| Operation Meghdoot | |||||||||
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| Part of theSiachen conflict | |||||||||
 Satellite imagery of theSiachen Glacier | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 India |  Pakistan | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| GianiZail Singh (President of India)  Lt Gen P N Hoon(GOC,XV Corps) Brig Vijay Channa(Commander, 26 Sector) Lt. Col. D K Khanna |  Gen.Zia-ul-Haq(President of Pakistan)  Lt. Gen.Zahid Ali Akbar(Commander,X Corps) Brig.Pervez Musharraf | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 3,000+ | 3,000+ | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
Operation Meghdoot was the codename for theIndian Armed Forces operation to take full control of theSiachen Glacier inLadakh. Executed on the morning of 13 April 1984, it marks the highest battlefield in the world. This operation preempted Pakistan's Operation Ababeel and was a success, resulting in Indian forces gaining control of the Siachen Glacier in its entirety.[1]
Currently, the Indian Army remains the first and only army in the world to have deployedtanks and other heavy ordnance at altitudes well over 5,000 meters. Up to ten infantry battalions each of the Indian Army and Pakistan Army are actively deployed at high altitudes of up to 6,400 meters throughout the region due to the presentSiachen conflict.
The Siachen Glacier became a bone of contention following a vague demarcation of territories in the Karachi Agreement of July 1949 which did not exactly specify who had authority over the Siachen Glacier area. Indian interpretation was that Pakistan territory extended only to about the Saltoro Ridge, where the territorial line's route after the last demarcated PointNJ9842 was "thence north to the glaciers." Pakistan interpretation was that their territory continued northeast from Point NJ9842 to the Karakoram Pass. As a result, both nations claimed the barren heights and the Siachen Glacier.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan permitted several mountaineering expeditions to climb the peaks in the Siachen region from the Pakistani side, perhaps in an attempt to reinforce their claim on the area as these expeditions received permits obtained from the Government of Pakistan and in many cases a liaison officer from the Pakistan Army accompanied the teams. In 1978, the Indian Army also allowed mountaineering expeditions to the glacier, approaching from its side. The first one launched in 1978 by ColonelNarinder Kumar of theIndian Army, who led an expedition toTeram Kangri, along with medical officer Captain AVS Gupta. TheIndian Air Force provided valuable logistics support to this expedition and supply of fresh rations. The first air landing on the glacier was carried out on 6 October 1978 when two casualties were evacuated from the Advance Base Camp in aChetak helicopter by Squadron Leader Monga and Flying Officer Manmohan Bahadur.
In 1980, the Commander of3 Artillery Brigade, Brigadier K N Thadani VSM,[2] led a 68-memberIndian Army military expedition (consisting of 2 Majors, 5 Captains, 1 Second Lieutenant and 59 Other Ranks of the army) to Apsarasas-1 a part of theApsarasas Kangri sub-range in the Siachen Glacier, Ladakh. On 18 September 1980, 16 members of the Indian Army expedition successfully scaled the summit. Then in 1984, Lieutenant Colonel Prem Chand[3] Snow Tiger, of theDogra Regiment led a 54-memberIndian Army military expedition (consisting of Officers and Other Ranks of the army) to K12 on theSaltoro Range in the Siachen Glacier, Ladakh. On 17 October 1984, members of the Indian Army expedition successfully summited the peak.
Notably, when Pakistan gave permission to a Japanese expedition to scale an important peak (Rimo I) in 1984, it further fueled the suspicion of the Indian Government of Pakistani attempts to legitimize their claim. The peak, located east of the Siachen Glacier, also overlooks the northwestern areas of theAksai Chin, an area which is disputed betweenIndia, and China. The Indian military believed that such an expedition could further link up the northeastern side to the southwestern side of theKarakoram Range and eventually provide a strategic, if not tactical, advantage to Pakistan.
