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Her Worship Olivia Chow
鄒至蕙
Chow in 2024
66th Mayor of Toronto
Incumbent
Assumed office July 12, 2023
Deputy	Jennifer McKelvie Ausma Malik
Preceded by	John Tory
Member of Parliament forTrinity—Spadina
In office January 23, 2006 – March 12, 2014
Preceded by	Tony Ianno
Succeeded by	Adam Vaughan
Toronto City Councillor for Ward 20 Trinity—Spadina (Ward 24 Downtown; 1992–2000)
In office January 1, 1992 – November 28, 2006[1]
Preceded by	Dale Martin
Succeeded by	Martin Silva (2006)
Other roles
1985–1991	Toronto Board of Education Trustee
Personal details
Born	(1957-03-24)March 24, 1957 (age 67) British Hong Kong
Nationality	Canadian
Political party	Independent[a]
Other political affiliations	New Democratic
Spouse	Jack Layton ​ ​ (m. 1988; died 2011)​
Children	2 stepchildren, includingMike Layton
Residence(s)	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Alma mater	Ontario College of Art University of Toronto University of Guelph (BA)
Occupation	Politician professor
Website	mayoroliviachow.ca
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	鄒至蕙
Simplified Chinese	邹至蕙
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zōu Zhìhuì Wade–Giles Tsou1 Chih4 Hui4 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Jāu Ji-waih Jyutping Zau1 Zi3 Wai6

Olivia Chow (Chinese:鄒至蕙;Cantonese Yale:Jāu Ji-waih; born March 24, 1957) is a Canadian politician who has served as the66thmayor of Toronto since July 12, 2023. Previously, Chow served as theNew Democratic Party (NDP)member of Parliament (MP) forTrinity—Spadina from 2006 to 2014, and was a councillor on theMetro Toronto Council from 1992 to the1998 amalgamation followed byToronto City Council until 2005.

Born inBritish Hong Kong, Chow was first elected in 1985 as a Toronto school board trustee. She ran in the1991 Toronto election, where she was elected to Metropolitan Toronto Council and remained active in local Toronto politics until her election to theHouse of Commons in the2006 federal election. Her husband,Jack Layton, was also an MP, serving asleader of the Official Opposition in 2011 and leader of the NDP from 2003 untilhis death in 2011. Chow resigned her seat inParliament in 2014 to run for mayor in the2014 election, placing third toJohn Tory andDoug Ford. Following her 2014 campaign, she joinedToronto Metropolitan University as a distinguished visiting professor. In the2015 federal election, she unsuccessfully ran inSpadina—Fort York.

Chow waselected mayor in 2023 following Tory's resignation, defeating formerdeputy mayorAna Bailão and formerpolice chiefMark Saunders. Chow is the first female mayor post-amalgamation.^[3][4]

Chow was born in British Hong Kong, to Ho Sze, a schoolteacher, and Wilson Wai Sun Chow, a school superintendent.^[5] She was raised in a middle-class family inHappy Valley, a residential area in Hong Kong.^[6] She immigrated to Canada with her family in 1970 at the age of 13, settling in Toronto, where they first lived on the third floor of a rooming house inthe Annex, before moving to a high-rise unit inSt. James Town.^[7][8] Her father worked odd jobs, such as delivering Chinese food and driving taxis to support the family. Her mother became a seamstress and a maid, and worked in a hotel laundry.^[9] Her father suffered from mental illness and was physically abusive towards her half-brother, Andre, and her mother, but "nurturing and loving" towards Olivia.^[10][7]

Chow was raised in a ChineseBaptist household.^[11] As a young girl she was a slow learner and had to repeat grade 3. However, she soon started to excel academically and she later skipped grade 8.^[12] She attendedJarvis Collegiate Institute and studied fine arts at theOntario College of Art, and philosophy and religion at theUniversity of Toronto. In 1979, she graduated with an Honours Bachelor of Arts in fine art from theUniversity of Guelph.^[10]

After graduation, she worked as an artist. She owned a sculpture studio and created art pieces for clients. She still paints occasionally.^[12][13] She later taught atGeorge Brown College's Assaulted Women and Children Counselling and Advocacy Program for five years.

