Arab Americans

Americans with Arab ancestry by state according to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2019
Total population
2,928,448 2020 United States Census 0.883% of the U.S. population
Regions with significant populations
California New York Michigan New Jersey Florida Texas Massachusetts Illinois Pennsylvania Virginia Ohio Tennessee
Languages
Arabic  · American English  · French  · Spanish  · other languages in Arab countries
Religion
RomanCatholic Church/Eastern Catholic – 35%,Orthodox – 18%,Protestant – 10% Muslim: (Sunni,Shia,Druze) – 24% Other religion/No affiliation – 13%[1] (Zogby International Survey, 2002)

Arab Americans (Arabic:عَرَبٌ أَمْرِيكِا,romanized: ʻArab Amrīkā or Arabic:العرب الأمريكيون,romanized: al-ʻArab al-Amrīkīyūn) areAmericans who trace ancestry to any of thevarious waves of immigrants from the Arabic-speaking countries. In theUnited States census, Arabs are racially classified asWhite Americans which is defined as "A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa".^[2]

According to the2010 United States census, there are 1,698,570 Arab Americans in the United States.^[3] 290,893 persons defined themselves as simplyArab, and a further 224,241 asOther Arab. Other groups on the 2010 census are listed by nation of origin, and some may or may not be Arabs, or regard themselves as Arabs. The largest subgroup is by far theLebanese Americans, with 501,907,^[4] followed by;Egyptian Americans with 190,078,Syrian Americans with 187,331,^[5]Iraqi Americans with 105,981,Moroccan Americans with 101,211,Palestinian Americans with 85,186, andJordanian Americans with 61,664. Approximately 1/4 of all Arab Americans claimed two ancestries. A number of these ancestries are considered undercounted, given the nature of Ottoman immigration to the US during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

A number of ethnic and ethnoreligious groups inWest Asia andNorth Africa that lived in majorityArab countries and are now resident in the United States arenot always classified as Arabs but some may claim an Arab identity or a dual Arab/non-Arab identity; they includeAssyrians,Jews (in particularMizrahi Jews, someSephardi Jews),Copts,Kurds,Iraqi Turkmens,Mandeans,Circassians,Shabaki,Armenians,Yazidis,Persians,Kawliya/Romani,Syrian Turkmens,Berbers, andNubians.^[6]

This section needs to beupdated. The reason given is: Needs 2020 Census info. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2024)

The majority of Arab Americans, around 62%, originate from the region of theLevant, which includesSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Palestine, andJordan, although overwhelmingly from Lebanon. The remainder are made up of those fromEgypt,Morocco,Algeria,Iraq,Libya, theGulf Cooperation Council, and other Arab nations.

There are nearly 3.5 million Arab Americans in the United States according to TheArab American Institute. Arab Americans live in all 50 states and inWashington, D.C., and 94% reside in the metropolitan areas of major cities. According to the 2010 US census, the city with the largest percentage of Arab Americans isDearborn, Michigan, a southwestern suburb ofDetroit, at nearly 40%. TheDetroit metropolitan area is home to the largest concentration of Arab Americans (403,445), followed by theNew York City Combined Statistical Area (371,233), Los Angeles (308,295), San Francisco Bay Area (250,000), Chicago (176,208), and the Washington, D.C., area (168,208).^[7] This information is reportedly based upon survey findings but is contradicted by information posted on the Arab American Institute website itself, which states that California as a whole only has 272,485, and Michigan as a whole only 191,607. The 2010 American Community Survey information, from the American Factfinder website, gives a figure of about 168,000 for Michigan.

Sorting by American states, according to the 2000 US census, 48% of the Arab American population, 576,000, reside inCalifornia, Michigan,New York, Florida, andNew Jersey, respectively; these 5 states collectively have 31% of the net US population. Five other states –Illinois, Texas,Ohio, Massachusetts, andPennsylvania – report Arab American populations of more than 40,000 each. Also, the counties which contained the greatest proportions of Arab Americans were in California, Michigan, New York, Florida, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, andVirginia.

