Omar Nelson Bradley (12 February 1893 – 8 April 1981) was a seniorofficer of theUnited States Army during and afterWorld War II, rising to the rank ofGeneral of the Army. He was the firstchairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and oversaw the U.S. military's policy-making in theKorean War.
Born inRandolph County, Missouri, he worked as aboilermaker before entering theUnited States Military Academy atWest Point. He graduated from the academy in 1915 alongsideDwight D. Eisenhower as part of "the class the stars fell on." DuringWorld War I, he guarded copper mines inMontana. After the war, he taught at West Point and served in other roles before taking a position at theWar Department under GeneralGeorge Marshall. In 1941, he became commander of theUnited States Army Infantry School.
After the U.S. entry intoWorld War II, he oversaw the transformation of the 82nd Infantry Division intothe first American airborne division. He received his first front-line command inOperation Torch, serving under GeneralGeorge S. Patton inNorth Africa. After Patton was reassigned, Bradley commandedII Corps in theTunisia Campaign and theAllied invasion of Sicily. He commanded theFirst United States Army during theInvasion of Normandy. After the breakout from Normandy, he took command of theTwelfth United States Army Group, which ultimately comprised forty-three divisions and 1.3 million men, the largest body of American soldiers ever to serve under a single field commander.
After the war, Bradley headed theVeterans Administration. He was appointed asChief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948 andChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1949. In 1950, he was promoted to the rank ofGeneral of the Army, becoming the last of the nine individuals promoted tofive-star rank in theUnited States Armed Forces. He was the senior military commander at the start of theKorean War, and supported PresidentHarry S. Truman's wartime policy ofcontainment. He was instrumental in persuading Truman to dismiss GeneralDouglas MacArthur in 1951 after MacArthur resisted administration attempts to scale back the war's strategic objectives. Bradley left active duty in 1953 (although remaining on "active retirement" for the next 27 years). He continued to serve in public and business roles until his death in 1981 at age 88.[1]
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Omar Bradley" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Omar Nelson Bradley, the son ofschoolteacher John Smith Bradley (1868–1908) and his wife Mary Elizabeth (née Hubbard) (1875–1931), was born into poverty in ruralRandolph County, Missouri, nearMoberly in 1893. Bradley was named after Omar D. Gray, a local newspaper editor admired by his father, and a local physician, James Nelson.[2] He was ofBritish ancestry, his ancestors having emigrated fromGreat Britain toKentucky in the mid-1700s.[3] He attended at least eight country schools where his father taught. The elder Bradley never earned more than $40 a month in his lifetime, while he was a schoolteacher and sharecropper, the latter with the aid of all the family. They never owned a wagon, a horse, or a mule. When Omar was 15, his father died; he credited his father with passing on to him his love of books, baseball and shooting.
His mother moved with him to Moberly, where she remarried. Bradley graduated fromMoberly High School in 1910. He was an outstanding student and athlete who was chosen captain of both the baseball and track teams.
Bradley was working as a 17-cents-an-hour (equal to $5.74 today)boilermaker at theWabash Railroad when he was encouraged by his Sunday school teacher at Central Christian Church in Moberly to take the entrance examination for theUnited States Military Academy (USMA) atWest Point, New York. Bradley had been saving his money to enter theUniversity of Missouri inColumbia, where he intended to studylaw. He finished second in the West Point placement exams, held atJefferson Barracks Military Post inSt. Louis, Missouri. The first-place winner was unable to accept the Congressional appointment, however, and the nomination was passed to Bradley in August 1911.[4]
While Bradley was attending the academy, his devotion to sports prevented him from excelling academically; but he still ranked 44th in a class of 164. He was a baseball star and often played on semi-pro teams for no remuneration (to ensure his eligibility as an amateur to represent the academy). He was considered one of the most outstanding college players in the nation during his junior and senior seasons at West Point, noted as both a power hitter and an outfielder, with one of the best arms in his day. He rejected multiple offers to play professional baseball, choosing to pursue his Army career.[5]
While stationed at West Point as an instructor, in 1923 Bradley became aFreemason. He became a member of the West Point Lodge #877,Highland Falls, New York and continued with them until his death.[6]
Bradley married Mary Quayle (1892–1965), who had grown up across the street from him in Moberly. Her father, the town's popular police chief, had died when she was young. The pair attended Central Christian Church and Moberly High School together. On the cover of the 1910 Moberly High School yearbook,The Salutar, they were shown across from each other, although they did not date during those years. His picture bore the description "calculative" and hers "linguistic." She earned a college degree in education.