Chow first became active in politics working in the riding office of local NDP MPDan Heap in the early 1980s.^[14]

With Heap's support, Chow ran forschool board trustee, and won in November 1985.^[15][16] Beginning in 1986, Chow sought for programming to protect students on the basis of sexuality, spurred by incidents of harassment she was shown, and by themurder of Kenneth Zeller, a school librarian. This led to the introduction of what was believed to be Ontario's first sexuality school program, approved in May 1988 with support of director of education Ned McKeown.^{[17][18][19][20]} She served as head of the school board's race relations committee.^[21][22]

Popular on the school board, she was handily elected to Metropolitan Toronto Council in the1991 election for the Metro Toronto ward of Downtown (this ward was abolished in the 1997 amalgamation).^[23] The area had long been home to a diverse group of communities in the core of Canada's largest urban centre. Chow was re-elected several times to city council by wide margins. As councillor, Chow was an advocate for thehomeless,public transit, and many other urban issues that promotesustainable development. She was also a vociferous opponent of the proposedToronto Island Airport expansion, a controversial plan by theToronto Port Authority.

Following theamalgamation ofMetropolitan Toronto, she and her husbandJack Layton were prominent members of the city council. While sometimes critical of pro-development MayorMel Lastman and other suburban councillors, they worked with councillors across political lines to achieve practical progressive measures. Layton left his seat on council to become federal leader of the NDP. Both were supporters ofDavid Miller's successful2003 campaign to becomemayor of Toronto.

Chow was forced to resign her position on theToronto Police Services Board because, at a riot in front of theLegislative Assembly of Ontario, she informally attempted to persuade police to change their tactics. Some argued, however, that she was ousted for her outspoken attitude towards alleged police misconduct.

Chow, a cycling advocate, was renowned for her trademark bicycle, decorated with flowers and bright colours, which she rode every day toToronto City Hall.^[24]

In 1997, Chow ran as an NDP candidate for the House of Commons inTrinity—Spadina. Liberal incumbentTony Ianno won by 1,802 votes, receiving 45% of the total votes.

In 2004, Chow again received the Trinity—Spadina NDP nomination for thesummer federal election. With support from Jack Layton, a new urban focus of the NDP, and higher party popularity nationwide, she was widely expected to win despite some criticism from voters who elected her to a municipal seat just six months prior. She managed another strong second-place showing, but failed to unseat Ianno by only 805 votes, 1.5% of the total.

Tactical voting was blamed partially for Chow's defeat, as Liberal attack ads onConservative Party leaderStephen Harper attempted to make the election a choice between the Liberals and Conservatives, with the effect of attracting NDP-leaning voters to support the Liberals and stave off a potential Harper government. Chow also did not resign her council seat to run federally, with some suggesting that her constituents felt comfortable voting Liberal while still having Chow around to represent them at a different level of government.^{[citation needed]}

When the Liberal federal government was defeated on a motion of non-confidence, Chow resigned her city council seat of fourteen years on November 28, 2005, to make a third run at seat in the House of Commons. She was succeeded on city council on an interim basis byMartin Silva. As Silva was not allowed to run for re-election, Chow's constituency assistantHelen Kennedy ran but lost toAdam Vaughan.

On January 23, 2006, she won the Trinity—Spadina seat for the NDP in the federal election. She defeated Ianno by 3,667 votes, almost 6%. Along with Jack Layton she was part of only the second husband-and-wife team in Canadian parliamentary history to serve jointly. (Gurmant Grewal andNina Grewal were the first, winning their seats in the2004 election.)

