From the 18th century onwards, researchers took a greater interest in the value oftraditional games in elucidating cultural values and identities. The modern Olympic Games, founded byPierre de Coubertin on the basis of "All games, all nations", were influenced by this thinking; at the1904 Summer Olympics, de Coubertin arranged "Anthropological Days", which allowed athletes from Asia, Africa, and South America to demonstrate their regional games. However, the 1904 organizers marginalized this aspect of the Olympics, and it quickly faded away after a few years, with mainly onlyWestern sports being played.[5]
Other notable multi-discipline sports aregymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, and trampoline),cycling (road, track, mountain, and BMX),volleyball (indoors and beach),wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman),canoeing (flatwater and slalom), andbobsleigh (includes skeleton). The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two non-Olympic disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each.
The IOC definition of a "discipline" may differ from that used by an international federation. For example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but theInternational Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) classifies men's and women's artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines.[8] Similarly, the IOC considers freestyle wrestling to be a single discipline, butUnited World Wrestling classifies women's freestyle wrestling as the separate discipline of "female wrestling".[9]
An event, by IOC definition, is a competition that leads to the award of medals.[10] Therefore, the sport of aquatics includes a total of 46 Olympic events, of which 32 are in the discipline of swimming, eight in diving, and two each in artistic swimming, water polo, and open water swimming. The number of events per sport ranges from a minimum of two (until 2008, there were sports with only one event) to a maximum of 47 inathletics, which despite its large number of diverse events is not divided into separate disciplines like aquatics is.
Criteria for inclusion and thresholds
Sports eligible for inclusion in the Olympic programme are only those governed by international federations recognized by the IOC, as stated in Bye-laws 1.3.2 and 1.4.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023).[11] The opportunity to propose additional sports to the programme is at the full discretion of the respective Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and subject to the final decision of theIOC Session.[12]
In the past, several criteria concerning widely practiced sports, disciplines or events have been abolished.[10] However, the number of sports remains constrained by athlete and event limits. According to Bye-law 3.2 to Rule 45 of the Olympic Charter (2023), Summer Olympics should be approximately limited to 10,500 athletes, 5,000 coaches and support personnel and 310 events, while Winter Olympics should be capped at around 2,900 athletes, 2,000 coaches and support personnel and 100 events, unless agreed to otherwise by the Organizing Committee.[11] These thresholds are likely to be surpassed for the2028 Summer Olympics; sports director Kit McConnell stated that they would aim to "limit the increase, but limit the impact on the existing sport".[13]
In previous years, sports that depend primarily on mechanical propulsion, such as motor sports, could not be considered for recognition as Olympic sports, though there werepower-boating events in 1908 before this rule was enacted by the IOC.[4][14] The rule excluding motorsports[15] was removed from the Olympic Charter in 2016.[16][17] TheFIA (governing body for automobile sports),[18]FIM (governing body for motorcycle sports)[19] andFAI (governing body for air sports)[20] are recognised by the International Olympic Committee,[21] and therefore, in theory, could be eligible for inclusion at future Olympic Games.
The list of Olympic sports has changed considerably during the course of Olympic history, and has gradually increased over time. The Olympic Charter decrees that Olympic sports for each edition of theOlympic Games should be decided at an IOC Session no later than seven years prior to the Games.
The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program areathletics, aquatics (swimming),cycling,fencing, and gymnastics (artistic gymnastics). The only winter sports that were included in all Winter Olympic Games are skiing (nordic skiing), skating (figure skating andspeed skating), andice hockey. Figure skating and ice hockey were also included in the Summer Olympics (in 1908 and 1920) before the Winter Olympics were introduced in 1924.