At West Point, Bradley played three years of varsity baseball including the 1914 team. Every player on that team who remained in the army ultimately became a general. Bradley graduated from West Point in 1915 as part of a class that produced many future generals, and which military historians have called "the class the stars fell on". Bradley'scullum number is 5356.[4] There were ultimately 59 futuregeneral officers in that graduating class, among whom Bradley andDwight D. Eisenhower attained the rank ofGeneral of the Army. Eisenhower was elected in 1952 in a landslide victory as34th President of the United States. Among the numerous others who became generals wereJoseph T. McNarney,Henry Aurand,James Van Fleet,Stafford LeRoy Irwin,John W. Leonard,Joseph May Swing,Paul J. Mueller,Charles W. Ryder,Leland Hobbs,Vernon Prichard,John B. Wogan,Roscoe B. Woodruff,John French Conklin,Walter W. Hess, andEdwin A. Zundel.[7]
Bradley wascommissioned as asecond lieutenant into theInfantry Branch of theUnited States Army and was first assigned to the14th Infantry Regiment.[4] He served on theMexico–United States border in 1915, defending it from incursions due to the Mexican civil war. On 1 July 1916 he was promoted tofirst lieutenant.[4]
When the United States enteredWorld War I in April 1917 (see theAmerican entry into World War I), he was promoted tocaptain on 15 May[4] and sent to guard theButte, Montanacopper mines, considered of strategic importance. Bradley was promoted to the temporary rank of major in June 1918[4] and assigned to command the second battalion of the 14th Infantry,[8] joined the19th Division in August 1918, which was scheduled for European deployment, but theinfluenza pandemic and thearmistice with Germany on 11 November 1918, that fall intervened.
From September 1919 until September 1920, Bradley served as assistant professor of military science at South Dakota State College (now University) inBrookings, South Dakota.
During the difficult periodbetween the wars, he taught and studied. From 1920 to 1924, Bradley taught mathematics at West Point.[7] He was promoted tomajor in 1924 and took the advanced infantry course atFort Benning, Georgia. After brief duty in Hawaii, Bradley was selected to study at theU.S. Army Command and General Staff School atFort Leavenworth,Kansas in 1928–29. Upon graduating, he served as an instructor in tactics at the U.S. Army Infantry School. While Bradley was serving in this assignment, the school's assistant commandant,Lieutenant ColonelGeorge C. Marshall, described Bradley as "quiet, unassuming, capable, with sound common sense. Absolute dependability. Give him a job and forget it."[9]
From 1929, Bradley taught again at West Point, studying at theU.S. Army War College in 1934. Bradley was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 26 June 1936[10] and worked at theWar Department; after 1938 he was directly reporting toU.S. Army Chief of Staff Marshall.
On 20 February 1941, Bradley was promoted to the (wartime) temporary rank ofbrigadier general (bypassing the rank ofcolonel.)[11][10] (This rank was made permanent by the army in September 1943). The temporary rank was conferred to allow him to command theU.S. Army Infantry School atFort Benning,Georgia (he was among the first from his class to reach even a temporary rank of general officer; first was his West Point classmateLuis Esteves, who was promoted Brigadier general in October 1940[12]). While serving in this position he played a key part in developing the officer candidate school model.[13] While serving as commandant, Bradley began a long professional relationship withWillis S. Matthews; Matthews served as hisaide-de-camp while he was commandant. When Bradley moved on to command of first the82nd Infantry Division and later the28th Infantry Division, Matthews served as assistant chief of staff for operations (G-3).[14] When Bradley served asChief of Staff of the United States Army, Matthews was again his aide.[14] When Bradley was appointedChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Matthews served as his executive officer.[14]
On 15 February 1942, two months after the American entry intoWorld War II, Bradley was made a temporarymajor general (a rank made permanent in September 1944) and soon took command of the 82nd Infantry Division (soon to be redesignated as the 82nd Airborne Division) before succeeding Major GeneralJames Garesche Ord as commander of the 28th Infantry Division in June.
TheLouisiana Maneuvers were a series of U.S. Army exercises held aroundNorthern and Western-Central Louisiana, includingFort Polk,Camp Claiborne andCamp Livingston, in 1940 and 1941. The exercises, which involved some 400,000 troops, were designed to evaluate U.S. training,logistics,doctrine, and commanders. Overall, headquarters were in the Bentley Hotel in Alexandria.
Many Army officers present at the maneuvers later rose to very senior roles in World War II, including Bradley,Mark Clark,Dwight Eisenhower,Walter Krueger,Lesley J. McNair andGeorge Patton.
Lieutenant Colonel Bradley was assigned to General Headquarters during the Louisiana Maneuvers but as a courier and observer in the field, he gained invaluable experience for the future. Colonel Bradley assisted in the planning of the maneuvers, and kept the General Staff in Washington, D.C. abreast of the training that was occurring during the Louisiana Maneuvers.[citation needed]
Bradley later said that Louisianans welcomed the soldiers with open arms. Some soldiers even slept in some of the residents' houses. Bradley said it was so crowded in those houses sometimes when the soldiers were sleeping, there would hardly be any walking room. Bradley also said a few of the troops were disrespectful towards the residents' land and crops, and would tear down crops for extra food. However, for the most part, residents and soldiers established good relations.[15]
Bradley's personal experiences in the war are documented in his award-winning bookA Soldier's Story, published by Henry Holt & Co. in 1951. It was re-released by The Modern Library in 1999. The book is based on an extensive diary maintained by his aide-de-camp, Chester B. Hansen, who ghost-wrote the book using the diary; Hansen's original diary is maintained by the U. S. Army Heritage and Education Center, at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.[16]
On 25 March 1942, Bradley, recently promoted to major general, assumed command of the newly activated 82nd Infantry Division.[13] Bradley oversaw the division's transformation into the first American airborne division and took parachute training. In August the division was re-designated as the82nd Airborne Division and Bradley relinquished command to Major GeneralMatthew Ridgway, who had been his assistant division commander (ADC).