In 2007, Chow sponsored a motion calling for Japan to apologize for forcing some 200,000 women to serve aswartime sex slaves. The motion was passed unanimously by Canada's parliament in November 2007. Chow said, "For me, this isn't crimes against 200,000 women. It's crimes against humanity and all of the world's citizens have a responsibility to speak out against it."^[25]

On June 3, 2008, Chow, "who [originally] brought in the motion",^{[attribution needed]} voted to implement a program which would "allowconscientious objectors ... to a war not sanctioned by theUnited Nations ... to ... remain in Canada". The motion gained international attention fromThe New York Times,^[26] theBBC^[27] and the New Zealand press.^[28] TheToronto Star reported: "[It] passed 137 to 110 ... But the motion is non-binding and the victory was bittersweet as the government (Conservative Party of Canada) is likely to ignore it."^[29][30][31] After Prime MinisterStephen Harper sought and received permission to seek a new mandate in2008, Chow would reintroduce the same motion in the40th Canadian Parliament. The House passed it on March 30, 2009, with a vote of 129–125.^[32][33] Chow was instrumental in debates and actions surroundingCanada and Iraq War resisters.

In the2011 Canadian federal election, which saw the NDP's historic rise toOfficial Opposition, Chow was re-elected handily in Trinity—Spadina with a margin of more than 20,000 votes over her nearest rival. She was named critic for transport, infrastructure and communities in theOfficial Opposition Shadow Cabinet. She also became the first spouse of a leader of the Opposition to be an MP as well.

However, her time inStornoway was to be short, as Jack Laytondied of cancer just three months after assuming office. Chow was in the spotlight as Layton's widow during the mourning period and state funeral, winning respect for her care for her husband in his last days and for her dignity and poise in grief,^[34] and her personal and political partnerships with Layton were eulogized.^[35] She ruled out a bid for theleadership of the NDP^[36] and pledged to remain neutral in the leadership race.^[37]

On March 12, 2014, Chow resigned her seat and registered to run in the 2014 mayoral race in Toronto.^[8][38]

Chow announced on July 28, 2015, that she was seeking the federal NDP nomination inSpadina—Fort York for the2015 federal election. The new riding comprises much of the former Trinity—Spadina riding. She faced Liberal MPAdam Vaughan, who was elected MP for Trinity—Spadina in 2014 in aby-election that was held following Chow's resignation to run for mayor.^[39][40] Chow lost to Vaughan by a wide margin amid a Liberal sweep of Toronto ridings.^[41]

Chow entered the2014 Toronto mayoral campaign in an attempt to unseat incumbentRob Ford after most polls taken over the previous year suggested she was best placed to win either a head-to-head vote against Ford or a multi-candidate contest. Ford's mayoralty had been at the centre of several controversies during his tenure, most significantly over accusations and ultimately Ford's own admission that he had usedcrack cocaine as well as allegations that he has associated with criminals. Chow was the only prominent centre-left candidate running against Ford. Her other major rivals in the election, former provincial Opposition leaderJohn Tory, councillorKaren Stintz and former budget chiefDavid Soknacki as well as Ford himself, were all centre-right candidates.^[38]

Chow's campaign manager wasJohn Laschinger, who previously managedDavid Miller's mayoral campaigns as well as federal and provincial Conservative campaigns. Former federal and provincial Liberal strategistWarren Kinsella also worked on her campaign. Other senior staff included former MuchMusic VJJennifer Hollett,^[42] former NDP national director Nathan Rotman,^[43] andBrian Topp,^[44] a former NDP leadership candidate. Supporters included former Ontario Liberal cabinet ministerGeorge Smitherman (who was the runner-up to Ford in the2010 mayoral election) and filmmakerDeepa Mehta.^[38]

Chow's three priority areas were transit, children and jobs.^[45] She came out against subway expansion in favour of more buses, and building LRTs lines on Toronto's roads.^[46] She also released policies about expanding after-school recreation programs for children aged 6–11,^[47] as well as creating 5,000 jobs and training opportunities for young people through community benefits agreements.^[48]

Over the course of the election, Chow went from the polling favourite at the beginning of the campaign to eventually placing third in the election. Polls suggested she failed to capitalize on her early popularity and fell victim to strategic voting.^[49]