TheIndian Army decided to deploy troops from the northernLadakh region as well as some paramilitary forces to the glacier area. Most of the troops had been acclimatized to the extremities of the glacier through a training expedition toAntarctica in 1982 before eventually launching the operation to occupy the complete glacier.[4] In 1983, Pakistani generals decided to stake their claim through troop deployments to the Siachen glacier. After analyzing the Indian Army's mountaineering expeditions, they feared that India might capture key ridges and mountain passes near the glacier, and decided to send their own troops first. Pakistan ordered Arctic weather gear from a London supplier, unaware that the same supplier provided outfits to the Indians. The Indians were informed about this development and initiated their own plan, providing them with a head start.[5]
TheIndian Army planned the operation to control the glacier by 13 April 1984, to preempt the Pakistani Army by about 4 days, as intelligence had reported that the Pakistani operation planned to occupy the glacier by 17 April. Operation Meghdoot was led by Lieutenant GeneralP N Hoon. The task of occupying the Saltoro ridge was given to the Commander of 26 Sector, Brigadier Vijay Channa, who was tasked with launching the operation between 10 and 30 April. He chose 13 April, as it wasVaisakhi, and the Pakistanis would be least expecting the Indians to launch an operation.[6] The preparations for Operation Meghdoot started with the airlift of troops and supplies by theIndian Air Force to the base of the glacier area.
The first phase of the operation began in March 1984, a battalion of theKumaon Regiment under the command ofLt Col D K Khanna and units of theLadakh Scouts, marched on foot with full battle packs through a snow boundZoji La for days to avoid detection.[7]
The first unit led by Major R S Sadhu was tasked with establishing a position on the heights of the glacier. The next unit led by Captain Sanjay Kulkarni and Second Lieutenant Anant Bhuyan securedBilafond La. The remaining units led by Captain P V Yadav moved forward and climbed for four days to secure the remaining heights of theSaltoro Ridge.[7] By 13 April, approximately 300 Indian troops were dug into the critical peaks and passes of the glacier.
By the time Pakistani troops managed to get to the area, they found that the Indian Army had control over all major mountain passes ofSia La, Bilafond La andGyong La and all the commanding heights of the Saltoro Ridge west of the Siachen Glacier.[1] Handicapped by the altitude and the limited time, Pakistan could only manage to control the Saltoro Ridge's western slopes and foothills; despite the fact that Pakistan possessed more ground accessible routes to the area, unlike Indian access which was largely reliant on air drops for supplies due to the steeper eastern side of the glacier.
TheIndian Army advance now controlled 985.71 sq mi (2,553.0 km2) of its own territory. Camps were soon converted into permanent posts by both countries. The number of casualties on both sides during this particular operation is not known.
No reliable data is available on the number of casualties on both sides during this particular operation. Both sides incurred most of their casualties from the weather and the terrain; and avalanches and crevasses during patrols.
The operation resulted in India gaining the 70 kilometers long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as the three main passes on the Saltoro Ridge immediately west of the glacier; Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La. Thus, giving India the tactical advantage of holding higher grounds. The AGPL runs roughly along the Saltoro Ridge which extends nearly 120 kilometers from Point NJ9842 to the Shaksgam Tract (a part of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir; which Pakistan had ceded to China in 1963).[8]
The operation and the continued cost of maintaining logistics to the area is a major drain on both militaries. Pakistan launched an all-out assault in 1987 and again in 1989 to capture the ridge and passes held by India. The first assault was headed byPervez Musharraf (then aBrigadier) and initially managed to capture a few high points before being pushed back. Later the same year, Pakistan lost at least one major Pakistani post, the "Quaid", which came under Indian control asBana Post, in recognition ofBana Singh who launched a daylight attack, codenamedOperation Rajiv, after climbing 1,500 ft (460 m) of ice cliff. Bana Singh was awarded theParam Vir Chakra–the highest gallantry award of India for the assault that captured the post.
Bana Post is the highest battlefield post in the world at a height of 22,143 feet (6,749 m) above sea level.[9][10] During 1988 Pakistani forces made repeated attempts to take Bana Post, during their last attempt to take this key post on 9 May 1988 they fixed four ropes and a ladder system on the ice wall below the post. The attack was unsuccessful, with the ropes and ladder system fixed by Pakistanis remained in position, making it possible for them to be used again in fresh attempts to take the post. On 18 May 1988 Indians cut two of the four. On 26 May 1988, the Observation Post Officer, Captain Pratap Singh[11] of75 Medium Regiment was killed by a grenade while removing the ladder.
Operation Meghdoot: How India Captured Siachen (Battle Ops) (2018) is aTV documentary which premièred on theDiscovery Channel'sVeer by Discovery series, Battle Ops.[12][13]
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