Early Olympic Games prior toWorld War II included eight sports that have since been discontinued from the Olympics:basque pelota,croquet,jeu de paume,polo,rackets,roque,tug of war andwater motorsports.[3][22] Organizers were able to decide which sports or disciplines were included on the program from 1896 to 1920, with the IOC taking control of the program in 1924. As a result, a number of sports were on the Olympic program for relatively brief periods: of the eight discontinued early Olympic sports, the only one on the program after 1920 was polo (in 1924 and 1936).[4] These sports were removed because of lack of interest or the absence of an appropriate governing body.[4]
For most of the 20th century, the Olympics included one or moredemonstration sports, normally to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest in an entirely new sport.[23] Some such sports, likebaseball andcurling, were later added to the official Olympic program (in1992 and1998, respectively). The competitions and ceremonies in these sports were identical to official Olympic sports, except that the medals were not counted in the official record. On some occasions, both official medal events and demonstration events have been contested in the same sport at the same Games, such asmen's and women's judo in 1988. Due to logistical issues, theInternational Olympic Committee decided in 1989 to eliminate demonstration sports from the Olympic Games after 1992.[24] An unofficial exception was made in2008, when theBeijing Organizing Committee received permission to organize awushu tournament.[25][26]
Women first competed in the1900 Olympic Games, participating in five sports (croquet, sailing, tennis, golf and equestrian).[27] With the addition of women's boxing in2012 and women's ski jumping in2014, women can now compete in all Olympic disciplines except forGreco-Roman wrestling andnordic combined. There is also one women-only discipline,rhythmic gymnastics. In2024, men were allowed to compete in Olympicartistic swimming for the first time, though no men have yet entered an Olympic competition.[28]
Changes since 2000
The sports ofbaseball andsoftball were both voted off the program by the IOC Session in Singapore on 11 July 2005,[29] a decision that was reaffirmed on 9 February 2006.[30] Baseball and softball, before their reinstatement for the 2020 Olympics,[31] were last included in 2008: therefore, the number of sports in the2012 Summer Olympics was dropped from 28 to 26. This was the first time a sport or discipline had been removed from the Olympic program sincecanoe slalom after1972 (though it returned in1992).
Two previously long-discontinued sports,golf (last competed in 1904) andrugby (last competed in 1924), returned for the2016 Summer Olympics. On 13 August 2009, the IOC Executive Board proposed that golf and rugby sevens be added to the Olympic program for 2016.[32] On 9 October 2009, during the121st IOC Session inCopenhagen, the IOC voted to admit both as official Olympic sports and to include them in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[33][34] The IOC voted 81–8 in favor of rugby sevens and 63–27 in favor of golf, thus bringing the number of sports back to 28.[34]
In February 2013, the IOC considered dropping a sport from the 2020 Summer Olympics to make way for a new sport: modern pentathlon andtaekwondo were thought to be vulnerable, but instead the IOC recommended removing wrestling.[35] On 8 September 2013, the IOC added wrestling to the 2020 and 2024 Summer Games.[36]
Starting with the 2020 Games, the IOC altered the way it plans the Olympic sports program: rather than basing it on a maximum number ofsports, the total number ofevents are now taken into account, opening the schedule up for the inclusion on a per-Games basis of additional sports to the 28 "core" sports. For the 2020 Summer Olympics, the local organizing committee was thus permitted to add five sports to the program in addition to the existing 28, taking the total to 33.[31][37] Baseball and softball have been treated by the IOC as a single sport since the governing bodies for baseball and softball merged into a single international federation, theWorld Baseball Softball Confederation, in 2013 (with male athletes competing in baseball and female athletes competing in softball). On 3 August 2016, the IOC voted to addbaseball/softball,karate,sport climbing,surfing, andskateboarding as optional sports for the2020 Summer Olympics.[31]
On 21 February 2019, the Paris 2024 Organising Committee announced they would propose the inclusion ofbreakdancing (breaking), as well as skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing.[38] All four sports were approved during the134th IOC Session inLausanne,Switzerland on 24 June 2019.[39]
On 18 June 2021, the IOC issued a proposal for a new winter sport,ski mountaineering, for the 2026 Winter Olympics. The proposal was approved during the IOC's session in Tokyo on 20 July.[40]
On 3 February 2022, the IOC designated skateboarding, sport climbing and surfing to be core Summer Olympic sports starting in 2028, raising the number of core sports to 31.[41] On 16 October 2023, the IOC approved the addition of five optional sports for the2028 Summer Olympics:baseball/softball,cricket,flag football,lacrosse andsquash, while breakdancing was dropped.[42] Cricket's only previous Olympic appearance was in 1900, while lacrosse was last on the Olympic program in 1908.
Summer Olympics
Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics since1964.
At thefirst Olympic Games, ten sports were contested.[43] Since then, the number of sports contested at theSummer Olympic Games has gradually risen to thirty-six on the program for 2028.[44]
In order for a sport or discipline to be considered for inclusion in the list of Summer Olympic sports, it must be widely practiced in at least 75 countries, spread over four continents.[4]
As of 2013, Summer Olympic sports were divided into categories based on popularity, which determined the share each sport's International Federation received of Olympic revenue.[45][46][47]
Current and discontinued summer program
The following sports (and disciplines) make up the current and discontinued Summer Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport contested at the respective Games; abullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.