On April 17, 2023, Chow announced her campaign formayor of Toronto in the2023 by-election.^[50]

The provincial government's controversial plan to redevelopOntario Place into a spa and waterpark, as well as to move theOntario Science Centre from its original site was criticized by Chow, who proposed stalling the province's plans by withholding a portion of city-owned land on the site.^[51]

Chow's housing policies include building 25,000 rent-controlled homes on city-owned land, with the city acting as a developer. She proposed increasing the vacant property tax to 3 per cent, directing funds to support affordable housing initiatives such as rent supplements, as well as increasing the land transfer tax on luxury homes, using funds to support people who are homeless. Chow also committed to opening 24/7respite spaces and creating 1000 rent supplements. Her housing platform also includes policies aimed at supporting tenants, including combatting renovictions, doubling Toronto'srent bank, establishing a $100 million fund to purchase rental properties from private landlords and transferring them to not-for-profits, and expanding RentSafeTO, the city's building standards enforcement program.^[52][53][54]

On transit, Chow proposed converting theLine 3 Scarborough corridor into abusway, once it has been decommissioned, estimated to cost $60 million with funding coming from savings realized by cancelling theGardiner Expressway rebuild east ofCherry Street. She would reverse cuts made to theToronto Transit Commission (TTC) in the 2023 budget and expand cell phone service on the subway system to all networks.^[54][53]

Chow promised to create a team to reduce9-1-1 wait times and expand theToronto Community Crisis Service city-wide.^[55] She supports the plan endorsed byToronto Public Health,CAMH andToronto police chiefMyron Demkiw to request a personal drug possession exemption from the federal government.^[56]

On June 26, 2023, Chow was elected as mayor of Toronto.^[57][58] In an election with 102 candidates, Chow won with 37.2% of the vote defeatingAna Bailão who placed second with 32.5%.^[59]

Following a transition period of two weeks, Chow was sworn in as the 66th mayor of Toronto on July 12, 2023.^[60]

As mayor, Chow can appoint or dismiss the deputy mayor, city department heads, the chairs and vice-chairs of council committees, as well as form the striking committee, which determines the composition of other council committees.^[61]

Just over a month into her term on August 10, 2023, Chow made a number of changes to key mayoral appointments.Ausma Malik was named the newdeputy mayor of Toronto, taking over fromJennifer McKelvie, who would continue to hold the title in an honorary capacity along withMike Colle andAmber Morley. Chow also appointedShelly Carroll to chair the budget committee,Gord Perks as chair of planning and housing,Jaamal Myers as chair of theTTC, andAlejandra Bravo as chair of the economic and community development committee.^[62]The Local notes that the councillors in lead roles come from progressive backgrounds, and the many progressives and centrist councillors appointed to committees have resulted in a wider political range than under the previous administration. Overall, the committee structure experienced a "leftward" shift.^[63]

On December 16, 2024, she dismissedBrad Bradford from his role as vice-chair of the City’s Planning and Housing Committee and replaced him withFrances Nunziata.^[64]

During the 2023 by-election, the city's budget shortfall was a major topic of discussion as Toronto's 2023 operating budget faced a shortfall of $1.5 billion.^[65] Absent financial assistance from other levels of government, the city would be forced use its reserve fund in order to avoid running a deficit.^[66] Due to a decline in revenues during the COVID-19 pandemic, the City of Toronto relied on transfer payments from other levels of government to sustain its operating budget.^[67] In her first speech as mayor, Chow called on the provincial and federal governments to commit to a "new deal" for funding the city, criticizing them for withholding a bailout as the city continued to struggle from the financial impact of COVID-19.^[68]

Following her first official meeting with PremierDoug Ford on September 18, 2023, Chow and Ford announced that the city and province would form a working group of senior officials to discuss long-term sustainability and stability in Toronto's finances.^[69][70] Chow noted that the city was carrying $1.1 billion in services on behalf of the provincial and federal governments, while Ford committed to avoiding new taxes.^[71] On October 30, ahead of their second meeting, Chow and Ford wrote a joint letter to Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau calling on the federal government to join the working group.^[72] The following day, Chow confirmed that the federal government would participate in the working group.^[73]

