Oliverotto Euffreducci, known asOliverotto of Fermo (1475, inFermo – 31 December 1502, inSenigallia), was an Italiancondottiero and lord ofFermo during the pontificate ofAlexander VI. His career is described inNiccolò Machiavelli'sIl Principe.
Euffreducci was born inFermo. During his childhood, he was brought up by his uncle, Giovanni Fogliani after he was left fatherless.[1] He was sent to serve as a soldier under thecondottiero Paolo Vitelli in order to win high command. In 1495, he fought with Vitelli first atPisa and then inNaples for the French. In 1499, the two were fighting for the Florentines against Pisa, but both were accused of treason byFlorence. Vitelli was summarily put to death while Oliverotto was spared due to the intervention of the government of Fermo. He then united withVitellozzo Vitelli, Paolo's brother, and both went into the service ofCesare Borgia.
As his ambition grew, Oliverotto wanted to seizeFermo for himself. Consequently, he wrote to his uncle, claiming he wanted to meet him. Suspecting no foul play from his nephew, Fogliani brought the citizens of Fermo and lodged him in his ownmansion. Soon, Oliverotto prepared a formalbanquet in which he invited the prominent people of Fermo and his uncle. As Machiavelli put it:
When the food and all the other entertainments that are usual in such banquets were finished, Oliverotto, with cunning, began certain grave discourses, speaking of the greatness of Pope Alexander and his son Cesare, and of their enterprises, to which discourse Giovanni and others answered; but he rose at once, saying that such matters ought to be discussed in a more private place, and he betook himself to a chamber, whither Giovanni and the rest of the citizens went in after him. No sooner were they seated than soldiers issued from secret places and killed Giovanni and the rest. (The Prince, Chapter VIII)
Then, Oliverotto laid siege to the palace of thegoverning council, and, having scared them all, set up a government and gave himself absolute power.[2] Later, he made himself a formidable ruler to all of his neighbouring states.
In May 1502, Oliverotto conqueredCamerino for Cesare Borgia. However, realizing that the Duke was becoming stronger, he attended the meeting at La Magione withGiulio,Paolo andFrancesco Orsini,Gian Paolo Baglioni,Pandolfo Petrucci, Vitelli and others, on 9 October. Although Oliverotto was against Paolo Orsini's line of reconciliation with Cesare Borgia, he nonetheless tookSenigallia in Cesare's name. But this didn't change Borgia's secret design, and the Duke had him captured and strangled, together with Vitellozzo Vitelli, on 31 December 1502.[3][4] Oliverotto was succeeded as ruler by his son Ludovico, who ruled until he was killed at the Battle of Monto Giorgio in 1520 when Fermo became again directly subjected to theHoly See.
As withAgathocles of Syracuse, he is immortalized in Machiavelli'sThe Prince as one of the leaders who gained power via criminal means. He is portrayed as a violent and cunning character.