Bradley then took command of the28th Infantry Division, which was a National Guard division with soldiers mostly from the state of Pennsylvania.[13]
Bradley did not receive a front-line command until early 1943, afterOperation Torch, theAllied invasion ofFrench North Africa. He had been givenVIII Corps after being succeeded byLloyd D. Brown as commander of the 28th Division, but instead was sent toNorth Africa to be Eisenhower's front-line troubleshooter. At Bradley's suggestion,II Corps, which had just suffered a great defeat at theKasserine Pass, was overhauled from top to bottom, and Eisenhower, now theSupreme Allied Commander of the Allied forces in North Africa, installed Major GeneralGeorge S. Patton as corps commander in March 1943. Patton requested Bradley as his deputy, but Bradley retained the right to represent Eisenhower as well.[17]
Bradley succeeded Patton as commander of II Corps in April and directed it in the final Tunisian battles of April and May, withBizerte falling to elements of II Corps on 7 May 1943. The campaign as a whole ended six days later, and with it came the surrender of over 200,000Axis Germans and Italians.[18]
As a result of his excellent performance in the campaign, Bradley was promoted toBrevetlieutenant general on 2 June 1943[10][19] and continued to command II Corps in theAllied invasion of Sicily (codenamed Operation Husky). The campaign lasted only a few weeks and, as he had in Tunisia, Bradley continued to impress his superiors, Eisenhower most notably, who wrote to Marshall about Bradley:
There is very little I need to tell you about him [Bradley] because he is running absolutely true to form all the time. He has brains, a fine capacity for leadership and a thorough understanding of the requirements of modern battle. He has never caused me one moment of worry. He is perfectly capable of running anArmy. He has the respect of all his associates, including all the British officers that have met him.[20]
On 10 September 1943, Bradley transferred to London as commander in chief of the American ground forces preparing to invade France in the spring of 1944. For D-Day, Bradley was chosen to command theUS First Army, which, alongside theBritish Second Army, commanded by Lieutenant-GeneralMiles Dempsey, made up the21st Army Group, commanded by GeneralSir Bernard Montgomery.
On 10 June 1944, four days after the initialNormandy landings, Bradley and his staff debarked to establish a headquarters ashore. DuringOperation Overlord, he commanded three corps directed at the two American invasion targets,Utah Beach andOmaha Beach. During July he inspected the modifications made byCurtis G. Culin to Sherman tanks, that led to theRhino tank. Later in July, he plannedOperation Cobra, the beginning of the breakout from the Normandy beachhead. Operation Cobra called for the use of strategic bombers using huge bomb loads to attack German defensive lines. After several postponements due to weather, the operation began on 25 July 1944, with a short, very intensive bombardment with lighter explosives, designed so as not to create more rubble and craters that would slow Allied progress. Bradley was horrified when 77 planes bombed short and dropped bombs on their own troops, including Lieutenant GeneralLesley J. McNair:[21]
The ground belched, shook and spewed dirt to the sky. Scores of our troops were hit, their bodies flung from slit trenches. Doughboys were dazed and frightened....A bomb landed squarely on McNair in a slit trench and threw his body sixty feet and mangled it beyond recognition except for the three stars on his collar.[22]
However, the bombing was successful in knocking out the enemy communication system, rendering German troops confused and ineffective, and opened the way for the ground offensive by attacking infantry. Bradley sent in three infantry divisions—the9th,4th and30th—to move in close behind the bombing. The infantry succeeded in cracking the German defenses, opening the way for advances by armored forces commanded by Patton to sweep around the German lines.
As the build-up continued in Normandy, theThird Army was formed under Patton, Bradley's former commander, while Lieutenant GeneralCourtney Hodges, whom Bradley had succeeded as Commandant of the Infantry School, succeeded Bradley in command of the First Army; together, they made up Bradley's new command, the12th Army Group. By August, the 12th Army Group had swollen to over 900,000 men and ultimately consisted of four field armies. It was the largest group of American soldiers to ever serve under one field commander.
_and_Bradley_(centre)_at_21st_Army_Group_HQ%2c_Normandy%2c_7_July_1944._B6551.jpg)
Hitler's refusal to allow his army to flee the rapidly advancing Allied pincer movement created an opportunity to trap an entire German Army Group in northern France.[23] After the German attempt to split the US armies atMortain (Operation Lüttich), Bradley's Army Group and XV Corps became the southern pincer in forming theFalaise pocket, trapping theGerman Seventh Army andFifth Panzer Army in Normandy. The northern pincer was formed of Canadian (and Polish) forces, part of BritishGeneralSir Bernard Montgomery's 21st Army Group. On 13 August 1944, concerned that American troops would clash with Canadian forces advancing from the north-west, Bradley overrode Patton's orders for a further push north towards Falaise, while ordering Major GeneralWade H. Haislip's XV Corps to "concentrate for operations in another direction".[24] Any American troops in the vicinity ofArgentan were ordered to withdraw.[25] This order halted the southern pincer movement of Haislip's XV Corps.[26] Though Patton protested the order, he obeyed it, leaving an exit—a "trap with a gap"—for the remaining German forces.[26] Around 20,000–50,000 German troops (leaving almost all of their heavy material)[27] escaped through the gap, avoiding encirclement and almost certain destruction.[26] They would be reorganized and rearmed in time to slow the Allied advance into the Netherlands and Germany.[26] Most of the blame for this outcome has been placed on Bradley.[28][29] Bradley had incorrectly assumed, based onUltra decoding transcripts, that most of the Germans had already escaped encirclement, and he feared a German counterattack as well as possible friendly fire casualties.[30] Though admitting that a mistake had been made, Bradley placed the blame on General Montgomery for moving the British and Commonwealth troops too slowly, though the latter were in direct contact with a large number of SS Panzer,paratroopers, and other elite German forces.[31][32]
The American forces reached the "Siegfried Line" or "Westwall" in late September. The success of the advance had taken the Allied high command by surprise. They had expected the GermanWehrmacht to make stands on the natural defensive lines provided by the French rivers, and had not prepared thelogistics for the much deeper advance of the Allied armies, so fuel ran short.
