^Evolved with policy objectives. Mission statement is updated in classifiedExecutive orders.[1]: 5 Infobox
^abJoint Multinational Training Group-Ukraine.[18] Previously the Combat Training Center-Yavoriv ( International Peacekeeping and Security Centre in Ukraine), active since 2015, it was relocated fromYavoriv, and othertraining sites in Ukraine in February 2022.[19]
^Includes Remote Maintenance and Distribution Cell–Ukraine (RDC-U), responsible for the maintenance and repair of equipment once donated to theAFU, smaller locations, such as logistical Support Area Eagle, and the Aerial Port of Debarkation South (APOD South).[3]: 89
^As of October 2025[update], OAR is designated bySecDef as overseascontingency operation (OCO) following the activation of reserve forces in support of OAR. OCO is normally budgeted out of baselineDoD budget, and within yearly planning (done by the US, in collaboration with NATO allies/partners' military leaders).[1]: 6 Table 1 [4] As of March 2025[update], $33.512 billion were appropriated, $23.29 billionobligated, and $12.469 billiondisbursed underUSAI since FY2022. USAI is a program that authorizes the Secretary of Defense, with concurrence from theSecretary of State, to provide appropriate security assistance and intelligence support to Ukraine. Such assistance can include training, defense articles, logistics support, supplies, and services to military and other Ukrainian security forces.[5]: 27 Table 5
^abAs of October 2025[update]; since December 2024.[16] SeeSAG Ukraine infobox
^Before 2025, with deliverables of IDCC, International Donors Coordination Centre, whose responsibilities were taken over by NSATU.[7]
^USEUCOM said that it assesses the status of OAR through regular meetings with NATO allies and partners to discuss progress and challenges; measures of performance and effectiveness to track progress toward desired end states; the conduct and evaluation of combined exercises and training events; the development and implementation of initiatives aimed at enhancing NATO’s capabilities; and by reviewing quantitative changes to the number of U.S. troops in Europe and public support for NATO and U.S. forces in Europe.[3]: 43
^As of August 2025[update] average cargo tonnage through Poland LEN hub only[8]
^As of April 2025[update], bySAG-U Operations Kyiv, at least, to the front-line locations, non-locally authorized.[5]: 58
^As of October 2024[update] average US- only SAG- U personnel stationed under authority of the Chief of US Mission in Kyiv, Ukraine.[1]: 37
^As of December 2024[update], non- NATO units, including rotational deployment of up to 2BCTs in Central andEastern Europe with 9,000+ steady troops in Poland.[9]
^As of July 2025[update] by international community since February 2022.[3]: 44 T.10 As reported in October 2024, US accounted for ~ 17% of that training.[1]: 46 Infobox
^Starting NOV 2021, the newly reactivated V Corps has assumed command and control of all OAR rotational forces.[10]
^Including two of its planning directorate placed inNSATU command to coordinateAFU's training requirements.[5]: 45 SAG- U's multinational personnel is collocated with NSATU HQ[8] (prior to 2025, with informal International Donor Coordination Centre, IDCC, of more then 50 countries, under UKBrigadier command; IDCC handed over its responsibilities to NSATU).[3]: 44 SAG- U US- only personnel includes up to 60 experts at SAG-U Operations Kyiv (SOK) under authority of the Chief of US Mission in Kyiv.[1]: 37 Table 14
^As nominated for OAR. Since December 2024, concurrently COMNSATU.[16]
^In emergency staffing (then COMXVIII Airborne Corps), as Task Force Dragon Commander, till December 2022. In December 2024 promoted toCG USAREUR-AF overseeing, among others, SAG- U.[12]
^Forward HQ coordinates the rotational armored, aviation, and sustainment task forces that train and operate acrossNATO’seastern flank, linking together activities in countries like Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary.
^Current NSATU–SAG-U joint efforts that were confirmed at the 21 July 2025UDCG extended meeting:
US–NATO co‑funding mechanism (new channel announced by US president Donald Trump andSecretary General of NATO Mark Rutte for European and Canadian allies to pool funds to purchase US‑made weapons and technology for Ukraine providing faster access to high‑demand systems);
Air defense boost (packages ofPatriot missile systems and other advanced air‑defense assets pledged by allies to counter Russia’s intensified missile and drone strikes);
Industrial and financial backing (long‑term funding streams to expand defense production capacity in Europe and North America to replenish stocks while sustaining Ukraine’s needs over multiple years).[20]
Operation Atlantic Resolve, refers to military activities in response toRussian operations inUkraine, mainly theWar in Donbas. It was funded under theEuropean Deterrence Initiative until 2022, and partly byUSAI since. In the wake of Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, the US and the UK took several immediate steps to enhance the deterrence posture along the eastern flank of theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), including augmenting the air, ground and naval presence in the region, and enhancing previously scheduled exercises.[22]
The US described the activities as taking measures to enhance NATO military plans and defense capabilities and maintaining a persistent presence inCentral Europe andEastern Europe.[22] Atlantic Resolve rotations are overseen by a regionally aligned headquarters there.[23][24]As reported byUSEUCOM in the first quarter of 2025, there were no mission objectives and endstate alterations to the Operation after U.S.administration change.[5]: 5 Infobox
Aims and funding
Operation Atlantic Resolve is a multifaceted military operation by theUSEUCOM and allies to enhance security and reassure NATO andEastern European partners. Though OAR mission statement is classified, its aims include:[5]: 5 Infobox
Enhancingdeterrence posture along NATO's eastern flank.
