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Open-mid back unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ʌ⟩ in IPA
Open-mid back unrounded vowel
ʌ
IPA number314
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ʌ
Unicode(hex)U+028C
X-SAMPAV
Braille⠬ (braille pattern dots-346)
Image
IPA:Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Theopen-mid back unrounded vowel orlow-mid back unrounded vowel[1] is a type ofvowel sound, used in somespokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʌ⟩, graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called aturned V but created as a small-capital⟨ᴀ⟩ without the crossbar, even though some vendors display it as a real turnedv). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", "caret" or "hat". In transcriptions forEnglish, this symbol is commonly used for thenear-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions forDanish, it is used for theopen back rounded vowel.

Features

[edit]
Spectrogram of[ʌ]

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Ajië[2]kë[kʌˀ]'pot'Distinct from/ə/
CatalanSolsonès[3]tarda[ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː]'afternoon'Realization of final unstressed/ə/
Danishslot[ˈslʌt]'castle'Usually transcribed as/ɒ/ but more mid-centralized[ɒ̽].
Emilianmost Emilian dialects[4]Bulåggna[buˈlʌɲːɐ]'Bologna'It corresponds to a sound between/ɔ/ to/ä/; writtenò in some spellings
EnglishCape Town[5]lot[lʌt]'lot'It corresponds to a weakly rounded[ɒ̈] in all other South African dialects. SeeSouth African English phonology
Natal[5]
Cardiff[6]thought[θʌːt]'thought'For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. SeeEnglish phonology
GeneralSouth African[7]no[nʌː]'no'May be a diphthong[ʌʊ̯] instead.[8] SeeSouth African English phonology
General American[9]gut[ɡʌt]ⓘ'gut'In some dialects, fronted to[ɜ], or fronted and lowered to[ɐ]. In Standard Southern British English,[ʌ] is increasingly heard in place of[ɐ] to avoid thetrap–strut merger.[10] SeeEnglish phonology andNorthern Cities Vowel Shift
Inland Northern American[11]
Multicultural London[12]
Newfoundland[13]
NorthernEast Anglian[14]
Philadelphia[15]
Scottish[16]
SomeEstuary English speakers[17]
Some Standard SouthernBritish speakers[10]
FrenchPicardy[18]alors[aˈlʌʀ̥]'so'Corresponding to/ɔ/ instandard French.
GermanChemnitz dialect[19]machen[ˈmʌχɴ̩]'to do'Allophone of/ʌ,ʌː/ (which phonetically are central[ɜ,ɜː])[20] before and after/ŋ,kʰ,k,χ,ʁ/. Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before/χ,ʁ/.[21]
Haida[22]ḵwaáay[qʷʰʌʔáːj]'the rock'Allophone of/a/ (sometimes also/aː/) after uvular and epiglottal consonants.[23]
IrishUlster dialect[24]ola[ʌl̪ˠə]'oil'SeeIrish phonology
Kaingang[25][ˈɾʌ]'mark'Varies between back[ʌ] and central[ɜ].[26]
Kashmiriاز[ʌz]'today'Allophone of[ɐ]. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of theSrinagar variety.
Kensiu[27][hʌʎ]'stream'
Korean[28]너 /neo[nʌ̹]'you'SeeKorean phonology
Lillooet[example needed]Retracted counterpart of/ə/.
Mah Meri[29][example needed]Allophone of/ə/; can be mid central[ə] or close-mid back[ɤ] instead.[29]
Nepaliअसल/asal[ʌsʌl]'good'SeeNepali phonology
NorwegianSolør[30]fäss[fʌs]'waterfall'In traditional dialect transcriptions, this vowel is written consequently as ⟨ä⟩, and has existed as a separate vowel in addition to ⟨æ⟩,[æ]. This is because ⟨ä⟩ has evolved from an unrounding of short ⟨o⟩. ⟨ä⟩ has morphed to[æ] with younger speakers.
PortugueseGreater Lisbon area[31]leite[ˈɫ̪ʌjt̪ɨ̞]'milk'Allophone of/ɐ/ before/i/ (forming a phonetic diphthong[ʌj]). Corresponds to[e] in other accents.[31] SeePortuguese phonology
RussianStandardSaint Petersburg[32]голова/golová[ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä]'head'Corresponds to[ɐ] in standardMoscow pronunciation;[32] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. SeeRussian phonology
Scottish GaelicBarra[33]duine[ˈt̪ɯɲʌ]'person'Dialectal allophone of[ə] in word-final position.
Tamil[34][example needed]Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence/am/, may be[õ] or[ã] instead.[34] SeeTamil phonology
Xavante[35][jʌm]'seed'The nasal version[ʌ̃] also occurs.[35]