Eisenhower faced a decision on strategy. Bradley favored an advance into theSaarland, or possibly a two-thrust assault on both the Saarland and theRuhr Area. Montgomery argued for a narrow thrust across the Lower Rhine, preferably with all Allied ground forces under his personal command as they had been in the early months of the Normandy campaign, into the open country beyond and then to the northern flank into the Ruhr, thus avoiding theSiegfried Line. Although Montgomery was not permitted to launch an offensive on the scale he had wanted, George Marshall andHap Arnold were eager to use theFirst Allied Airborne Army to cross the Rhine, so Eisenhower agreed toOperation Market Garden. Bradley opposed the operation, and bitterly protested to Eisenhower the priority of supplies given to Montgomery, but Eisenhower, mindful of British public opinion regarding damage from V-1 missile launches in the north, refused to make any changes.
Bradley's Army Group now covered a very wide front in hilly country, from theNetherlands toLorraine. Despite having the largest concentration of Allied army forces, Bradley faced difficulties in prosecuting a successful broad-front offensive in difficult country with a skilled enemy. General Bradley and his First Army commander, GeneralCourtney Hodges, eventually decided to attack through a corridor known as the Aachen Gap towards the German township of Schmidt. The only nearby military objectives were the Roer River flood control dams, but these were not mentioned in contemporary plans and documents.[33] Bradley and Hodges' original objective may have been to outflank German forces and prevent them from reinforcing their units further north in theBattle of Aachen. After the war, Bradley would cite theRoer dams as the objective.[34] Since the Germans held the dams, they could also unleash millions of gallons of water into the path of advance. The campaign's confused objectives, combined with poor intelligence,[35] resulted in the costly series of battles known as theBattle of Hurtgen Forest, which cost some 33,000 American casualties.[36] At the end of the fighting in the Hurtgen, German forces remained in control of the Roer dams in what has been described as "the most ineptly fought series of battles of the war in the west."[36] Further south, Patton's Third Army, which had been advancing with great speed, was faced with last priority (behind the U.S. First and Ninth Armies) for supplies, gasoline and ammunition. As a result, the Third Army lost momentum as German resistance stiffened around the extensive defenses surrounding the city ofMetz. While Bradley focused on these two campaigns, the Germans were in the process of assembling troops and materiel for a surprise winter offensive.
Bradley's command took the initial brunt of what would become theBattle of the Bulge. For logistical and command reasons, General Eisenhower decided to place Bradley's First and Ninth Armies under the temporary command of Field Marshal Montgomery's 21st Army Group on the northern flank of the Bulge. Bradley was incensed, and began shouting at Eisenhower: "By God, Ike, I cannot be responsible to the American people if you do this. I resign."[37] Eisenhower turned red, took a breath and replied evenly, "Brad, I—not you—am responsible to the American people. Your resignation therefore means absolutely nothing."[38] Bradley paused, made one more protest, then fell silent as Eisenhower concluded, "Well, Brad, those are my orders."[38]
At least one historian has attributed Eisenhower's support for Bradley's subsequent promotion to (temporary) four-star general (March 1945, not made permanent until January 1949) to, in part, a desire to compensate him for the way in which he had been sidelined during the Battle of the Bulge.[39] Others point out that both Secretary of War Stimson and General Eisenhower had desired to reward General Patton with a fourth star for his string of accomplishments in 1944, but that Eisenhower could not promote Patton over Bradley,Devers, and other senior commanders without upsetting the chain of command (as Bradley commanded these people in the theater). A more likely explanation is that as Bradley commanded an Army Group and was the immediate subordinate of Eisenhower, who was promoted to five star rank on 20 December 1944, it was only appropriate that he should hold the next lower rank.[40][41]
Bradley used the advantage gained in March 1945—after Eisenhower authorized a difficult but successful Allied offensive (on a broad front with BritishOperation Veritable to the north and AmericanOperation Grenade to the south) in February 1945—to break the German defenses and cross the Rhine into the industrial heartland of the Ruhr. Aggressive pursuit of the disintegrating German troops by the9th Armored Division resulted in the capture of a bridge across theRhine River atRemagen. Bradley quickly exploited the crossing, forming the southern arm of an enormouspincer movement encircling the German forces in the Ruhr from the north and south. Over 300,000 prisoners were taken. American forces then met up with the Soviet forces near theElbe River in mid-April. ByV-E Day, the 12th Army Group was a force of four armies (First, Third, Ninth, and Fifteenth) that numbered over 1.3 million men.
