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Darwin (operating system)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromOpenDarwin)
Computer operating system
"Darwin (kernel)" redirects here. For the article about the kernel, seeXNU.

Operating system
Darwin
DeveloperApple Inc.
Written inC,C++,Objective-C,assembly language
OS familyUnix-like,[1][2]FreeBSD,[3]BSD[4]
Working stateCurrent
Source modelcurrentlyopen source withproprietary components,[citation needed] previouslyopen source
Initial releaseNovember 15, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-11-15)
Latest release24.0.0 / September 16, 2024; 6 months ago (2024-09-16)
Repositorygithub.com/apple-oss-distributions/distribution-macOS
Platforms
Kernel typeHybrid (XNU)
Influenced byNeXTSTEP,FreeBSD,BSD
Default
user interface		Command-line interface (Unix shell)
LicenseMostlyApple Public Source License (APSL), with closed-source drivers[5]
Official websiteopensource.apple.com
Part of a series on
macOS

Darwin is the coreUnix-likeoperating system ofmacOS,iOS,watchOS,tvOS,iPadOS,audioOS,visionOS, andbridgeOS. It previously existed as an independentopen-source operating system, first released byApple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code derived fromNeXTSTEP,FreeBSD,[3] otherBSD operating systems,[6]Mach, and otherfree software projects' code, as well as code developed by Apple. Darwin's unofficial mascot is Hexley the Platypus.[7]

Darwin is mostlyPOSIX-compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as compatible with any version of POSIX. Starting withLeopard, macOS has been certified as compatible with theSingle UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3).[8][9][10]

History

[edit]
Simplified history ofUnix-like operating systems

The heritage of Darwin began with Unix derivatives supplemented by aspects ofNeXT'sNeXTSTEP operating system (later, since version 4.0, known as OPENSTEP), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1996, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed intoRhapsody in 1997,Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999,Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000, andMac OS X 10.0 in 2001.

In 1999, Apple announced it would release the source code for the Mach 2.5 microkernel,BSD Unix 4.4 OS, and theApache Web server components of Mac OS X Server.[11] At the time, interimCEOSteve Jobs alluded toBritishnaturalistCharles Darwin by announcing "because it's about evolution".[12] In 2000, the core operating system components of Mac OS X were released asopen-source software under theApple Public Source License (APSL) as Darwin; the higher-level components, such as theCocoa andCarbon frameworks, remainedclosed-source.

Up to Darwin 8.0.1, released in April 2005, Apple released a binary installer (as anISO image) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin onPowerPC andIntel x86 systems as a standalone operating system.[13] Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code. As of January 2023, Apple no longer mentions Darwin by name on itsOpen Source website and only publishesan incomplete collection of open-source projects relating to macOS and iOS.

Design

[edit]
Diagram of macOS architecture

Kernel

[edit]
Main articles:XNU andMach (kernel)

The kernel of Darwin isXNU, ahybrid kernel which uses OSFMK 7.3[14] (Open Software FoundationMach Kernel) from theOSF, various elements ofFreeBSD (including the process model,network stack, andvirtual file system),[15] and an object-orienteddevice driverAPI calledI/O Kit.[16] The hybrid kernel design provides the flexibility of amicrokernel[17][failed verification –see discussion] and the performance of amonolithic kernel.[18]

Hardware and software support

[edit]

The last bootable full release of Darwin supported 32-bit and 64-bit Apple PowerPC systems and 32-bit Intel PCs.[19]

Darwin currently includes support for the64-bitx86-64 variant of theIntel x86processors used in Intel-basedMacs and the 64-bitARM processors used in theiPhone 5S and later, the6th generation iPod Touch, the5th generation iPad and later, theiPad Air family, theiPad Mini 2 and later, theiPad Pro family, the fourth generation and laterApple TVs, theHomePod family, andMacs withApple silicon such as the 2020Apple M1 Macs, as well as the Raspberry Pi 3B.[20][21] An open-source port of theXNU kernel exists that supports Darwin on Intel andAMD x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, though it does not appear to have been updated since 2009.[22] An open-source port of theXNU kernel also exists for ARM platforms, though it has not been updated since 2016.[23] Older versions supported some or all of 32-bitPowerPC, 64-bit PowerPC, 32-bit x86, and 32-bit ARM.

It supports thePOSIX API by way of itsBSD lineage (largelyFreeBSDuserland), so a large number of programs written for various otherUNIX-like systems can becompiled on Darwin with no changes to thesource code.

Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of macOS, such as theCarbon andCocoa APIs or theQuartz Compositor andAqua user interface, and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser-known features of macOS, such as mDNSResponder, which is themulticastDNS responder and a core component of theBonjour networking technology, andlaunchd, an advancedservice managementframework.

