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Open communion, also known asopen table,eucharistic hospitality, oreucharistic sharing, is a practice of someChristian Churches of allowing bothmembers of theirdenomination, as well as non-members, to receive theEucharist.[1][2] Most churches that practice open communion require that the communicant be abaptized believer, and other requirements may apply as well. Christian denominations that practice open communion includeOld Catholics,Moravians,Anglicans,Methodists,Community of Christ, andPentecostals, as well as certainLutherans,Reformed Christians (including some in thePresbyterian,Congregationalist, andContinental Reformed churches),Baptists andPlymouth Brethren. Those Christian denominations that practice open communion hold that the Eucharist is Christ’s Supper and therefore, all are welcome to commune.[3]
Open communion is the opposite ofclosed communion, in which the sacrament is reserved for members of the particular church or others with which it is in a relationship offull communion or fellowship, or has otherwise recognized for that purpose. Closed communion may refer to either a particular denomination or an individual congregation serving Communion only to its own members.
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Generally, churches that offer open communion to other Christians do not require an explicit affirmation of Christianity from the communicant before distributing the elements; the act of receiving is an implicit affirmation. Some churches make an announcement before communion begins such as "We invite all who have professed a faith in Christ to join us at the table."
Open communion is generally practiced in churches where the elements are passed through the congregation (also called self-communication). However, it is also practiced in some churches that have a communion procession, where the congregation comes forward to receive communion in front of thealtar; such is the case in theUnited Methodist Church, theEpiscopal Church, mostAnglican churches, and someLutheran churches.
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Those practising open communion generally believe that the invitation to receive communion is an invitation to Christ's table, and that it is not the province of human beings to interfere between an individual and Christ. Some traditions maintain that there are certain circumstances under which individuals should not present themselves for (and should voluntarily refrain from receiving) communion. However, if those individuals were to present themselves for communion, they would not be denied. In other traditions, the concept of being "unfit to receive" is unknown, and the actual refusal to distribute the elements to an individual would be considered scandalous.
TheOld Catholic Church practices open communion.
SomeIndependent Catholic Churches, such as theAmerican Catholic Church in the United States,[4]American National Catholic Church,[5] andBrazilian Catholic Apostolic Church[6] practice open communion.[4]
All bodies in theLiberal Catholic Movement practise open communion as a matter of policy.
The Churches ofDenmark,Norway andSweden are open communion churches.
Most churches in theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America practise their own form of open communion, offering the Eucharist to adults without receiving catechetical instruction, provided they are baptized and believe in the Real Presence.[7]
TheMoravian Church practices open communion.[8]
ThePresbyterian Church (USA),Presbyterian - ECO, thePresbyterian Church in America, theCumberland Presbyterian Church, and theUnited Church of Christ practice eucharistic hospitality.[9]
Open communion subject to baptism is an official policy of theChurch of England[10] and churches in theAnglican Communion.
The official policy of theProtestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America is to only invite baptized persons to receive communion. However, many parishes do not insist on this and practise open communion.
TheMethodist Church prefers to use the term "open table" to emphasize that all may approach theCommunion table.[11][12] TheAllegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection,United Methodist Church,Free Methodist Church,Global Methodist Church, andAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church have an open table.[13]
Wesleyans practice open communion.[14]
TheChristian and Missionary Alliance holds to open communion.[15]
TheFree Will Baptists practice open communion,[16] Most churches in theSouthern Baptist Convention (where ultimately the decision is made by each local church) practice open communion.[17]
TheUniting Church in Australia practises open communion, inviting all attending to participate.[18]
ThePlymouth Brethren were founded on the basis of an open communion with any baptized Christian: today, followingJohn Nelson Darby,Exclusive Brethren practise closed communion, andOpen Brethren practise open communion on the basis of "receiving to the Lord's table those whom He has received, time being allowed for confidence to be established in our minds that those who we receive are the Lord's."[19]
TheCalvary Chapel practices open communion.[20]
Churches of Christ, though holding to a closed communion view, in practice do not prohibit visitors from taking communion, on the view that per 1 Corinthians 11:28 the visitor must "examine himself" and decide to partake or decline (i.e. it is not for the minister, elders/deacons, or members to decide who may or may not partake);[21] thus, the practice is more akin to open communion.
Within theLatter Day Saint movement, theCommunity of Christ practices open communion. TheLDS Church, on the other hand, views its corresponding ceremony (known as theSacrament) as having meaning only for church members (though without actually forbidding others from participating).[22]
In theAnglican Communion, as well as in many other traditionalChristian denominations, those who are not baptized may come forward in the communion line with their arms crossed over their chest, in order to receive a blessing from the priest, in lieu of Holy Communion.[23] This practice is also used in the Roman Catholic church at funeral masses, where attendees frequently include non-Catholics.