Unlike some of the more colorful generals of World War II, Bradley was polite and courteous in his public appearances. A reticent man, Bradley was first favorably brought to public attention bywar correspondentErnie Pyle, who was urged by General Eisenhower to "go and discover Bradley".[42] Pyle subsequently wrote several dispatches in which he referred to Bradley as theGI's general, a title that would stay with Bradley throughout his remaining career.[43]Will Lang Jr. ofLife magazine said "The thing I most admire about Omar Bradley is his gentleness. He was never known to issue an order to anybody of any rank without saying 'Please' first."
While the public at large never forgot the image created by newspaper correspondents, a different view of Bradley was offered by combat historianS. L. A. Marshall, who knew both Bradley and George Patton, and had interviewed officers and men under their commands. Marshall, who was also a critic of George S. Patton,[44] noted that Bradley's "common man" image "was played up by Ernie Pyle...The GIs were not impressed with him. They scarcely knew him. He's not a flamboyant figure and he didn't get out much to troops. And the idea that he was idolized by the average soldier is just rot."[45]
While Bradley retained his reputation as theGI's general, he was criticized by some of his contemporaries for other aspects of his leadership style, sometimes described as "managerial" in nature.[46] British GeneralBernard Montgomery's assessment of Bradley was that he was "dull, conscientious, dependable, and loyal".[47] He had a habit of peremptorily relieving senior commanders who he felt were too independent, or whose command style did not agree with his own, such as the colorful and aggressive GeneralTerry Allen, commander of theU.S. 1st Infantry Division (who was relocated to a different command because Bradley felt that his continued command of the division was making it unmanageably elitist, a decision with which Eisenhower concurred).[48] While Patton is often viewed today as the archetype of the intolerant, impulsive commander, Bradley actually sacked far more generals and senior commanders during World War II, whereas Patton relieved only one general from his command—Orlando Ward—for cause during the entire war (and only after giving General Ward two warnings).[45] When required, Bradley could be a hard disciplinarian; he recommended the death sentence for several soldiers while he served as the commander of the First Army.[49]
One controversy of Bradley's leadership involved the lack of use of specialized tanks (Hobart's Funnies) in the Normandy invasion.[50] After the warChester Wilmot[51] quoted correspondence with the developer of the tanks, Major GeneralPercy Hobart, to the effect that the failure to use such tanks was a major contributing factor to the losses at Omaha Beach, and that Bradley had deferred the decision whether to use the tanks to his staff who had not taken up the offer, other than in respect of theDD (swimming) tanks. However a later memo from the 21st Army Group is on record[52] as relaying two separate requests from the First Army, one dealing with the DD tanks and "Porpoises" (towed waterproof trailers), the other with a variety of other Funnies. The second list gives not only items of specific interest with requested numbers, but items known to be available that were not of interest. The requested items were modified Shermans, and tank attachments compatible with Shermans. Noted as not of interest were Funnies that requiredChurchill orValentine tanks, or for which alternatives were available from the US. Of the six requested types of Funnies, the Sherman flamethrower version of theChurchill Crocodile is known to have been difficult to produce, and the Centipede never seems to have been used in combat. Richard Anderson considers that the press of time prevented the production of the other four items in numbers beyond the Commonwealth's requirements. Given the heavier surf and the topography of Omaha Beach, it is unlikely that the funnies would have been as useful there as they were on the Commonwealth beaches.[53] The British had agreed to provide British-crewed Funnies to operate with the American forces but were unable to train the crews and deliver the vehicles in time.[54]
President Truman appointed Bradley to head theVeterans Administration for two years after the war. He served from 15 August 1945 to 30 November 1947,[55] being credited with doing much to improve its health care system and with helping veterans receive their educational benefits under theG. I. Bill of Rights. Bradley's influence on the VA is credited with helping shape it into the agency it is today. He was a regular visitor to Capitol Hill and lobbied on behalf of veterans' benefits in testimony before various congressional veteran affairs committees. Due to his numerous contributions to the Veterans Administration, theSecretary of Veterans Affairs' primary conference room at the headquarters of the Department of Veterans Affairs is named in Bradley's honor.
Bradley became theArmy Chief of Staff in 1948. After assuming command, Bradley found a U.S. military establishment badly in need of reorganization, equipment, and training. As Bradley himself put it, "the Army of 1948 could not fight its way out of a paper bag."[56][57][58][59]
On 11 August 1949, presidentHarry S. Truman appointed Bradley the firstChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. After his initial 1948 plan to expand the Army and modernize its equipment was rejected by the Truman Administration, Bradley reacted to the increasingly severe postwar defense department budget cutbacks imposed by Secretary of DefenseLouis A. Johnson by publicly supporting Johnson's decisions, going so far as to tell Congress that he would be doing a "disservice to the nation" if he asked for a larger military force.[58][59][60][61] Bradley also suggested thatofficial Navy protests of Secretary Johnson's canceling the supercarrierUnited States were due to improper personal or political, evenmutinous motives, calling Navy admirals "fancy dans who won't hit the line with all they have on every play unless they can call the signals", and who were in "open rebellion against the civilian control."[62][63]
In his second memoir, Bradley would later state that not arguing more forcefully in 1948 and 1949 for a sufficient defense budget "was a mistake... perhaps the greatest mistake I made in my postwar years in Washington."[64][65]
When Truman announcedExecutive Order 9981, abolishing discrimination "on the basis ofrace,color,religion ornational origin" in the Armed Forces, in July 1948, Bradley disliked the order, commenting that “[t]he Army is not out to make any social reforms." Bradley was forced by Truman to issue a public apology.[66]
On 22 September 1950,[67] he was promoted to the rank ofGeneral of the Army, the fifth—and last—person to achieve that rank. That same year, Bradley was made the firstChairman of the NATO Military Committee. He remained on the committee until August 1953, when he left active duty. During his service, Bradley visited the White House over 300 times and was frequently featured on the cover ofTime magazine.
