The related suffix-ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as thegenome,proteome ormetabolome respectively. The suffix-ome as used in molecular biology refers to atotality of some sort; it is an example of a "neo-suffix" formed by abstraction from various Greek terms in-ωμα, a sequence that does not form an identifiable suffix in Greek.
Functional genomics aims at identifying the functions of as many genes as possible of a given organism. It combinesdifferent -omics techniques such as transcriptomics and proteomics with saturated mutant collections.[3]
TheOxford English Dictionary (OED) distinguishes three different fields of application for the-ome suffix:
in medicine, forming nouns with the sense "swelling, tumour"
in botany or zoology, forming nouns in the sense "a part of an animal or plant with a specified structure"
in cellular and molecular biology, forming nouns with the sense "all constituents considered collectively"
The-ome suffix originated as a variant of-oma, and became productive in the last quarter of the 19th century. It originally appeared in terms likesclerome[4] orrhizome.[5] All of these terms derive from Greek words in-ωμα,[6] a sequence that is not a single suffix, but analyzable as-ω-μα, the-ω- belonging to the word stem (usually a verb) and the-μα being a genuine Greek suffix forming abstract nouns.
The OED suggests that its third definition originated as aback-formation frommitome,[7] Early attestations includebiome (1916)[8] andgenome (first coined as GermanGenom in 1920[9]).[10]
The association withchromosome in molecular biology is byfalse etymology. The wordchromosome derives from theGreekstemsχρωμ(ατ)- "colour" andσωμ(ατ)- "body".[10] Whileσωμα "body" genuinely contains the-μα suffix, the preceding-ω- is not a stem-forming suffix but part of the word'sroot. Becausegenome refers to thecomplete genetic makeup of an organism, a neo-suffix-ome suggested itself as referring to "wholeness" or "completion".[11]
Many "omes" beyond the original "genome" have become useful and have been widely adopted by research scientists. "Proteomics" has become well-established as a term for studyingproteins at a large scale. "Omes" can provide an easy shorthand to encapsulate a field; for example, aninteractomics study is clearly recognisable as relating to large-scale analyses of gene-gene, protein-protein, or protein-ligand interactions. Researchers are rapidly taking up omes and omics, as shown by the explosion of the use of these terms inPubMed since the mid-1990s.[13]
Comparative genomics: Study of the relationship of genome structure and function across different biological species or strains.
Functional genomics: Describes gene and protein functions and interactions (often uses transcriptomics).
Metagenomics: Study ofmetagenomes, i.e., genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples.
Neurogenomics: Study of genetic influences on the development and function of the nervous system.
Pangenomics: Study of the entire collection of genes or genomes found within a given species.[14]
Personal genomics: Branch of genomics concerned with the sequencing and analysis of the genome of an individual. Once the genotypes are known, the individual's genotype can be compared with the published literature to determine likelihood of trait expression and disease risk. Helps in Personalized Medicine
Electromics: Branch of genomics concerned with the role of exogenous electric fields in potentiating the gene expression profiles of cells, tissues, and organoids.[15]
Theepigenome is the supporting structure of the genome, including protein and RNA binders, alternative DNA structures, and chemical modifications on DNA.
Epigenomics: Modern technologies include chromosome conformation byHi-C, variousChIP-seq and other sequencing methods combined with proteomic fractionations, and sequencing methods that find chemical modification of cytosines, like bisulfite sequencing.
Nucleomics: Study of the complete set of genomic components which form "the cell nucleus as a complex, dynamic biological system, referred to as the nucleome".[16][17] The 4D Nucleome Consortium officially joined the IHEC (International Human Epigenome Consortium) in 2017.
Themicrobiome is a microbial community occupying a well-defined habitat with distinct physio-chemical properties. It includes the microorganisms involved and their theatre of activity, formingecological niches. Microbiomes form dynamic and interactive micro-ecosystems prone to spaciotemporal change. They are integrated into macro-ecosystems, such as eukaryotic hosts, and are crucial to the host's proper function and health.[18] The interactive host-microbe systems make up theholobiont.[19]
Microbiomics is the study of microbiome dynamics, function, and structure.[20] This area of study employs several techniques to study the microbiome in its host environment:[19]
Sampling methods focused on collecting representative samples of the local environment, either from oral swabs or stool.[19]
Microfluidicsgut-on-a-chip devices, which simulate the conditions of the gut and allow analysis of changes to the microbiome that can be more accurately monitored thanin situ[19].