Among Gnostic churches, both theEcclesia Gnostica and the Apostolic Johannite Church practise open communion.
Within theNontrinitarian groups, theChurch of God General Conference practices open communion, as well as manyUnitarian andUniversalist Christian churches such asKing's Chapel in Boston, Massachusetts.[24]
TheCatholic Church does not practise or recognise open communion.[25] In general it permits access to its Eucharistic communion only to baptized Catholics.[26] Catholics can only receive Holy Communion if they are in a state of grace, this is without any mortal sin: "A person who is conscious of grave sin (mortal sin) is not to celebrate Mass or receive the body of the Lord without previous sacramental confession unless there is a grave reason and there is no opportunity to confess; in this case the person is to remember the obligation to make an act of perfect contrition which includes the resolution of confessing as soon as possible."[27]
In lieu of Holy Communion, some parishes invite non-Catholics to come forward in the line, with their arms crossed over their chest, and receive ablessing from the priest.[28][29] However,Canon 844 of the1983 Code of Canon Law of theLatin Church and the parallel canon 671 of theCode of Canons of the Eastern Churches also recognizes that in certain circumstances, by way of exception, and under certain conditions, access to these sacraments may be permitted, or even commended, for Christians of other Churches and ecclesial Communities.
Thus it permitsEastern Christians who are not infull communion with the Catholic Church (Eastern Orthodox Church,Oriental Orthodoxy andAssyrian Church of the East) to receive Communion from Catholic ministers, if they request it of their own accord and are properly disposed, and it applies the same rule also to some Western Churches that theHoly See judges to be in a situation similar to that of Eastern Christians with regard to the sacraments.[30]
On 15 November 2015, while atChristuskirche in Rome Pope Francis answered a Lutheran woman wishing to be able to participate in Holy Communion with her Catholic husband: "It is a question that each person must answer for themselves … there is one baptism, one faith, one Lord, so talk to the Lord and move forward".[31][32][33] In the following year atLund Cathedral, in a joint Lutheran-Catholic service commemorating the Reformation, Pope Francis andBishop Munib Younan (the head of theLutheran World Federation) "jointly pledged to remove the obstacles to full unity between their Churches, leading eventually to shared Eucharist."[34]
Recognizing that "that everyone in a marriage that binds denominations," theCatholic Church in Germany in 2018 produced a pastoral handout allowingLutheran spouses of Catholics to receive Communion from Catholic ministers in certain cases, 'provided they "affirm the Catholic faith in the Eucharist".'[35][36][37][38] Thus far, ArchbishopHans-Josef Becker (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paderborn), ArchbishopStefan Heße (Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg), ArchbishopLudwig Schick (Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda), and Bishop Franz Jung (Roman Catholic Diocese of Würzburg) have implemented the pastoral document, in addition to Bishops Gerhard Feige of Magdeburg and Franz-Josef Bode of Osnabrück declaring their intention to implement the pastoral document well.[39] Bishop Franz Jung, while celebrating a Jubilee Mass on 5 July 2018 atWürzburg Cathedral, called inter-denominational marriages "denomination-uniting" and thus "especially invited" couples in which one spouse is Protestant to receive the Eucharist during his sermon.[39]
For other baptized Christians (such asAnglicans,Methodists and otherProtestants) under the jurisdiction of other episcopal conferences, the conditions are more severe. Only in danger of death or if, in the judgment of the local bishop, there is a grave and pressing need, may members of these Churches who cannot approach a minister of their own Church be invited to receive the Eucharist, if they spontaneously ask for it, demonstrate that they have thecatholic faith in the Eucharist, and are properly disposed.[40]
Catholic priests have sometimes not observed these rules, giving Holy Communion to non-Catholics sometimes unknowingly.[41][42] Notably,Pope John Paul II gave Holy Communion toBrother Roger, aReformed pastor and founder of theTaizé Community, several times; in addition Cardinal Ratzinger (laterPope Benedict XVI) also gave Brother Roger the Eucharist.[43][44][45] Moreover, after Brother Roger's death, at theMass celebrated for him in France, "communion wafers were given to the faithful indiscriminately, regardless of denomination".[46]
The Catholic Church does not allow its own faithful to receive Communion from non-catholic ministers in whose churches these sacraments are valid, apart from in extreme cases, such as danger of death, and only if it recognizes the validity of the sacraments of that Church. Other conditions are that it be physically or morally impossible for the Catholic to approach a Catholic minister, that it be a case of real need or spiritual benefit, and that the danger of error orindifferentism be avoided.[47]
TheLutheran Church has a variety of practices, depending on denominational polity. Some branches of Lutheranism, such as theLutheran Church – Missouri Synod and theWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, do not practice open communion; they exclude non-members whose denominations are not in fellowship and require catechetical instructions for all people before receiving theEucharist.[48] This generally stems from an understanding that sharing communion is a sign of Christian unity; where that unity is not present, neither should Eucharistic sharing be present. Some Lutheran church bodies use the term "altar and pulpit fellowship" to refer to their specific practices.
