2024Maersk DetroitUnited StatesHouthi missileUnharmed[96]
24 January 2024Maersk ChesapeakeUnited StatesHouthi missileUnharmed[96]
26 January 2024Marlin LuandaMarshall IslandsHouthi missileSet afire[97]
30 January 2024KoiLiberiaHouthi naval missilesUnknown[98]
6 February 2024Morning TideBarbadosHouthisMinor damage[99]
6 February 2024Star NasiaMarshall IslandsHouthisMinor damage[99][100]
12 February 2024Star IrisMarshall IslandsHouthi missilesMinor damage[101]
16 February 2024PolluxPanamaHouthi missileMinor damage[102]
18 February 2024RubymarBelizeHouthi anti-ship missileSunk[103]
19 February 2024Sea ChampionGreeceHouthi naval missilesMinor damage[104]
19 February 2024Navis FortunaMarshall IslandsHouthi naval missileMinor damage[104]
22 February 2024IslanderPalauHouthi missileDamaged[105]
6 March 2024True ConfidenceBarbadosHouthi anti-ship missileSet afire[106]
8 March 2024Propel FortuneSingaporeHouthi anti-ship missilesUnknown[107]
24 March 2024Huang PuPanamaHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown[108]
7 April 2024Hope IslandMarshall IslandsHouthisUnknown[109][110][111]
7 April 2024MSC GracePanamaHouthisUnknown
7 April 2024MSC GinaPanamaHouthisUnknown
9 April 2024Maersk YorktownUnited StatesHouthi anti-ship missileUnharmed[112]
9 April 2024MSC GinaPanamaHouthisUnknown[113]
9 April 2024MSC Darwin VILiberiaHouthisUnknown[113]
24 April 2024Maersk YorktownUnited StatesHouthi missileUnharmed[112]
24 April 2024MSC VeracruzPortugalHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown[114]
26 April 2024Andromeda StarPanamaHouthi missilesMinor damage[114]
26 April 2024MaishaAntigua and BarbudaHouthi missileUnharmed[113]
29 April 2024CycladesMaltaHouthi missiles and UAVsMinor damage[115]
29 April 2024MSC OrionPortugalHouthi dronesMinor damage[116]
18 May 2024WindPanamaHouthi missilesMinor damage[117]
23 May 2024YannisMaltaHouthi missilesUnharmed[118][117]
23 May 2024EssexLiberiaHouthi missilesUnharmed[117]
28 May 2024LaaxMarshall IslandsHouthi missilesDamaged[119]
1 June 2024AblianiMaltaHouthi drones and rocketsUnharmed[120][121]
1 June 2024MainaMaltaHouthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed[121][122]
1 June 2024Al OraiqMarshall IslandsHouthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed[121][122]
8–9 June 2024NorderneyAntigua and BarbudaHouthi missilesSet afire[123]
8 June 2024MSCTavivshiLiberiaHouthi ballistic missileSet afire[123][124]
9 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi ballistic missileDamaged[125]
12 June 2024TutorLiberiaHouthiToufan-1 USV,[126] ballistic missiles, dronesSunk[127][128][129]
13 June 2024VerbenaPalauHouthi cruise missilesSet afire[130]
13 June 2024UnknownUnknownUnknown Houthi weaponsUnharmed[131]
16 June 2024UnknownUnknownUnknownUnharmed[132]
21 June 2024Transworld NavigatorLiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesUnharmed[133][134]
23 June 2024Transworld NavigatorLiberiaHouthi USVDamaged[135][136]
24 June 2024MSC Sarah VLiberiaHouthiHatem 2 hypersonic missileUnharmed[137][138]
26 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi missileUnharmed[139]
27 June 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi USVUnharmed[140]
28 June 2024DelonixLiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesUnharmed[141]
9 July 2024Maersk SentosaUnited StatesHouthi missilesUnharmed[142]
10 July 2024Mount FujiLiberiaLikely Houthi weaponsUnharmed[143]
11 July 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi missilesUnharmed[144][145]
15 July 2024Bentley IPanamaHouthi USV, patrol boats, ballistic missilesHit[146][145]
15 July 2024Chios LionLiberiaHouthi USVDamaged[146][145]
19 July 2024LobiviaSingaporeHouthi ballistic missiles, UAVsSet afire[147]
20 July 2024PumbaLiberiaHouthi UAVs, USVDamaged[148][149]
3 August 2024GrotonLiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesHit[150][151]
8–9 August 2024Delta BlueLiberiaHouthi RPG, USV, missilesUnharmed[152]
13 August 2024Delta AtlanticaLiberiaLikely Houthi USV, other weaponsHit[153]
13 August 2024On PhoenixPanamaLikely Houthi weaponsUnharmed[153]
21–22 August 2024SounionGreeceHouthi boats, USV, other weaponsSet afire[154][155][156]
21–22 August 2024SW North Wind IPanamaHouthi USV, other weaponsDamaged[154][157][155]
30 August 2024GrotonLiberiaHouthi missilesUnharmed[158]
2 September 2024Blue Lagoon IPanamaHouthi ballistic missilesDamaged[159][160]
6 July 2025Magic SeasGreece GreeceHouthi boats, USVSunk[161]
8 July 2025Eternity CLiberia LiberiaHouthi boats, USVSunk[162]