On November 27, 2023, Chow and Ford held a joint press conference where they announced that the city and province had come to an agreement regarding a "new deal". In the deal, the province would take over responsibility for theF.G. Gardiner Expressway andDon Valley Parkway, as well as a $300 million dollar transfer for transit operations and safety. Contingent on federal funding, Ford also committed $758 million to procure new subway trains forLine 2 Bloor–Danforth and $600 million across three years to address homelessness. The province would also provide up $342 million over 2024, 2025 and 2026, conditional on Toronto exceeding its annual housing targets by 125 per cent each year.^[74][75] In total, the deal includes $1.2 billion over three years in operating funding and $7.6 billion in capital relief.^[76] As part of the agreement, the City of Toronto also conceded that it does not have the ability to stop the province's controversial plans to redevelopOntario Place into a private spa and water park, breaking a promise Chow made during her campaign.^[77][78]

On January 10, 2024, following a series of pre-budget consultations, city staff presented the Budget Committee with their proposed budget. The initial staff budget proposed a 10.5 per cent property tax increase, contingent on the federal government providing $250 million to house refugee claimants. Without federal funding, the increase could rise to 16.5 per cent.^[79] The city later decreased the proposed property tax increase to 9.5 per cent.^[80] Either tax increase would be the largest since the 1998 amalgamation of Toronto.^[81]

The 2025 budget features a proposed 6.9 per cent tax hike for homeowners to help fund $18.8 billion in operating expenses she says are aimed at improving key city services such as funding to feed 8,000 more students through school food programs. It also includes a 5.4 per cent property tax increase and the annual 1.5 per cent "city building fund" levy. In January 2025, she announced that TTC fares would be frozen for the second straight year, with Chow introducing a 5.8 per cent increase in service hours that addresses challenges such as traffic congestion.^[82] Defending the tax increases, Chow said that "this proposed budget will mean change in Torontonians' lives today".^[83]

In January 2025, Chow announced that the federal, provincial, and municipal governments would provide $975 million to build 14,000 new homes near theToronto waterfront. Previously, she announced that the city would build 7000 new rental homes and build Toronto’s first affordable housing project delivered through the Public Developer Delivery model.^{[84][85][86][87]}

Following her 2023 election, Chow indicated her support for the city's plan to renameDundas Street and related civic assets.^[88] In 2020, a petition which received over 14,000 signatures calling for the renaming of the street and related civic assets prompted then-Mayor John Tory to direct city staff to begin a review of the renaming, which was subsequently adopted by city council in 2021 at a cost of $6 million.^[89] By 2023, the projected cost had risen to $13 million.^[90]Henry Dundas was a Scottish politician who is controversially known for his role in delaying the abolition of thetrans-Atlantic slave trade.^[91] In December 2023, Chow supported a motion introduced by CouncillorChris Moise, which would adopt the recommendation of an advisory committee to renameYonge–Dundas Square toSankofa Square, a Ghanan word describing the concept of reflecting on teachings from the past.^[90] Council also voted to renameDundas Station after theToronto Metropolitan University (TMU),Dundas West Station and theJane/Dundas Library.^[90][92] The plan would see the cost of renaming the square funded by developers through community benefit charges and the cost of renaming Dundas Station funded by TMU. The renaming of the street was deferred indefinitely due to budget pressures.^[90][92]

The name "Sankofa Square" was met unfavourably by the majority of Torontonians; a poll conducted in January 2024 found that 71 percent of respondents disapproved of the new name.^[93] Right-leaningToronto Sun commentatorBrian Lilley praised the cost savings of Chow's decision to cancel the renaming of the street, describing it as a "compromising between what she wanted and what was possible".^[94]