License

[edit]

In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of theApple Public Source License (APSL), which theFree Software Foundation (FSF) classifies as afree software license incompatible with theGNU General Public License.[24] Previous versions were released under an earlier version of the APSL license, which did not meet the FSF definition of free software, although it did meet the requirements of theOpen Source Definition.[25]

Release history

[edit]

The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their derivative operating system releases.[26] Note that the corresponding releases may have been released on a different date.

Darwin 0–8 and corresponding Mac OS X releases

[edit]
VersionDateCorresponding releasesNotes
0.1March 16, 1999Mac OS X Server 1.0 releases
  • Initial release
  • 0.1 is contrived (for sorting and identification) as this identified itself simply as Rhapsody 5.3
0.2April 14, 1999Mac OS X Server 1.0.1
0.3August 5, 1999Based on Rhapsody 5.5
  • ISO image is available onarchive.org
  • After this point the kernel changed from the NeXTSTEP/OPENSTEP/Rhapsody to the newer XNU for Mac OS X
1.0April 12, 2000Developer preview 3
1.1April 5, 2000Developer preview 4
1.2.1November 15, 2000Mac OS X Public Beta (code-named "Kodiak")
1.3.1April 13, 2001Mac OS X v10.0 (code-named "Cheetah")
  • First commercial release of Darwin
  • All releases of Cheetah (v10.0.0–4) had the same version of Darwin.
1.4.1October 2, 2001Mac OS X v10.1 (code-named "Puma")
  • Performance improvements to "boot time, real-time threads, thread management, cache flushing, and preemption handling"
  • Support forSMB network file system
  • Wget replaced withcURL.[27]
5.1November 12, 2001Mac OS X v10.1.1
  • Change in numbering scheme to match theMac OS X build numbering scheme
5.5June 5, 2002Mac OS X v10.1.5
6.0.1September 23, 2002Mac OS X v10.2 (code-named "Jaguar")
6.8October 3, 2003Mac OS X v10.2.8
7.0October 24, 2003Mac OS X PantherMac OS X v10.3.0
7.9April 15, 2005Mac OS X v10.3.9
8.0April 29, 2005Mac OS X v10.4.0
8.11November 14, 2007Mac OS X v10.4.11

The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of macOS it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases).[31]

Darwin 9; iPhone OS introduced

[edit]
VersionDateCorresponding releasesNotes
9.0October 26, 2007Mac OS X v10.5.0
9.8August 5, 2009Mac OS X v.10.5.8

Darwin 10-11; iPhone OS rebranded to iOS

[edit]
VersionDateCorresponding releasesNotes
10.0August 28, 2009Mac OS X v10.6.0
10.8June 23, 2011Mac OS X v10.6.8
11.0.0July 20, 2011Mac OS X v10.7.0
  • XNU no longer supports PPC binaries (fat binary only for i386, x86_64).
  • XNU requires an x86_64 processor, except for iOS which is ARM based.
  • Improved sandboxing of applications
  • Complete support forAutomatic Reference Counting
11.4.2October 4, 2012Mac OS X v10.7.5 (supplemental)

Darwin 12–15; Mac OS X rebranded into OS X

[edit]
VersionDateCorresponding releasesNotes
12.0.0February 16, 2012OS X Mountain LionOS X v10.8.0
12.6.0January 27, 2015OS X v10.8.5 (with Security Update 2015-001)
13.0.0June 11, 2013OS X v10.9.0
13.4.0September 17, 2014OS X v10.9.5
14.0.0September 18, 2014OS X v10.10.0
14.5.0August 13, 2015OS X v10.10.5
15.0.0September 16, 2015OS X v10.11.0 and iOS 9.0
  • System Integrity Protection. Protects certain system parts from being modified or tampered with by a process even if run by root or by a user with root privileges.
  • sudo is configured with the "tty_tickets" flag by default, restricting the session timeout to the terminal session (such as a window or tab) in which the user authenticated the program.
  • LibreSSL replacesOpenSSL
15.6.0July 18, 2016OS X v10.11.6 and iOS 9.3.3