Bradley was also an outspoken supporter of providing aid and improving relations withYugoslavia, stating in an address to Congress on 30 November 1950, that "In the first place, if we could even take them out of the hostile camp and make them neutral, that is one step. If you can get them to act as a threat, that's a second step. if you can get them to actively participate on your side, that is an even further step and then, of course, if you had a commitment, where their efforts were integrated with those of ours on the defence, that would still be a further step." This marked the beginning of US military aid to a communist nation in order to counterSoviet ambitions in the region, leading to greater strives inUnited States–Yugoslavia relations.[68]
In 1950 Bradley was elected as an honorary member of the New YorkSociety of the Cincinnati in recognition of his outstanding service to his country.
As Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Bradley was the senior military officer at the outset of theKorean War. When North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950, Bradley was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart.[69][70] The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt, as poorly equipped American troops, lacking sufficient tanks, anti-tank weapons, or artillery were driven down the Korean peninsula toPusan in a series of costly rearguard actions.[71][72] In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major GeneralFloyd L. Parks stated that "Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man...[T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat...does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament."[73]
Bradley was the chief military policy maker during the Korean War, and supported Truman's original plan of 'rolling back' Communist aggression by conquering all of North Korea. When Chinese Communists entered North Korea in late 1950 and again drove back American forces, Bradley agreed that rollback had to be dropped in favor of a strategy ofcontainment of North Korea. The containment strategy was subsequently adopted by the Truman administration for North Korea, and applied to communist expansion worldwide. Never an admirer of GeneralDouglas MacArthur, Bradley was instrumental in convincing Truman to dismiss MacArthur as the overall commander in the Korean theatre[74] after MacArthur resisted administration attempts to scale back strategic objectives in the Korean War.
In his testimony to the U.S. Congress, Bradley strongly rebuked MacArthur for his support of victory at all costs in the Korean War. Soon after Truman relieved MacArthur of command in April 1951, Bradley said in Congressional testimony, "Red China is not the powerful nation seeking to dominate the world. Frankly, in the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, this strategy would involve us inthe wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy."
Bradley left active military service in August 1953, but remained on active duty by virtue of his rank of General of the Army. He chaired theCommission on Veterans' Pensions, commonly known as the "Bradley Commission", in 1955–1956. In January 1956, Bradley became one of the founding members of the President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, later thePresident's Intelligence Advisory Board.[75]
In retirement, Bradley held a number of positions in commercial life, includingChairman of the Board of theBulova Watch Company from 1958 to 1973.[76] He frequently visited Moberly, Missouri, which he described as his hometown and his favorite city in the world. He was a member of the MoberlyRotary Club, regularly played near-handicap golf at the Moberly Country Club course, and had a "Bradleypew" at Central Christian Church.
His memoirs,A Soldier's Story (ghostwritten by aide-de-camp Chester B. Hansen who kept a daily diary for him during the war[77]), was published in 1951. Bradley started work on his autobiographyA General's Life: An Autobiography (1983) before his death; it was coauthored withClay Blair, who completed it posthumously. In this work, Bradley criticized British Field Marshal Montgomery's 1945 claims to have won theBattle of the Bulge.
On 1 December 1965, Bradley's wife, Mary, died ofleukemia. He met Esther Dora "Kitty" Buhler (1922–2004) and married her on 12 September 1966; they were married until his death.[78]
As a horse racing fan, Bradley spent much of his leisure time at racetracks in California. He was often invited to present the trophies to the winners. He was a lifetime sports fan, especially of college football. He was the 1948Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses and attended several subsequentRose Bowl games. (He was driven in his black limousine through Pasadena; it had a personalized California license plate "ONB" and a red plate with 5 gold stars. He frequently was given a police motorcycle escort to the Rose Bowl on New Year's Day.) He also was prominent at theSun Bowl inEl Paso, Texas, and theIndependence Bowl inShreveport, Louisiana in later years.
In 1967–1968 Bradley served as a member of PresidentLyndon Johnson'sWise Men, a high-level advisory group considering policy for theVietnam War. Bradley was a hawk and recommended against withdrawal.[79]
Following the death ofDwight D. Eisenhower in March 1969, Bradley was the only surviving 5-star officer in the US Armed Forces.