The cities with 100,000 or more in population with the highest percentages of Arabs areSterling Heights, Michigan 3.69%;Jersey City, New Jersey 2.81%;Warren, Michigan 2.51%;Allentown, Pennsylvania 2.45%;Burbank, California 2.39% and nearbyGlendale, California 2.07%;Livonia, Michigan 1.94%;Arlington County, Virginia 1.77%;Paterson, New Jersey 1.77%; andDaly City, California 1.69%.^[8]

Bayonne, New Jersey, a city of 73,000, reported an Arab American population of 17.0% in the 2020 US census.^[9]

The US Census Bureau calculates the number of Arab Americans based on the number of people who claimed at least one Arab ancestry as one of their two ancestries. The Arab American Institute surveys the number of people of Arab descent in the US, regardless of the number of people who claimed Arab descent in the census.

According to the Arab American Institute based on the Zogby International Survey in 2002, the breakdown of religious affiliation among persons originating from Arab countries is as follows:

• 63%Christian
  • 35%Roman/Eastern Catholic, including Roman Catholic,Maronite andMelkite
  • 18% Orthodox, includingAntiochian,Syrian,Greek, andCoptic
  • 10%Protestant
• 24%Muslim, includingSunni,Shia, andDruze
• 13% other or no affiliation^[66]

The percentage of Arab Americans who are Muslim has increased in recent years because most new Arab immigrants tend to be Muslim. In the past 10 years, most Arab immigrants were Muslim as compared to 15 to 30 years ago when they were mostly Christian. This stands in contrast to the first wave of Arab immigration to the US between the late 19th and early 20th centuries when almost all immigrants were Christians. Those Palestinians often Eastern Orthodox, otherwise Catholic and a few Episcopalians. A small number are Protestant adherents, either having joined a Protestant denomination after immigrating to the US or being from a family that converted to Protestantism while still living in theEastern Mediterranean (European and American Protestant missionaries were fairly commonplace in the Levant in the late 19th and early 20th centuries).

Arab Christians, especially fromLebanon,Iraq,Palestine,Jordan,Syria, andEgypt, continued to immigrate to the US in the 2000s and form new enclaves and communities across the country.^[67]

The US is the second largest home of Druze communities outside the Middle East after Venezuela (60,000).^[6] According to some estimates there are about 30,000^[68] to 50,000^[6]Druzes in the US, with the largest concentration inSouthern California.^[68] Most Druze immigrated to the US from Lebanon and Syria.^[68]

The New York City metropolitan area has a large population ofArab Jews andMizrahi Jews. New York City and its suburbs in New Jersey have sizable Syrian Sephardi populations. Syrian Jews and other Jews from Arab countries may or may not identify as Arab Americans. When Syrian Jews first began to arrive in New York City during the late 1800s and early 1900s,Eastern EuropeanAshkenazi Jews on the Lower East Side sometimes disdained their Syrian co-coreligionists asArabische Yidden,Yiddish for "Arab Jews". Some Ashkenazim doubted whetherSephardi orMizrahi Jews from the Middle East were Jewish at all. In response, some Syrian Jews who were deeply proud of their ancient Jewish heritage, derogatorily dubbed Ashkenazi Jews as "J-Dubs", a reference to the first and third letters of the English word "Jew".^[69] In the 1990 US census, there were 11,610 Arab Jews in New York City, comprising 23 percent of the total Arab population of the city.^[70] Arab Jews in the city sometimes faceanti-Arab racism. After theSeptember 11 attacks, some Arab Jews in New York City were subjected to arrest and detention because they were suspected to be Islamist terrorists.^[71]

In 2012, prompted in part by post-9/11 discrimination, theAmerican-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee petitioned the Department of Commerce's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority/disadvantaged community.^[73] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a newMENA ethnic category for populations from West Asia, North Africa or theArab world, separate from the white classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups, including some Jewish organizations, felt that the earlier white designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they lobbied for a distinct categorization.^[74][75] The 2020 census did not include a separate MENA race category and collected detailed ethnicity information.^[76]

In the 2015 National Content Test (NCT) for the 2020 Census, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well asSudanese,Djiboutian,Somali,Mauritanian,Armenian,Cypriot,Afghan,Iranian,Azerbaijani, andGeorgian groups.^[77]

On 28 March 2024, theOffice of Management and Budget published revisions toStatistical Policy Directive No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included the addition of "Middle Eastern or North African" to the race and/or ethnicity categories.^[78][79]

The Arab American Institute and other groups have noted that there was a rise inhate crimes targeting the Arab American community as well as people perceived as Arab/Muslim after the September 11 attacks and the US-led2003 invasion of Iraq.^[80]