Darwin 16–19; OS X rebranded into macOS

[edit]
VersionDateCorresponding releasesNotes
16.0.0September 13, 2016macOS v10.12.0 and iOS 10.0.1(initial release version)
  • OS X was rebranded into macOS.
  • Writing to/Volumes directory is now restricted to root user or any user with root privileges
  • System Integrity Protection now covers/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC directory that contains a list of applications that are allowed to "control the computer"
  • Objective-Cgarbage collector removed and replaced byAutomatic Reference Counting that was introduced with Darwin v12.0 (OS X v10.8). Objective-C applications that use garbage collection will no longer work.
  • Native support forPPTP was removed.
16.5.0March 27, 2017macOS v10.12.4 and iOS 10.3
  • Changed filesystem fromHFS+ toAPFS on iOS devices. APFS is already available on macOS since 10.12.0 but can't be used on boot partition.
16.6.0July 19, 2017macOS v10.12.6 and iOS 10.3.3
17.0.0September 19, 2017
  • APFS replacesHFS+ as the default filesystem for boot partition in macOS on Macs withflash storage. On Macs withHDDs, the boot partition must be reformatted to use APFS.
  • ntpd replaced bytimed as a time synchronization service
  • FTP andtelnet commands are removed.
  • Kernel extensions ("kexts") will require explicit approval by the user before being able to run.
17.5.0March 29, 2018macOS 10.13.4
  • Support for external graphics processors usingThunderbolt 3, and removes support for external graphics processors using Thunderbolt 1 and 2.
17.6.0June 1, 2018macOS v10.13.5
17.7.0July 9, 2018macOS v10.13.6 and iOS 11.4.1
18.0.0September 24, 2018
18.2.0October 30, 2018macOS v10.14.1 and iOS 12.1
  • Added support for the new Radeon Vega 20 GPUs in the new MacBooks
19.0.0September 19, 2019
19.2.0December 10, 2019macOS 10.15.2 and iOS 13.3
19.3.0January 28, 2020macOS 10.15.3 and iOS 13.3.1
  • System Extensions replace Kexts and runs in userspace, outside of the kernel.[35]
  • DriverKit replacesI/O Kit. It Introduces "Dexts" (Driver Extensions) which are built using DriverKit. Driverkit is a new SDK with all new frameworks based on IOKit, but is updated and modernized. Device Drivers run in userspace, outside of the kernel.[36][37][38]
19.4.0March 24, 2020
19.5.0April 30, 2020macOS 10.15.5 and iOS 13.5
19.6.0June 1, 2020macOS 10.15.6 beta 2 and iOS 13.6.0 beta 2

Darwin 20 onwards

[edit]
VersionDateCorresponding releasesNotes
20.0.0June 22, 2020macOS 11.0 beta 1 and iOS 14.0 beta 1
20.1.0September 3, 2020macOS 11.0 and iOS 14.0
20.2.0November 12, 2020macOS 11.1 and iOS 14.3
20.3.0February 1, 2021macOS 11.2, iOS 14.4, iPadOS 14.4, watchOS 7.3 and tvOS 14.4.
20.4.0April 20, 2021macOS 11.3, iOS 14.5, iPadOS 14.5, watchOS 7.4 and tvOS 14.5.
20.5.0May 24, 2021macOS 11.4 and iOS 14.6
20.6.0June 2, 2021macOS 11.5 beta 2 and iOS 14.7 beta 2
21.0.0June 7, 2021macOS 12.0 beta 1 and iOS 15.0 beta 1
21.0.1October 25, 2021macOS 12.0
21.1.0October 25, 2021macOS 12.0.1 and iOS 15.0
21.2.0December 7, 2021macOS 12.1 and iOS 15.2
21.3.0January 26, 2022macOS 12.2 and iOS 15.3
21.4.0March 14, 2022macOS 12.3 and iOS 15.4
21.5.0June 24, 2022macOS 12.4 and iOS 15.5
21.6.0July 20, 2022macOS 12.5 and iOS 15.6
22.0June 6, 2022macOS 13.0 beta 1, iOS 16.0, watchOS 9.0 and tvOS 16.0
22.1.0October 24, 2022macOS 13.0, iOS 16.1, iPadOS 16.1, watchOS 9.1 and tvOS 16.1
22.2.0December 13, 2022macOS 13.1, iOS 16.2, iPadOS 16.2, watchOS 9.2 and tvOS 16.2
22.3.0January 23, 2023macOS 13.2, iOS 16.3, iPadOS 16.3, watchOS 9.3 and tvOS 16.3
22.4.0March 27, 2023macOS 13.3, iOS 16.4, iPadOS 16.4, watchOS 9.4 and tvOS 16.4
22.5.0May 18, 2023macOS 13.4, iOS 16.5, iPadOS 16.5, watchOS 9.5 and tvOS 16.5
22.6.0July 24, 2023macOS 13.5, iOS 16.6, iPadOS 16.6, watchOS 9.6 and tvOS 16.6
23.0.0September 18, 2023macOS 14.0, iOS 17.0, iPadOS 17.0, watchOS 10.0 and tvOS 17.0
23.1.0October 25, 2023macOS 14.1, iOS 17.1, iPadOS 17.1, watchOS 10.1 and tvOS 17.1
23.2.0November 15, 2023macOS 14.2, iOS 17.2, iPadOS 17.2, watchOS 10.2 and tvOS 17.2
23.3.0January 22, 2024macOS 14.3, iOS 17.3, iPadOS 17.3, watchOS 10.3 and tvOS 17.3
23.4.0March 5, 2024macOS 14.4, iOS 17.4, iPadOS 17.4, watchOS 10.4 and tvOS 17.4
23.5.0May 13, 2024macOS 14.5, iOS 17.5, iPadOS 17.5, watchOS 10.5 and tvOS 17.5
24.0.0September 16, 2024macOS 15.0, iOS 18.0, iPadOS 18.0, watchOS 11.0, and tvOS 18.0