In 1970, Bradley served as a consultant for the filmPatton. ScreenwritersFrancis Ford Coppola andEdmund H. North wrote most of the film based on Bradley's memoir,A Soldier's Story, and the biography,Patton: Ordeal and Triumph, byLadislas Farago. The screenwriters did not have access to General Patton's diaries nor did Patton's family grant interviews. They relied upon observations by Bradley and other military contemporaries when attempting to reconstruct Patton's thoughts and motives.[80]
In a review of the filmPatton,S.L.A. Marshall, who knew both Patton and Bradley, stated that "The Bradley name gets heavy billing on a picture of [a] comrade that, while not caricature, is the likeness of a victorious, glory-seeking buffoon...Patton in the flesh was an enigma. He so stays in the film...Napoleon once said that the art of the general is not strategy but knowing how to mold human nature...Maybe that is all producer Frank McCarthy and Gen. Bradley, his chief advisor, are trying to say."[80] Though each recognized that he owed part of his success to the other, it was known that Bradley disliked Patton both personally and professionally, but in the film they are portrayed as friendly.[81][82][83]
In 1971 Bradley was the subject of an episode of the TV showThis Is Your Life.
Bradley attended the 30th anniversary of D-Day at Normandy, France on 6 June 1974, participating in various parades.
On 10 January 1977, Bradley was presented with thePresidential Medal of Freedom by PresidentGerald Ford.
In 1978, Bradley received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member GeneralJimmy Doolittle.[84][85]
Bradley was the keynote speaker atPointe du Hoc, Normandy, France on 6 June 1979, for the 35th anniversary of D-Day. While seated in a wheelchair, he performed an open ranks inspection of the U.S. representative army unit, the 84th Army Band from VII Corps HQ, Stuttgart, West Germany.
Bradley lived during his last years inTexas at a special residence on the grounds of theWilliam Beaumont Army Medical Center, part of the complex which supportsFort Bliss.
One of Bradley's last public appearances was as the guest of honor at theinauguration of PresidentRonald Reagan on 20 January 1981.[86]
Omar Bradley died on 8 April 1981, in New York City of acardiac arrhythmia, a few minutes after receiving an award from theNational Institute of Social Sciences. He is buried atArlington National Cemetery, next to his two wives.[87]
Bradley's posthumous autobiography,A General's Life, was published in 1983. Bradley began the book but found writing difficult, and hired writerClay Blair to help shape the work. After Bradley's death, Blair continued the writing, using Bradley's first-person voice. The resulting book is also based on Blair's interviews of people in Bradley's circles, and on Bradley's personal papers.[88]
Bradley is known for saying, "Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than about peace, more about killing than we know about living."[89]
On 12 February 2010, the U.S. House of Representatives, the Missouri Senate, the Missouri House, the County of Randolph and the City of Moberly recognized Bradley's birthday as General Omar Nelson Bradley Day.[citation needed]
On 5 May 2000, theUnited States Postal Service issued a series ofDistinguished Soldiers stamps in which Bradley was honored.[90]
In 2014, Moberly High School named its baseball field "General Omar Bradley Field", honoring their famous alumnus.[91]
Bradley Leadership Symposia have been held in Moberly, honoring him as a teacher of young officers.[citation needed]
The General Omar Bradley Memorial, Library, and Museum, in Moberly, are dedicate to honor his "legacy of leadership, integrity, and service to the nation."[92]
Bradley Elementary School in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas is named in his honor.[93][a]
The U.S. Army'sBradley Fighting Vehicle was named after General Bradley.
 | Defense Distinguished Service Medal |
  | Army Distinguished Service Medal with threeoak leaf clusters |
 | Navy Distinguished Service Medal |
 | Silver Star |
 | Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster |
 | Bronze Star Medal |
.svg) | Presidential Medal of Freedom |
 | Mexican Border Service Medal |
 | World War I Victory Medal |
 | Army of Occupation of Germany Medal |
 | American Defense Service Medal |
 | American Campaign Medal |
    | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal withArrowhead device, one silver and two bronze campaign stars |
 | World War II Victory Medal |
 | Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp |
 | National Defense Service Medal with oak leaf cluster |
Grand Cross,Legion of Honour (France)
Grand Cross,Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Cross,Order of the Oak Crown (Luxembourg)
Grand Cross,Order of George I (Greece)
Grand Cross,Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
Grand Cross,Military Order of Savoy (Italy)
Honorary Knight Commander of theOrder of the Bath (United Kingdom)
Grand Officer,Order of the Liberator (Argentina)
Grand Officer,Order of Military Merit (Brazil)
Grand Officer,Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands)_BAR.svg)
Commander,Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia).svg)
Commander of theOrder of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco)
Commander's Cross of theOrder of Polonia Restituta (Poland)
Order of Suvorov First Class (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)[96][97]
Order of Kutuzov First Class) (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)[98][97]
FrenchCroix de guerre with silver-gilt palm
War Cross WWII (Belgium) with palm
Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945
Luxembourg War Cross
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal| No insignia | Cadet,United States Military Academy: 1 August 1911 |
| No pin insignia in 1915 | Second Lieutenant,United States Army: 12 June 1915 |
 | First Lieutenant, United States Army: 1 July 1916 |
 | Captain, United States Army: 15 May 1917 |
 | TemporaryMajor,National Army: 17 June 1918 to 22 January 1920 |
| Major, National Army: 1 July 1920 |
| Captain,Regular Army (reverted to permanent rank*): 4 November 1922 |
| Major, Regular Army: 25 June 1924 |
 | Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: 26 July 1936 |
 | Brigadier General,Army of the United States: 24 February 1941 |
 | Major General, Army of the United States: 15 February 1942 |
 | Lieutenant General, Army of the United States: 2 June 1943 |
 | Colonel, Regular Army: 1 October 1943** |
| Brigadier General, Regular Army: 1 September 1943** |
| Major General, Regular Army: 8 September 1944 |
 | General, Army of the United States: 12 March 1945 |
| General, Regular Army: 31 January 1949*** |
 | General of the Army, Regular Army: 22 September 1950 |
* – Discharged as Major and appointed Captain on 4 November 1922; acts 30 June 1922, and 14 September 1922[101]
** – Bradley's effective date for permanent brigadier general in the Regular Army is earlier than his effective date of promotion for permanent colonel. While serving as a temporary lieutenant general in early 1943, Bradley was notified that he would be promoted to permanent colonel with an effective date of 1 October 1943. At the time, promotions to permanent brigadier and major general had been withheld for more than two years, except forDelos C. Emmons,Henry H. Arnold, andDwight Eisenhower. PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt lifted the moratorium after Bradley was notified that he would be promoted to colonel, but before the 1 October effective date.
