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Operación Puerto (Operation Mountain Pass)[1] is the code name of a still unfinished Spanish Police operation against the pro sports doping network of DoctorEufemiano Fuentes. It started in May 2006, which resulted in ascandal that involved several of the world's most famous cyclists and teams at the time.
Media attention has focused on the small number of professionalroad cyclists named; however, sportspeople from other disciplines includingfootball andtennis have also been connected with the scandal, although they were not officially indicted.[2] Among the total number of athletes, fifteen had been acquitted by May 2007, while three had admitted doping or evidence of blood doping was found.[3][4]
In March 2004 in an interview with the Spanish newspaperDiario AS,Jesús Manzano exposed systematic doping in his former cycling team,Kelme. He detailedblood doping[5] as well as the performance-enhancing drugs he used while on the team.[6] The investigation and the allegations he made led to questioning of several members of the team in April 2004. These includedEufemiano Fuentes who was the Kelme team doctor, Walter Virú the doctor before Fuentes, and Alfredo Córdova who was working forLiberty Seguros–Würth but involved with Kelme in 2003.[7] An investigation began into the practices of Fuentes in early 2006 by the anti-drug trafficking arm of the SpanishGuardia Civil.[8]
On 23 May 2006,Guardia Civil arrested thedirecteur sportif of theLiberty Seguros–Würth team,Manolo Saiz, and four others including Fuentes, accused ofdoping practices with riders.[9] Spanish police raided residences. In one, belonging to Fuentes, they found a thousand doses ofanabolic steroids, 100 packets of blood products, and machines to manipulate and transfuse them.[10] The Guardia Civil found a list naming other cyclists involved.Liberty Seguros withdrew their sponsorship, which leftWürth as sole sponsor.[11]
As more names leaked to the press,T-Mobile Team asked riders to sign a statement that they had never worked with Fuentes,[12] while thePhonak team suspendedSantiago Botero andJosé Enrique Gutiérrez, who had finished second in the2006 Giro d'Italia.[13]Tour de France organisersASO considered withdrawing invitations toWürth andComunidad Valenciana.[14] On 1 June, the director of Valenciana,José Ignacio Labarta, resigned.[15]
Würth found a new sponsor, fiveKazakh companies united under the name of the capital,Astana, and became Astana-Würth.[16] ASO withdrew Comunitat Valenciana's invitation, moving riders to send blood samples to be analysed to prove their innocence.[17] TheVuelta a España considered expelling the team.[18]
AfterEl País published details ofOperación Puerto, Spanish riders boycotted theSpanish National Road Race Championships, which was cancelled after 500 metres.[19] ASO wrote asking Astana-Würth not to take part in the Tour de France, which the team ignored.Jan Ullrich, linked to Fuentes by the newspaper, threatened to sueEl País.
TheCourt of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) said Astana-Würth were to be accepted in the Tour. The Spanish authorities lifted the secret of summary two days before the start of the 2006 Tour, formally involving all 56 riders found in Fuentes' lists.
Because Ullrich and Óscar Sevilla were in the lists, T-Mobile suspended them.[20] The example was followed by Ivan Basso's Team CSC andFrancisco Mancebo'sAG2R Prévoyance. ASO demanded all riders involved be withdrawn by their teams, even though Astana-Würth had received the support of the CAS.
The day before the Tour, Astana-Würth yielded to pressure. Five of their riders had been excluded by ASO for involvement in the scandal, leaving only four of the six riders required.Francisco Mancebo, fourth the previous year and involved in the case, ended his career, according to his directeur sportifVincent Lavenu. As a result, none of the riders who finished in the top 5 of the2005 Tour de France started in the 2006 edition.
On 3 July, Würth also withdrew sponsorship of theAstana team. They had planned sponsorship only if it were not excluded from a race.
Six days later, T-Mobile firedRudy Pevenage, directeur sportif, because he was also involved. On 21 July, the team suspended Ullrich and Sevilla, effectively sacking them. On the same day, Spanish cycling newspaperMeta2Mil listed codenames used by Fuentes which had not been deciphered by police.
In November 2006,El Mundo[citation needed] claimed that an anti-doping laboratory inBarcelona which analyzed 99 bags ofblood plasma seized inOperación Puerto found "high levels oferythropoietin (EPO)". This suggested athletes working with Fuentes had been boosting their performance in ways other than blood doping.El Mundo suggested those implicated had delegated their cheating to Fuentes, and would not have been able to control the level of EPO they were taking.