Note: the tables above contain the release dates of the corresponding OS releases. Build dates for Darwin versions are not publicly available; the commands below only give the build date for the XNU kernel.

The commanduname -r inTerminal will show the Darwin version number ("20.3.0"), and the commanduname -v will show theXNU build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.The commandsw_vers will show the corresponding ProductName ("macOS"), the ProductVersion number ("11.2.3") and the BuildVersion string ("20D91").

Derived projects

[edit]

Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there have been projects that aim to modify or enhance the operating system.

OpenDarwin

[edit]
GNOME running on GNU-Darwin

OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 byApple Inc. andInternet Systems Consortium. Its goal was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and thefree software community. Apple benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open-source community benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin.[39]

On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects", and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed.[40] They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this."[41] The last stable release was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004.[42]

PureDarwin

[edit]

PureDarwin is a project to create a bootable operating system image from Apple's released source code for Darwin.[43] Since the halt of OpenDarwin and the release of bootable images since Darwin 8.x, it has been increasingly difficult to create a full operating system as many components became closed source. In 2015 the project created a preview release based on Darwin 9 with an X11 GUI,[44] followed by a command-line only 17.4 Beta based on Darwin 17.[45]

Other derived projects

[edit]
Window Maker inXDarwin

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Kernel Architecture Overview".Kernel Programming Guide.Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. RetrievedMay 27, 2019.
  2. ^"darwin-xnu/README.md at master".GitHub.Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. RetrievedNovember 21, 2019.
  3. ^ab"Apple BSD Overview". Apple. 2002.Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2002.
  4. ^"Apple - Public Source - Darwin FAQ". Archived fromthe original on November 19, 2004. RetrievedAugust 9, 2021.
  5. ^"Binary Drivers required for PureDarwin". Archived fromthe original on November 18, 2009. RetrievedJuly 20, 2009.
  6. ^"1. System Overview".NeXTstep Concepts.NeXT.Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. RetrievedMarch 26, 2021.
  7. ^"Homepage of Hexley the DarwinOS Mascot".
  8. ^"Mac OS X Leopard - Technology - UNIX".Leopard Technology Overview.Apple Inc. Archived fromthe original on December 27, 2008.Leopard is now an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, conforming to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads.
  9. ^The Open Group (May 18, 2007)."Mac OS X Version 10.5 Leopard on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification".Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 11, 2013.
  10. ^"macOS version 10.13 High Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers". The Open Group.Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. RetrievedNovember 19, 2017.
  11. ^Walsh, Jeff (March 22, 1999)."Apple goes open source with key OS components".InfoWorld. Vol. 21, no. 12. IDG InfoWorld. p. 40. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2020.
  12. ^Kahney, Leander."Apple Opens OS Code".Wired. Condé Nast.Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2020.
  13. ^"Apple ISO download directory". Archived fromthe original on October 7, 2016.
  14. ^Jim Magee.WWDC 2000 Session 106 - Mac OS X: Kernel. 14 minutes in.Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.
  15. ^"Mac Technology Overview: Kernel and Device Drivers Layer".Apple Developer Connection.Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. RetrievedFebruary 11, 2013.
  16. ^Singh, Amit (January 7, 2004)."XNU: The Kernel". Archived fromthe original on June 2, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 11, 2013.
  17. ^Roch, Benjamin. "Monolithic kernel vs. Microkernel".CiteSeerX 10.1.1.89.9877.
  18. ^"Additional Features".Porting UNIX/Linux Applications to OS X.Apple Inc.Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. RetrievedNovember 13, 2017.
  19. ^"Darwin 8.0.1 Release Notes". April 29, 2005.Archived from the original on October 28, 2023. RetrievedAugust 16, 2023.