Multinational training events in various countries to build readiness, increaseinteroperability, and enhance bonds between ally and partner militaries
Three rotations services: armored, aerial, and sustainment task force rotations
Land persistent presence:U.S. Army Europe and Africa leads the Atlantic Resolve efforts to bring units based in the U.S. to Europe for nine months at a time
Threedomains exercises:military exercises and training on land, in the air, and at sea, while sustaining and augmenting rotational presence across Europe
Building partner capacity inGeorgia,Moldova, andUkraine so they can better work alongside the United States and NATO, as well as provide for their own defense.
The "heel-to-toe" rotations of forces in Europe are part of OAR. TheEuropean Deterrence Initiative, withUSAI specifically, is the mechanism through which activities under OAR are organized and funded.[4]
Airborne operations
On April 30, 2014United States Army andUnited States Air Force (USAF) military members were sent toPoland and the Baltic States ofLatvia,Lithuania, andEstonia to conduct military exercises with partner nations in an immediate response to Russian illegal annexation of the Crimean Peninsula on March 18, 2014. This was on done on a bilateral basis, not as part of a larger NATO action.[25][26]
The force consisted of four companies of approximately: 150 soldiers from the 173rd BCT (Brigade Combat Team, airborne) out ofVicenza, Italy and supporting Air Force JTACs (Joint Terminal Attack Controller) from the 2nd ASOS (Air Support Operations Squadron) out ofVilseck, Germany. Troops were transported with assistance from the USAF37th Airlift Squadron based out ofRamstein Air Base, Germany. The four companies were rotated out every ninety days through to the end of 2014 when a more formal version of Operation Atlantic Resolve was put into place.[25][26]
In March 2015, a U.S. Army spokesman inWiesbaden announced that a convoy ofarmored fighting vehicles, includingStrykers, would return via road to their garrison atVilseck after manoeuvres in Poland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania – .[27] The road march started a week later.[28]
On 8 March 2022,V Corps' main headquarters forward deployed to Germany to provide additional command and control of U.S. Army forces in Europe as part of a larger personnel build up in response to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Reactions
82% of Czechs approved and supported the United States Army-NATO convoy that partook inOperation Dragoon Ride, in anopinion poll that was conducted by the independentSTEM agency in 2015.[51]
A NATO deployment in the early January 2017 was welcomed by Polish officials, who described it as a necessary response to Russian military exercises near its border andits military intervention in Ukraine and members of the public as the materiel crossed into south-western Poland from Germany.[52][53][54][55] The same deployment sparked protests in Germany and prompted a critical reaction among the country's centre-left political parties, but was defended by the country's rulingCDU/CSU coalition and German military officials.[56][57]
An article about the deployment that was published by the Donbas News International (DNI) agency and its subsequent circulation in the Western conspiracy-theory cybersphere and Russian mediasphere was cited as an example ofthe creation and spread of fake news.[58] An editorial by thePittsburgh Post-Gazette cautioned anyone against using the deployment as a domestic political tool.[59]
See also
Fort Trump – Proposed United States military base in Poland
Multinational Force–Ukraine – Proposed force for peace enforcementPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
^Spencer B. Meredith III."Building Strategic Lethality: Special Operations Models for Joint Force Learning and Leader Development".Joint Force Quarterly (118, 3rd Quarter 2025):30–41. Retrieved29 August 2025.Two key organizations have coordinated the broad U.S.-led effort: Security Assistance Group–Ukraine (SAG-U) on the conventional side and CJSOTF-10 for special operations. Both have served as supply hubs and information conduits for the joint force, interagency, and international partners sustaining the Ukrainian war effort.
"Operation Atlantic Resolve".United States Department of Defense.The United States is demonstrating its continued commitment to collective security through a series of actions designed to reassure NATO allies and partners of America's dedication to enduring peace and stability in the region in light of the Russian intervention in Ukraine.
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