A new Zogby Poll International found that there are 3.5 million Americans who were identified as "Arab-Americans", or Americans of ancestry belonging to one of the 23 UN member countries of the Arab World (these are not necessarily therefore Arabs). Poll finds that, overall, a majority of those identifying as Arab Americans areLebanese Americans (largely as a result of being the most numerous group). ThePaterson, New Jersey-based Arab American Civic Association runs an Arabic language program in the Paterson school district.^[81] Paterson, New Jersey has been nicknamedLittle Ramallah and contains a neighborhood with the same name, with an Arab American population estimated as high as 20,000 in 2015.^[72] NeighboringClifton, New Jersey, is following in Paterson's footsteps, with rapidly growing Arab, Muslim, and Palestinian American populations.^[82]

In a 2007 Zogby poll, 62% of Arab Americans votedDemocratic, while only 25% votedRepublican.^[83] The percentage of Arabs voting Democratic increased sharply during theIraq War. However, a number of prominent Arab American politicians are Republicans, including former Oregon GovernorVictor Atiyeh, former New Hampshire SenatorJohn E. Sununu, and California CongressmanDarrell Issa, who was the driving force behind the state's2003 recall election that removed Democratic GovernorGray Davis from office. The first womanSupreme Court Chief Justice in Florida,Rosemary Barkett, who is ofSyrian descent, is known for her dedication to progressive values.

Arab Americans gaveGeorge W. Bush a majority of their votes in2000. However, they backedJohn Kerry in2004 andBarack Obama in both2008 and2012. They also backedHillary Clinton in2016 andJoe Biden in 2020.

According to a 2000 Zogby poll, 52% of Arab Americans wereanti-abortion, 74% support thedeath penalty, 76% were in favor of strictergun control, and 86% wanted to see an independentPalestinian state.^[84]

In a study, first-generation Arab Americans living in Detroit were found to have values more similar to that of the Arab world than those of the general population living in Detroit, on average, being more closely aligned to the strong traditional values and survival values. This was less the case when participants were secular or belonged to second and subsequent generations.^[85]

An 30 October 2023 poll by theArab American Institute found that support for Biden among Arab Americans dropped from 59% in 2020 to 17%.^[86] The drop in support has been attributed to the administration's handling of the2023 Israel-Gaza War andGaza genocide.^[87][88]

There are many US immigrants from theArab world who are not always classified as Arabs because through much of the Arabized world, Arabs were considered a colonizing force and many ethnic groups maintained their ethnic cultural and religious heritage, oftentimes throughsyncretism. Among these areArmenian Americans,Assyrian Americans,Kurdish Americans,Jewish Americans ofMizrahi origin. Some of these groups, such as Assyrians, are Semitic language speakers, while the vast majority of the rest are not Semitic language speakers. It is very difficult to estimate the size of these communities. For example, some Armenians immigrated to the US from Lebanon, Syria, or Iraq. Estimates place these communities at least in the tens of thousands.^[89][90][91] Other smaller communities includeAssyrians,Amazigh/Berber,Turks,Mandeans,Circassians,Shabaks,Georgians,Yazidis,Balochs,Iranians,Azerbaijanis, andKawliya/Roma.

Most of these ethnic groups speak their own native languages (usually another Semitic language related to Arabic) and have their own customs, along with the Arabic dialect from the Arab country they originate from.

In 2014,Montgomery County, Maryland, designated April as Arab American Heritage Month in recognition of the contributions that Arab Americans have made to the nation.^[92] Arab America and the Arab America Foundation launched the National Arab American Heritage Month initiative in 2017, with just a handful of states recognizing the initiative. Each year, the Arab America Foundation activates a grass-roots network of over 250 Arab American volunteers in 26 states. It gathers hundreds of proclamations from state governments, counties, municipalities, and local school districts. The first documentary on Arab Americans premiered onPBS in August 2017, "The Arab Americans" features the Arab American immigrant story as told through the lens of American History and the stories of prominent Arab Americans such as actorJamie Farr,Ralph Nader, SenatorGeorge Mitchell, White House ReporterHelen Thomas, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalistAnthony Shadid,Danny Thomas actor and Founder ofSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital, pollster and authorJohn Zogby, CongressmanNick Rahall, racing legendBobby Rahal. The documentary is produced and directed by Abe Kasbo.