Mechanical DNA extraction techniques and gene amplification methods, such asPCR, to analyze the genomic profile of the entire microbiome.[19]
DNA fingerprinting using microarrays and hybridization techniques allow analysis of shifts in microbiota populations.[19]
Multi-omics studies allow for functional analysis of microbiota.[19]
Animal models can be used to take more accurate samples of thein situ microbiome.Germ-free animals are used to implant a specific microbiome from another organism to yield a gnotobiotic model. These can be studied to see how it changes under different environmental conditions.[19]
Thelipidome is the entire complement of cellularlipids, including the modifications made to a particular set of lipids, produced by an organism or system.
Lipidomics: Large-scale study of pathways and networks of lipids. Mass spectrometry techniques are used.
Theproteome is the entire complement ofproteins, including the modifications made to a particular set of proteins, produced by an organism or system.
Proteomics: Large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. Mass spectrometry techniques are used.
Chemoproteomics: An array of techniques used to study protein-small molecule interactions
Immunoproteomics: Study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response
Nutriproteomics: Identifying the molecular targets of nutritive and non-nutritive components of the diet. Uses proteomics mass spectrometry data for protein expression studies
Proteogenomics: An emerging field of biological research at the intersection of proteomics and genomics. Proteomics data used for gene annotations.
Structural genomics: Study of the three-dimensional structure of every protein encoded by a given genome using a combination of experimental and modeling approaches.
Foodomics was defined byAlejandro Cifuentes in 2009 as "a discipline that studies the food and nutrition domains through the application and integration of advanced omics technologies to improve consumer's well-being, health, and knowledge."[23][24]
Themetabolome is the ensemble of small molecules found within a biological matrix.
Metabolomics: Scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites. It is a "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles
Metabonomics: The quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametric metabolic response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modification
Nutritional genomics: A science studying the relationship between human genome, nutrition and health.
Nutrigenetics studies the effect of genetic variations on the interaction between diet and health with implications to susceptible subgroups
Nutrigenomics: Study of the effects of foods and food constituents on gene expression. Studies the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome
Pharmacogenomics investigates the effect of the sum of variations within the human genome on drugs;
Pharmacomicrobiomics investigates the effect of variations within the human microbiome on drugs and vice versa.
Toxicogenomics: a field of science that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to toxic substances.
Inspired by foundational questions in evolutionary biology, a Harvard team around Jean-Baptiste Michel andErez Lieberman Aiden created the American neologismculturomics for the application of big data collection and analysis tocultural studies.[25]
Psychogenomics: Process of applying the powerful tools of genomics and proteomics to achieve a better understanding of the biological substrates of normal behavior and of diseases of the brain that manifest themselves as behavioral abnormalities. Applying psychogenomics to the study of drug addiction, the ultimate goal is to develop more effective treatments for these disorders as well as objective diagnostic tools, preventive measures, and eventually cures.
Stem cell genomics: Helps in stem cell biology. Aim is to establish stem cells as a leading model system for understanding human biology and disease states and ultimately to accelerate progress toward clinical translation.
Connectomics: The study of the connectome, the totality of the neural connections in the brain.
Microbiomics: The study of the genomes of the communities of microorganisms that live in a specific environmental niche.
Cellomics: The quantitative cell analysis and study using bioimaging methods and bioinformatics.
Tomomics: A combination of tomography and omics methods to understand tissue or cell biochemistry at high spatial resolution, typically using imaging mass spectrometry data.[26]
Ethomics: The high-throughput machine measurement of animal behaviour.[27]
Videomics (or vide-omics): A video analysis paradigm inspired by genomics principles, where a continuous image sequence (or video) can be interpreted as the capture of a single image evolving through time through mutations revealing 'a scene'.
Multiomics: Integration of different omics in a single study or analysis pipeline.[28]
The word "comic" does not use the "omics" suffix; it derives from Greek "κωμ(ο)-" (merriment) + "-ικ(ο)-" (an adjectival suffix), rather than presenting a truncation of "σωμ(ατ)-".
Similarly, the word "economy" is assembled from Greek "οικ(ο)-" (household) + "νομ(ο)-" (law orcustom), and "economic(s)" from "οικ(ο)-" + "νομ(ο)-" + "-ικ(ο)-". The suffix -omics is sometimes used to create names for schools ofeconomics, such asReaganomics.
^Hans Winkler (1920).Verbreitung und Ursache der Parthenogenesis im Pflanzen – und Tierreiche. Verlag Fischer, Jena. p. 165.Ich schlage vor, für den haploiden Chromosomensatz, der im Verein mit dem zugehörigen Protoplasma die materielle Grundlage der systematischen Einheit darstellt den Ausdruck: das Genom zu verwenden ... " In English: " I propose the expressionGenom for thehaploid chromosome set, which, together with the pertinent protoplasm, specifies the material foundations of the species ...
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