BeforeWorld War II, the/ʌ/ ofReceived Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel[ʌ], which has since shifted forward towards[ɐ] (a near-open central unrounded vowel).Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel[ʌ̟] between his central/ə/ and back/ɔ/; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal[a].[36] InAmerican English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme/ʌ/ is an open-mid central[ɜ].[37][38] Truly backed variants of/ʌ/ that are phonetically[ʌ] can occur inInland Northern American English, Newfoundland English,Philadelphia English, some ofAfrican-American English, and (old-fashioned) whiteSouthern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.[39][40] However, the letter ⟨ʌ⟩ is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants[ɐ] or[ɜ]. That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation.[41]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^While theInternational Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^Zetterberg, William."So close and yet so different: Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages | Lund University".Lund University. Retrieved9 July 2023.
  3. ^"Anàlisi dialectològica d'uns parlars del Solsonès".prezi.com. Retrieved2019-11-29.
  4. ^"Scrîver al bulgnaiṡ cum và".bulgnais.com (in Emilian). Archived fromthe original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved2020-04-21.
  5. ^abLass (2002), p. 115.
  6. ^Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  7. ^Wells (1982), pp. 614, 621.
  8. ^Wells (1982), p. 614.
  9. ^Wells (1982), p. 485.
  10. ^abCruttenden (2014), p. 122.
  11. ^W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997),A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrievedMay 27, 2013
  12. ^Cruttenden (2014), p. 91.
  13. ^Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 61–63.
  14. ^Trudgill (2004), p. 167.
  15. ^Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 73–74.
  16. ^Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  17. ^Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
  18. ^"Picardie : phonétique". Retrieved29 January 2015.
  19. ^Khan & Weise (2013), pp. 235, 238.
  20. ^Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
  21. ^Khan & Weise (2013), p. 238.
  22. ^Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33.
  23. ^Lawrence (1977), pp. 32–33, 36.
  24. ^Ní Chasaide (1999), pp. 114–115.
  25. ^Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  26. ^Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 682.
  27. ^Bishop (1996), p. 230.
  28. ^Lee (1999).
  29. ^abKruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 245.
  30. ^Borg (1987), p. 10.
  31. ^abCruz-Ferreira (1995), pp. 91–2.
  32. ^abYanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 225.
  33. ^Borgstrøm (1937), p. 76.
  34. ^abKeane (2004), p. 114.
  35. ^abNikulin & Carvalho (2019), p. 263.
  36. ^Jones (1972), pp. 86–88.
  37. ^Gordon (2004b), p. 340.
  38. ^Tillery & Bailey (2004), p. 333.
  39. ^Thomas (2001), pp. 27–28, 112–115, 121, 134, 174.
  40. ^Gordon (2004a), pp. 294–296.
  41. ^Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 135.

References

[edit]
  • Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004). "The dialects in the South of England: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 181–196.ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
  • Bishop, Nancy (1996)."A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology"(PDF).Mon-Khmer Studies.25:227–253.
  • Borg, Arve (1987).Gammalt frå Grue: Grue-mål. Bondekvinnelagene i Grue.
  • Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937).The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap.
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.).English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters. pp. 87–103.ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014).Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge.ISBN 9781444183092.
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995)."European Portuguese".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.25 (2):90–94.doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223.S2CID 249414876.
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004a). "New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.).A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 294–296.ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004b), "The West and Midwest: Phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.),A Handbook of Varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 340,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009)."Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble" [Phonology and prosody of Kaingang spoken in Cacique Doble].Anais do SETA (in Portuguese).3. Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP:675–685.
  • Jones, Daniel (1972).An Outline of English Phonetics (9th ed.). Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
  • Keane, Elinor (2004)."Tamil".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.34 (1):111–116.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549.
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013)."Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43 (2):231–241.doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145.
  • Kruspe, Nicole; Hajek, John (2009)."Mah Meri".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.39 (2):241–248.doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946.
  • Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.).Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521791052.
  • Lawrence, Erma (1977).Haida Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999). "Korean".Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–122.ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish".Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–116.ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999).Course in Phonology. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006),Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: An Overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Thomas, Erik R. (2001). "An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English".Publication of the American Dialect Society.85. Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.
  • Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy (2004). "The urban south: Phonology". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.).A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 333.ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
  • Trudgill, Peter (2004). "The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 163–177.ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
  • Wells, J.C. (1982).Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015)."Russian".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.45 (2):221–228.doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.
  • Nikulin, Andrey; Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2019)."Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama".Macabéa: Revista Eletrônica do Netlli (in Brazilian Portuguese).8 (2).Crato.doi:10.47295/MREN.V8I2.1910.

External links

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Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰ˷
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Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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