TheUS Department of State has recognized April as the NationalArab American Heritage Month, making it the highest level of federal recognition, yet. Stating in a public announcement on 1 April 2021, through their official social media channels: "Americans of Arab heritage are very much a part of the fabric of this nation, and Arab Americans have contributed in every field and profession."^[93]

The recognition of the month of April as the National Arab American Heritage Month by the US Department of State was mainly influenced by independent advocate efforts across the United States calling for inclusivity. Most notably the petition and social change campaign by Pierre Subeh, who is a Middle-Eastern American business expert, executive producer, and author. He orchestrated a self-funded social awareness campaign with over 250 billboards across the country asking the Federal government to recognize the month of April as the National Arab American Heritage Month and issue an official proclamation. His social change campaign called the recognition to be critical as it celebrates Middle Eastern heritage in combating post-9/11 anti-Arab sentiments and recognizing the social difficulties that Arab Americans face every day in their communities.^[94][95][96]

In 2023, President Joe Biden issued an official proclamation on the Arab American Heritage Month.^[97]

A variety of traditional Arab dishes are eaten by Arab Americans, often by substituting out traditional ingredients for modern or Western elements.^[98]

While the spectrum of Arab heritage includes 22 countries, their combined heritage is often celebrated in cultural festivals around the United States.

New York City

The Annual Arab-American & North African Street Festival was founded in 2002 by the Network of Arab-American Professionals of NY (NAAP-NY).^[99] Located in downtown Manhattan, on Great Jones Street between Lafayette & Broadway, the Festival attracts an estimated 15,000 people, in addition to over 30 Arab and North African vendors along with an all-day live cultural performance program representing performers from across the Arab world.

The New York Arab American Comedy Festival was founded in 2003 by comedianDean Obeidallah and comedianMaysoon Zayid. Held annually each fall, the festival showcases the talents of Arab American actors, comics, playwrights, and filmmakers, and challenges as well as inspires fellow Arab Americans to create outstanding works of comedy. Participants include actors, directors, writers and comedians.^[100]

Seattle

Of particular note is ArabFest inSeattle, begun in 1999. The festival includes all 22 of the Arab countries, with asouk marketplace, traditional and modern music, an authentic Arab coffeehouse, an Arabic spelling bee, and a fashion show. Lectures and workshops explore the rich culture and history of the Arab peoples, one of the world's oldest civilizations. Also of new interest is the Arabic rap concert, including the NW group Sons of Hagar, showcasing the political and creative struggle of Arabic youth.^[101]

Phoenix

In 2008, the first annual Arab American Festival in Arizona was held on 1 and 2 November in Glendale, Arizona. There were more than 40,000 attendees over the two-day event; more than 35 international singers, dancers, and musicians from all over the Arab World performed 20 hours of live entertainment on stage. Activities included folklore shows, an international food court, hookah lounge, kids rides and booth vendors, open to the public, and admission was free.^[102]

California

The Annual Arab American Day Festival is a three-day cultural and entertainment event held in Orange County. Activities include book and folk art exhibitions, speeches from community leaders in the county, as well as music and poetry, dancing singing, traditional food, hookah and much more.^[103]

Wisconsin

Since 1996, Milwaukee's Arab World Fest has been part of the summer festival season. It is held on the second weekend of August. This three-day event hosts music, culture, and food celebrating the 22 Arab countries. The festival features live entertainment, belly dancing, hookah rental, camel rides, cooking demonstrations, a children's area, andArab cuisine. It is a family-friendly festival on Milwaukee's lakefront.^[104]

DJ Khaled (born 1975) : DJ and record producer

George A. Kasem (1919–2002) : Politician, First Arab Congressman

James Abourezk (1931–2023) : Politician, First Arab Senator and founder of theAmerican-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee

Ray LaHood (born 1945) : Politician, 16thSecretary of Transportation

Ralph Nader (born 1934): Political activist, author ofUnsafe at Any Speed

Spencer Abraham (born 1952): Politician, 10thSecretary of Energy and senator fromMichigan

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• 2000 U.S. Census Report on the Arab-American population
• Arab American Content Portal
• Arab American Studies Association (AASA)
• Center for Arab American Studies (CAAS) at University of Michigan-Dearborn

• Arab-American society
• Ethnic groups in the United States
• West Asian diaspora in the United States
• Arab diaspora in North America

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