Eight of the 32 sports at the2024 Summer Olympics consist of multiple disciplines. Each discipline is marked with a unique 3-character identifier code by the IOC.[48][49]
^The World Baseball Softball Confederation, which currently governs both baseball and softball, was created by a 2013 merger of two former governing bodies – theInternational Baseball Federation and theInternational Softball Federation. Baseball and softball were governed separately at all Olympics before 2013.
Art competitions were held between the 1912 and 1948 Games, and medals were awarded.[53] In 1952, art competition medals were removed from the official national medal counts.[54] Olympic medals have also been awarded for feats ofalpinism[55] andaeronautics.[56]
Between 1924 and 1992, the IOC officially recognizeddemonstration sports, allowing host countries to organize demonstrations of non-Olympic sports during the Games; no demonstration sports were held in 1976 or 1980 due to the IOC temporarily eliminating them.[57]
The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Summer Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event.[57]
American football (1904) and Korfball (1920) first appeared as unofficial sports before becoming demonstration sports.
Gliding was promoted from a demonstration sport to an official Olympic sport for the1940 Summer Olympics, but the Games were cancelled due toWorld War II.[58][59] Flag football, a non-contact version of American football, will make its Olympic debut in 2028.
Unofficial summer sports
Several sports, while not officially recognized by the IOC as demonstration sports, have nonetheless been held alongside or as part of the Olympic program. Events held during Games prior to 1924 are considered demonstration sports by some scholars,[60][61] though not by the IOC.[57]Bowling at the 1988 Games (along with badminton) was considered an exhibition sport in that it was not part of the official Olympic schedule and did not require IOC approval for staging, unlike demonstration sports.[62]
Organizers of the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games, which were staged in conjunction with the1900 and1904 World's Fairs, included numerous sporting events on an equal footing under their programmes.[63][64][65] Historians generally regard many of these as not satisfying retrospective inclusion criteria to qualify as "official".[66] Through 1995, the IOC never made a determination regarding which events were Olympic and which were not,[63] although the present IOC website generally conforms to historians' views.
Before 1924, ice sports like figure skating andice hockey were held at the Summer Olympic Games.[67] These two sports made their debuts at the1908 and the1920 Summer Olympics respectively, but in 1924 they were moved to thefirst edition of the Winter Olympic Games and became permanent fixtures on the sports program for the Winter Olympics from then on.
The 1924International Winter Sports Week, later dubbed thefirst Olympic Winter Games and retroactively recognized as such by the IOC, consisted of nine disciplines in six sports.[68]
A sport or discipline must be widely practised in at least 25 countries, and on three continents, to be eligible for inclusion on the Olympic program for the Winter Games.[4]
Current winter program
The following sports (and disciplines) make up the current Winter Olympic Games official program and are listed alphabetically, according to the name used by the IOC. The figures in each cell indicate the number of events for each sport that were contested at the respective Games (the red cells indicate that those sports were held at the Summer Games); a bullet (•) denotes that the sport was contested as a demonstration or unofficial sport.
Three out of the eight sports consist of multiple disciplines.[49]
^abcFigure skating and ice hockey were featured as part of the Summer Olympics program before the Winter Olympics were inaugurated in 1924.