  20. ^"XNU board config for BCM2837".GitHub. December 16, 2021.Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. RetrievedDecember 5, 2021.
  21. ^"Raspberry Pi 3 Model B".Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. RetrievedDecember 5, 2021.Quad Core 1.2GHz Broadcom BCM2837
  22. ^"Voodoo XNU Kernel Source".Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. RetrievedApril 25, 2014. Requires an Apache SVN client.
  23. ^"XNU on ARMv7".GitHub. January 25, 2022.
  24. ^"FSF's Opinion of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) 2.0".Archived from the original on May 4, 2020. RetrievedJuly 22, 2016.
  25. ^"The Problems with older versions of the Apple Public Source License (APSL)".Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. RetrievedJuly 22, 2016.
  26. ^"Open Source Releases".Apple Developer Connection. RetrievedFebruary 11, 2013.
  27. ^"Technical Note TN2029: Mac OS X v10.1".Apple Developer Connection. Archived fromthe original on November 14, 2001.
  28. ^Siracusa, John (September 5, 2002)."Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar".Ars Technica. RetrievedMay 31, 2008.
  29. ^Siracusa, John (November 9, 2003)."Mac OS X 10.3 Panther".Ars Technica. RetrievedMay 31, 2008.
  30. ^Siracusa, John (April 28, 2005)."Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger".Ars Technica. RetrievedMay 30, 2008.
  31. ^Prabhakar, Ernie (November 9, 2001)."Darwin Version - New Scheme in Software Update 1".darwin-development (Mailing list). Archived fromthe original on January 14, 2009. RetrievedJune 2, 2008.
  32. ^Siracusa, John (October 28, 2007)."Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: the Ars Technica review".Ars Technica. RetrievedMay 30, 2008.
  33. ^Siracusa, John (August 31, 2009)."Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review".Ars Technica. RetrievedNovember 29, 2009.
  34. ^As found on ajailbrokeniPhone 4S
  35. ^"System Extensions and DriverKit - WWDC19 - Videos".
  36. ^"SystemExtensions".Apple Developer Documentation.
  37. ^"DriverKit".Apple Developer Documentation.
  38. ^System Extensions and DriverKit.Apple Developer Documentation.
  39. ^"OpenDarwin". OpenDarwin Project. Archived fromthe original on January 6, 2006.
  40. ^Schofield, Jack (July 26, 2006)."OpenDarwin Shutting Down".The Guardian. RetrievedMarch 18, 2023.
  41. ^OpenDarwin Core Team and Administrators (July 25, 2006)."OpenDarwin Shutting Down". OpenDarwin Project. Archived fromthe original on August 4, 2006.
  42. ^"OpenDarwin 7.2.1 Released". August 5, 2004. Archived fromthe original on August 5, 2004. RetrievedOctober 7, 2019.
  43. ^"PureDarwin".Archived from the original on April 1, 2024. RetrievedApril 1, 2024.
  44. ^PureDarwin XmasArchived December 3, 2019, at theWayback Machine (2015)
  45. ^"PureDarwin 17.4 Beta".GitHub. PureDarwin. November 30, 2019.Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2020.
  46. ^"Security Enhanced Darwin". SEDarwin. January 22, 2007. Archived fromthe original on October 5, 2011.
  47. ^"What's New In Mac OS X: Mac OS X v10.5".Mac OS X Reference Library. Apple Inc. November 13, 2009. Archived fromthe original on December 8, 2009.
  48. ^"L4/Darwin (aka Darbat)". Ertos.nicta.com.au. May 9, 2007. Archived fromthe original on December 19, 2013.
  49. ^"Darling: macOS translation layer for Linux".www.darlinghq.org.Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2020.
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  51. ^"iwi2200 Darwin".SourceForge. March 27, 2009.Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. RetrievedJune 13, 2010.
  52. ^"Port BSD tulip driver(s) to Darwin OS | Download Port BSD tulip driver(s) to Darwin OS software for free at". SourceForge.net.Archived from the original on July 16, 2010. RetrievedJuly 12, 2010.
  53. ^"RealTek network driver for Mac OS X/Darwin".SourceForge. March 15, 2006.Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. RetrievedJune 3, 2010.Project inactive since March 15, 2006.
  54. ^fansui; et al. (August 1, 2007)."RTL8150LMEthernet". SourceForge.Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. RetrievedJune 13, 2010.
  55. ^"ZyXEL Modem Drivers for OS X/Darwin | Download ZyXEL Modem Drivers for OS X/Darwin software for free at". SourceForge.net. May 14, 2002.Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. RetrievedJuly 12, 2010.
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  59. ^"DarwinBSD".darwinbsd.tk.Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. RetrievedApril 7, 2023.

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