After studying the Barcelona lab's report,El Mundo described Fuentes's program as: riders would visit Fuentes a few weeks before a race and have blood removed. Fuentes would run the blood through acentrifuge, separating theblood plasma from the red blood cells. The cells would be re-injected shortly before competition, boosting resistance to fatigue. Ifhaematocrit levels (volume of red blood cells) got dangerously high, they would re-inject plasma as well, enhanced with EPO, to dilute the red blood cells and avoid detection.
The Barcelona lab did not identify any athlete responsible for any of the 99 tested bags of blood.[21]
On 26 July 2006, five Astana riders were cleared by Spanish courts. The five –Joseba Beloki,Isidro Nozal,Sérgio Paulinho,Allan Davis andAlberto Contador – received a document clearing them of links toOperación Puerto, the Spanish newspaperEl Diario Vasco reported.[22]
On 8 October, theMadrid court in charge of the case told the Spanish cycling federation, theReal Federación Española de Ciclismo (RFEC), that court documents could not be used in the federation's investigations.[23]
On 13 October,Ivan Basso was cleared by Italian authorities due to lack of evidence. Ullrich was cleared by the Spanish courts on 25 October. The judge ruled that Ullrich and Basso were put under investigation without proof of involvement.[24]
On 28 October, the RFEC closed disciplinary files against cyclists in the investigation. However, the RFEC will initiate disciplinary investigations on Manolo Sáiz.[25]UCI president Pat McQuaid was reported to feel let down by authorities in Spain. He hoped teams would require cyclists to submitDNA samples to clear their names.[26] The investigations into Spanish riders were suspended.[27]On 7 March 2007, the case was dropped through lack of evidence of crime.[28]
On 3 April 2007, the German news agencysid said nine bags of blood markedJan,number 1 orHijo Rudicio (Son of Rudy) matchedJan Ullrich's saliva DNA.[4] On 7 May, Basso admitted involvement with the scandal to theItalian National Olympic Committee (CONI).[3] On 9 May,Michele Scarponi admitted he wasZapatero in Fuentes' files.[29] And on 30 June,Jörg Jaksche admitted he wasBella.[30]
In January 2013, the Operacion Puerto trial went underway, and Eufemiano Fuentes offered to reveal the names of all the athletes who were his clients. Julia Santamaria, the judge presiding the trial, told Fuentes that he was not under obligations to name any athlete other than the cyclists implicated. Fuentes stated that he supplied athletes in other sports with drugs and said: "I could identify all the samples [of blood]. If you give me a list I could tell you who corresponds to each code on the [blood] packs."[31]
On the 30 April 2013 Fuentes was found guilty and given a one-year suspended prison sentence. The judge also ruled on a request to hand over blood bags to theSpanish Anti-Doping Agency. The judge ordered the blood bags destroyed, but the anti-doping agency has appealed.[32] Additional appeals were filed by theUnion Cycliste Internationale, theItalian National Olympic Committee and theWorld Anti-Doping Agency, as well as by the prosecution.[33] On 14 June 2016, the original verdict against Fuentes was overruled and he was cleared of all charges. However, 211 blood bags from his laboratory are set to be handed over to anti-doping authorities for investigation.[34]
According to the Guardia Civil,[20][35][36] the following athletes have been named.
On 5 July 2006, Fuentes was indignant that only cyclists had been named and said he also worked with tennis and football players.[2] On 27 July 2006,IAAF was assured by Spanish prosecutors that notrack and field athletes were involved.[58] On 23 September 2006, former cyclistJesús Manzano told reporters fromFrance 3 that he had seen "well-knownfootballers" fromLa Liga visit the offices of Dr Fuentes.[59]
In May 2007Sepp Blatter, president ofFIFA, at aWorld Anti-Doping Agency meeting in Montreal, was reportedly interested in the contents "of the Puerto file".[60]Le Monde had reported in December 2006 that they had possession of documents of Fuentes detailing "seasonal preparation plans" for Spanish football clubsFC Barcelona andReal Madrid. These plans did not specifically name any players.[61]No other athletes had been named.
It had also been discovered that Fuentes received over €327,000 annually fromReal Sociedad. The documentation of the doctor also contained the inscriptions "RSOC" a couple of times and "Cuentas [bills] Asti" which most probably stands for Astiazarán, president of the club from 2001 to 2005. In the2002–03 La Liga season Real Sociedad finished second in the Spanish League, missing the championship by two points.[62][63]