Other parts of the Lutheran Church, including theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), TheEvangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, and many members of theLutheran World Federation, practice open communion and welcome all Baptized Christians to commune while ensuring that Lutheran belief on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist is declared orally or in writing.[49] Guests are then left to decide whether they should or should not receive the Eucharist.[49] The ELCA has specific communion sharing agreements with a number of other Christian denominations, encouraging the sharing of the sacrament across belief system boundaries.[50] The understanding that lies behind this practice is that Communion is both a foretaste of eschatological Christian unity as well as an effective means of fostering that unity.
TheEvangelical Church in Germany, which is a federation of Lutheran and Reformed churches, has an open communion.[51]
Many faith communities, including ours, practice open communion, meaning that if you are a baptized Christian of any "brand" you can take the Lord's Supper with us. Our theology is that sharing the bread and wine is a mark of fellowship in Jesus, not of a denominational identity, so should be available to everyone.
Open Communion is the practice of allowing individuals from different denominations commune together. This means, for example, that Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Lutherans are all communed together in the same church, even though each one holds a different belief about the Lord's Supper (and Original Sin, Baptism, Justification, Good Works, etc.).
Pastoral blessings are often available for children or adults who are not communing. Simply cross your arms over your chest if you wish to receive a blessing.
When a Lutheran woman married to a Catholic asked Pope Francis about this during his visit to her church in Rome last November, he said he couldn't decide the question but hinted strongly that he supported it. "It is a question that each person must answer for themselves … there is one baptism, one faith, one Lord, so talk to the Lord and move forward," he told the congregation, which broke out in applause.
Pope Francis is now also encouraging Protestants and Catholics to receive communion together at their respective Masses. He is doing so, as always, in a discursive, allusive way, not definitional, leaving the ultimate decision to the individual conscience. Still emblematic is the answer he gave on November 15, 2015, on a visit to the Christuskirche, the church of the Lutherans in Rome (see photo), to a Protestant who asked him if she could receive communion together with her Catholic husband. The answer from Francis was a stupefying pinwheel of yes, no, I don't know, you figure it out. ... Of course, however, by speaking in such a "liquid" form Pope Francis has brought everything into question again, concerning intercommunion between Catholics and Protestants. He has made any position thinkable, and therefore practicable. In fact, in the Lutheran camp the pope's words were immediately taken as a go-ahead for intercommunion. But now in the Catholic camp as well an analogous position statement has come, which presents itself above all as the authentic interpretation of the words Francis said at the Lutheran church of Rome. Acting as the pope's authorized interpreter is the Jesuit Giancarlo Pani, in the latest issue of "La Civiltà Cattolica," the magazine directed by Fr. Antonio Spadaro that has now become the official voice of Casa Santa Marta, meaning of Jorge Mario Bergoglio himself, who reviews and adjusts the articles that most interest him before their publication. Taking his cue from a recent joint declaration of the Catholic episcopal conference of the United States and of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Fr. Pani dedicates the entire second part of his article to the exegesis of the words of Francis at the Christuskirche in Rome, carefully selected from among those most useful for the purpose. And he draws the conclusion from them that they marked "a change" and "a progress in pastoral practice," analogous to the one produced by "Amoris Laetitia" for the divorced and remarried. They are only "small steps forward," Pani writes in the final paragraph. But the direction is set.
On Sunday, speaking to Evangelical Lutherans in Rome, the pope responded to a question posed to him by a non-Italian Lutheran woman married to an Italian Catholic man. The Holy Father's response suggests that while he was unprepared to pronounce with clarity on the issue, he considered the topic one that theologians such as Cardinal Walter Kasper, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (who was in attendance) might openly discuss.
Brother Roger also received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church. In this sense, there was nothing secret or hidden in the attitude of the Catholic Church, neither at Taizé or in Rome. During the funeral of Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Ratzinger only repeated what had already been done before him in Saint Peter's Basilica, at the time of the late Pope.
During the funeral for Pope John Paul II, Brother Roger himself received Communion directly from then-Cardinal Ratzinger.
Brother Roger received communion several times from the hands of Pope John Paul II, who had become friends with him from the days of the Second Vatican Council, and who was well acquainted with his personal journey with respect to the Catholic Church.