^Men's and women'salpine combined events have been included in the 2026 program on a provisional basis, subject to further review.[74]
^Military patrol is considered to be the precursor tobiathlon,[69] however the official website of the Olympic Movement designates military patrol as a separate discipline.[70][71] The Official Report of the 1924 Games regards it as an event within the sport of skiing.[72][73]
The following sports or disciplines have been demonstration sports at the Winter Olympic Games for the years shown, but have never been included on the Olympic program as a medal event.[75]
Number of times held (at summer or winter olympics, including demonstration)
Number of medal events
Aquatics
Artistic Swimming
11
21
Diving
29
139
Marathon swimming
5
10
Swimming
31
624
Water polo
29
36
Archery
18
76
Athletics
31
1095
Badminton
11
44
Basketball
3x3
2
4
Basketball
23
34
Boxing
27
278
Breaking
1
2
Canoeing
Sprint
22
216
Slalom
10
42
Cycling
BMX freestyle
2
4
BMX racing
5
10
Mountain bike
8
16
Road
28
73
Track
30
190
Equestrian
Dressage
26
48
Driving
1
2
Eventing
26
52
Jumping
27
55
Vaulting
1
2
Fencing
31
243
Field hockey
25
37
Football
29
37
Golf
5
10
Gymnastics
Artistic
31
348
Rhythmic
11
19
Trampoline
7
14
Handball
Field
2
1
Indoor
14
27
Judo
15
167
Modern pentathlon
26
44
Rowing
31
288
Rugby
Sevens
3
6
Union
4
4
Sailing
29
205
Shooting
29
318
Skateboarding
2
8
Sport climbing
2
6
Surfing
2
4
Table tennis
10
42
Taekwondo
9
56
Tennis
20
80
Triathlon
7
16
Volleyball
Beach
9
16
Indoor
17
32
Weightlifting
28
239
Wrestling
Freestyle
27
240
Greco-Roman
29
210
Baseball and softball
Baseball
14
6
Softball
5
5
Basque pelota
4
1
Cricket
1
1
Croquet
1
3
Jeu de paume
1
1
Karate
1
8
Lacrosse
5
2
Polo
5
5
Rackets
1
2
Roque
1
1
Tug of war
6
6
Water motorsports
2
3
Biathlon
17
96
Bobsleigh
Bobsleigh
23
51
Skeleton
8
14
Curling
11
17
Ice hockey
25
32
Luge
16
51
Skating
Figure
26
95
Short-track speed
10
65
Speed
24
202
Skiing
Alpine
21
164
Cross-country
24
181
Freestyle
10
57
Nordic combined
24
40
Ski jumping
24
54
Snowboarding
7
51
Ski mountaineering
0
0
Military patrol
4
1
Recognized international federations
Tug of war was contested at the1904 Summer Olympics. It was later dropped from the Olympic program but remains a recognized sport.
Many sports have their governing bodies recognized by the IOC, but are not contested at the Olympics.[76]
Such sports, if eligible under the terms of the Olympic Charter, may apply for inclusion in the program at future Games, through a recommendation by the IOC Olympic Programme Commission, followed by a decision of theIOC Executive Board and a vote of theIOC Session. When Olympic demonstration sports took place, a sport usually appeared as such before being officially admitted.[23]
A number of recognized sports are included in the program of theWorld Games, a multi-sport event run by theInternational World Games Association, an organization that operates under the patronage of the IOC. Since the start of the World Games in 1981, 16 sports and disciplines that have been competed there –badminton and baseball (1992), beach volleyball and softball (1996), taekwondo, trampoline,triathlon, women's water polo and women's weightlifting (2000), rugby sevens (2016), karate and sport climbing (2020), breakdancing (2024), and flag football, lacrosse sixes and squash (2028) – have subsequently been added to the Olympic program.
The governing bodies of the following sports currently not contested at the Olympic Games are recognized by the IOC:[77]
1 Official sport at theWorld Games. 2 Discontinued Olympic sport. 3 Water skiing and wakeboarding share the samegoverning body.
A sport can be contested at the Olympics even if most of its disciplines are not. For example,roller sports (governed byWorld Skate) are represented at the Olympics by skateboarding, but other disciplines such asinline skating orroller skating have not yet been added.
^"Disciplines".gymnastics.sport.International Gymnastics Federation. Retrieved3 October 2015. Clicking on the "Disciplines" tab in the main menu bar brings up a list of FIG disciplines; men's and women's artistic gymnastics are listed separately.
^"Competition Management by Sport"(PDF).library.la84.org. 25 July 2018. p. 362. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved27 January 2024.
^abLennartz, Karl; Teutenberg, Walter (1995).Olympische Spiele 1900 in Paris. Kassel, Germany: Agon-Sportverlag. p. 147.ISBN3-928562-20-7.In many works, it is read that the IOC later met to decide which events were Olympic and which were not. This is not correct and no decision has ever been made. No discussion of this item can be found in the account of any Session.
^Official Report (1924), p 646: Le Programme ... II. — Epreuves par équipes - 12. Ski : Course militaire (20 à 30 kilomètres, avec tir). (The Programme ... II. — Team events - 12. Skiing : Military Race (20 to 30 kilometres, with shooting)).
^Official Report (1924), p 664: CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE. (Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race)
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