Chow supported a motion introduced by CouncillorPaul Ainslie in December 2023 to renameCentennial Park Stadium inEtobicoke after former mayorRob Ford, who died in 2016.^[95] The motion faced opposition owing from Ford's controversialtenure as mayor, however, Chow defended her support, stating that she understood "the pain of losing a loved one" and "what that meant for the Ford family".^[96] The stadium was officially renamed Rob Ford Stadium on May 28, 2024. Chow attended the renaming ceremony along with former mayor Ford's family including his brother, Premier Ford.^[97]

Weeks after taking office, Chow had an approval rating of 73% according to Liaison Strategies.^[98] Following the release of the 2024 budget, her approval rating decreased to 55%, which was attributed to a property tax hike within the budget.^[99] In a poll taken a year after she took office, Chow had a similar approval rating of 59% among Torontonians.^[100]

Following her loss in the 2014 municipal election, Chow was appointed to a three-year term, beginning March 1, 2015,^[101] as distinguished visiting professor in the Faculty of Arts inToronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), with a focus on community engagement and democratic participation.^[39][102] On July 28, 2015, then-Ryerson University released a statement that it had agreed to grant Chow's request for a leave of absence from the university so that she could run for MP.^[103]

Chow's personal memoir, titledMy Journey, was published January 21, 2014.^[104]

In 2016, Chow founded the Institute for Change Leaders, an organization affiliated withToronto Metropolitan University which teaches political campaign and organizing skills.^[105]

Chow was married toJack Layton from 1988 until his death in August 2011. On August 20, 2012, she unveiled a statue dedicated to Layton; tributes to him were written in English, Chinese and French. The statue is located inHarbour Square Park at theJack Layton Ferry Terminal.

Chow is stepmother to Layton's two children from his previous marriage to Sally Halford, one of whom,Mike Layton, was a Toronto city councillor from 2010 to 2022. Chow's half-brother, Andre, lives inSeattle and is anAmerican citizen.^[106]

In 2005, she revealed that she had undergone surgery forthyroid cancer in 2004. She decided to speak out to raise awareness of the disease.^[107] In 2013, she was diagnosed withRamsay Hunt syndrome type II.^[108]

Chow speaksCantonese,Mandarin and English.^[109]

She was portrayed bySook-Yin Lee in the 2013CBC Television filmJack. Lee won aCanadian Screen Award for her performance.^[110]

Chow is aStar Trek fan.^{[111][112][113]}

In May 2012, Chow was named one of the top 25 Canadian immigrants in Canada by theCanadian Immigrant magazine.^[114]

Chow was voted "Best City Councillor" on numerous occasions by Toronto's alternative weekliesNow Magazine^[115][116] andEye Weekly.

v t e 2015 Canadian federal election:Spadina—Fort York
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Liberal	Adam Vaughan	30,141	54.66	30.27	–
	New Democratic	Olivia Chow	15,047	27.28	22.36	–
	Conservative	Sabrina Zuniga	8,673	15.73	5.13	–
	Green	Sharon Danley	1,137	2.06	2.11	–
	PACT	Michael Nicula	91	0.17	–	–
	Marxist–Leninist	Nick Lin	59	0.11	–	–
Total valid votes/expense limit			55,148	100.0		$205,892.35
Total rejected ballots			268	0.48	–
Turnout			55,416	73.93	–
Eligible voters			74,958
Source:Elections Canada[119][120]

• Layton family

• Chow, Olivia (2014).My Journey. Toronto:HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.ISBN 978-1443428293.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toOlivia Chow.

• Olivia Chow onInstagram
• Official website
• Olivia Chow – Parliament of Canada biography
• City of Toronto: About Mayor Olivia Chow
• Olivia Chow onTwitter
• imwitholivia.ca Web Archive - 2014 Toronto Mayoral Collection - created by the University of Toronto Libraries
• oliviachow.ca Web Archive - 2014 Toronto Mayoral Collection - created by the University of Toronto Libraries
• stopchownow.ca Web Archive - 2014 Toronto Mayoral Collection - created by the University of Toronto Libraries
• Olivia Chow atIMDb

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