Reactions

The Houthis stated: "We have capabilities to sink your fleet, your submarines, your warships", adding "the Red Sea will be your graveyard".[163] In a public statement, Commander-in-Chief of theIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)Hossein Salami reassured the Iranian public that there is nothing to fear from the coalition.[164][165] (The Iranian government has long hadpurported direct ties to the Houthi movement.) IRGC senior officerMohammad Reza Naqdi was cited as threatening to close "the Mediterranean Sea, (the Strait of)Gibraltar and other waterways" without explaining how.[166]

While named by the United States as part of the coalition, theFrench Defense Ministry stated that its warships, including thefrigateLanguedoc, would remain under French command.[14]Italian Defense Ministry, which has deployed the frigateVirginio Fasan in the Red Sea, also stated that the warship was not part of Prosperity Guardian.[14]Spanish Defense Ministry stated that it would only take part in operations underNATO orEU coordination.[14] Spain also vetoed any potential EU contribution to Operation Prosperity Guardian through the resources of EU-conductedOperation Atalanta.[167] At the time, Spain was the commanding nation of Operation Atalanta and had the frigateVictoria deployed in the area.[168]

TheMaersk Line announced on 24 December 2023 that with Operation Prosperity Guardian now in place, it would resume using the Suez Canal.[169] On 2 January 2024, both Maersk andHappag-Lloyd announced that the route would once again be avoided until further notice.[170][171]

On 3 January 2024,President of Sri LankaRanil Wickremesinghe indicated that Sri Lanka will be deploying a warship to the Red Sea and theSri Lanka Navy stated that it is ready to deploy one of its fiveAdvanced Offshore Patrol Vessels as part of Operation Prosperity Guardian.[172]

On 13 January 2024, pro-Palestinian protesters in central London expressed support for the Houthi movement, chanting slogans hours after the RAF and US launched amissile and airstrike on ground targets in Yemen. Some demonstrators shouted, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," and displayed signs reading "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen" and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza Wants to live".[173]

Houthi attacks on merchant ships in the Red Sea escalated, in response to "American-British aggression against our country", as stated by a Houthi spokesman in January 2024.US Central Command then stated that the Houthi attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into theRed Sea", to target vessels, affecting more than 40 nations.[174]

In March 2024, ahead of the 9th anniversary of theSaudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war,Mohammed al-Houthi warned Saudi Arabia that it will resume attacking the country should it allow the US-led coalition to use its territory or airspace "in their aggression on Yemen". al-Houthi also called the US-UK strikes inside Yemen as "arrogant" and "unjustified actions", saying the Houthi rebels will not remain silent and will respond in kind.[175][176]

See also

Portals:

References

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