In determining whom to promote after the lifting of Roosevelt's moratorium, Marshall consulted with Eisenhower, and they agreed to promote Bradley and several others. Marshall and Eisenhower then arranged the effective dates of promotion to brigadier general based on where they wanted each of the individuals selected to rank in terms of seniority. Bradley's date of rank for permanent brigadier general was then set as 1 September 1943—even though this was before his 1 October 1943, effective date for promotion to colonel—based on where Eisenhower and Marshall wanted Bradley to fall in terms of seniority as a brigadier general.
Bradley's and the other promotions to brigadier general on which Marshall and Eisenhower had conferred were not acted on until mid-October 1943 because Congress had to approve a waiver for those generals, including Bradley, who did not yet have 28 years of service. As a result, his 1 October 1943, date for promotion to permanent colonel was allowed to remain in effect. When Congress acted in mid-October to approve Bradley's time in service waiver and promotion to permanent brigadier general, his effective date for brigadier general was backdated to 1 September 1943. The 1 September 1943, date for permanent brigadier general enabled Bradley to line up with his peers where Marshall and Eisenhower intended for purposes of seniority.
The effective postdated (and then backdated) date of rank for Bradley's promotion to permanent brigadier general—1 September 1943—thus came before the effective postdated date of rank for his promotion to colonel—1 October1943.[102][103][104][105][106]
*** - Pursuant to the 26 June 1948 Act of Congress, 62 Stat. 791, he was authorized to be appointed to the “permanent” grade of General, as opposed to the “temporary” appointment that was standard for 3- and 4-star US officers. As the AUS was, by definition, a temporary component of the U.S. Army, but his appointment as a Regular 4-star general was not effective until 31 January 1949, the historical record is thus unclear as to exactly when the Army executed the permanent appointment authorized by Pub.L. 62 Stat. 791. If not executed retroactively prior to 31 January 1949, then his appointment as a Regular 4-star would be “permanent” as opposed to the standard “temporary” grade. In any case, his subsequent appointment to 5-star grade rendered this appointment to 4-stars as merely a footnote to history.[107][108]
My own view of him [Patton] was that he was touched by the sun, as wereOrde Wingate andStonewall Jackson.
Truman finally broke the logjam in July with the release of Executive Order 9981, which announced: It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, or religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale. Army Chief of Staff Gen. Omar Bradley bucked the order, using language that already sounded antique. Bradley pronounced, "The Army is not out to make any social reforms. The Army will put men of different races in different companies. It will change that policy when the Nation as a whole changes it." Truman reiterated, however, that though the order called for gradual desegregation of the armed forces, the armed forces would desegregate. He forced Bradley to issue a public apology.
General of the Army Omar N. Bradley, appointed Sep 22, 50. Deceased Apr 81. (General Bradley appointed pursuant to PL 957, on Sep 18, 1950.)
vietnam Bradley hawks.
The Columbia World of Quotations. 1996. NUMBER: 8126 QUOTATION: We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon on the Mount.... The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. ATTRIBUTION: Omar Bradley (1893–1981), U.S. general. speech, November 11, 1948, Armistice Day. Collected Writings, vol. 1 (1967).
Footnote 5: Eisenhower replied by letter on September 6 with praise for the men Marshall named, but he suggested that the order of promotion priority to Regular Army brigadier general be: McNarney, Bradley, Handy, Smith, Spaatz, Kenney, Eichelberger, Harmon, and Eaker.
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Commandant of the United States Army Infantry School 1941–1942 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Newly activated organization | Commanding General 82nd Infantry Division March–June 1942 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commanding General 28th Infantry Division 1942–1943 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commanding General II Corps April–September 1943 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commanding General First Army 1943–1944 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1948–1949 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Newly activated organization | Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1949–1951 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1949–1953 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Administrator of Veterans Affairs 1945–1948 | Succeeded by |
| Awards | ||
| Preceded by | Recipient of theSylvanus Thayer Award 1973 | Succeeded by |
 |  | ||
|
