Many of the old soldiers' homes in the United States were constructed in high Victorian style, like the New Hampshire Soldiers' Home in Tilton, New Hampshire.
In the United Kingdom the Royal Hospital Chelsea was established byKing Charles II in 1682 as a retreat for veterans.[1] The provision of a hostel rather than the payment of pensions was inspired byLes Invalides in Paris.[1]
TheRoyal Hospital Chelsea, often called simplyChelsea Hospital,[2] is aretirement home andnursing home for some 300 veterans of theBritish Army. It is a 66-acre site located onRoyal Hospital Road inChelsea, London. It is an independent charity and relies partly upon donations to cover day-to-day running costs to provide care and accommodation for veterans.
Any man or woman who is over the age of 65 and served as a regular soldier may apply to become aChelsea Pensioner (i.e. a resident), on the basis they have found themselves in a time of need and are "of good character". They must not, however, have any dependent spouse or family and former Officers must have served at least 12 years in the ranks before receiving a commission.
The site for the Royal Hospital was an area ofChelsea which held an incomplete building "Chelsey College", a theological collegeJames I founded in 1609.[1] The Royal Hospital opened its doors to theChelsea Pensioners in 1692 for "the relief and succour" of veterans. Some of the first soldiers admitted included those injured at theBattle of Sedgemoor.[3]
The hospital maintains a 'military-based culture which puts a premium on comradeship'. The in-pensioners are formed into three companies, each headed by a Captain of Invalids (an ex-Army officer responsible for the 'day to day welfare, management and administration' of the pensioners under his charge).[4]
There is also a Secretary who traditionally was responsible for paying the Army pensions, but today they look after the annual budget, staff, buildings and grounds. Further senior staff include the Physician & Surgeon, the Matron, the Quartermaster, the Chaplain and the Adjutant.[5]
A Board of Commissioners has governed the Royal Hospital since 1702. The ex-officio chairman of the board isHM Paymaster General (whose predecessor Sir Stephen Fox was instrumental in founding the Hospital in the seventeenth century). The purpose of the Board is 'to guide the development of The Royal Hospital, ensuring the care and well-being of the Chelsea Pensioners who live there and safeguarding the historic buildings and grounds, which it owns in trust'.[6]
Royal Hospital is also a ward of the Kensington and Chelsea Council. The population at the 2011 Census was 7,252.[7]
Greenwich Hospital was a permanent home for retiredsailors of theRoyal Navy, which operated from 1692 to 1869. Its buildings were later used by theRoyal Naval College, Greenwich and theUniversity of Greenwich, and are now known as theOld Royal Naval College. The word "hospital" was used in its original sense of a place providing hospitality for those in need of it, and did not refer to medical care, although the buildings included an infirmary which, after Greenwich Hospital closed, operated as Dreadnought Seaman's Hospital until 1986. The foundation which operated the hospital still exists, for the benefit of former Royal Navy personnel and their dependents. It now provides sheltered housing on other sites.
The hospital was created as theRoyal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich on the instructions ofQueen Mary II, who had been inspired by the sight of wounded sailors returning from theBattle of La Hogue in 1692. She ordered the King Charles wing of the palace - originally designed by architectJohn Webb for KingCharles II in 1664 - to be remodelled as a naval hospital to provide a counterpart for theChelsea Hospital for soldiers. SirChristopher Wren and his assistantNicholas Hawksmoor gave their services free of charge as architects of the new Royal Hospital. SirJohn Vanbrugh succeeded Wren as architect, completing the complex to Wren's original plans.[8]
Construction was financed through an endowment, financed through the transfer of £19,500 in fines paid by merchants convicted of smuggling in 1695, a public fundraising appeal which brought in £9,000, and a £2,000 annual contribution from Treasury. In 1705 an additional £6,472 was paid into the fund, comprising the liquidated value of estates belonging to the recently hanged pirateCaptain William Kidd.[9]
The first of the principal buildings constructed was the King Charles Court (the oldest part dating back to the restoration), completed in 1705. The first governor,Sir William Gifford, took up office in 1708.[10]
1880's "Soldiers' Home" in Washington D.C. (Roose's companion and guide to Washington and vicinity (1887))
The first national veterans' home in the United States was theUnited States Naval Home approved in 1811 but not opened until 1834 in thePhiladelphia Naval Yard. The Naval Home was moved toGulfport, Mississippi in 1976.[11] It was subsequently opened to veterans of other services and is now the Gulfport Campus of the Armed Forces Retirement Home.[12]
The first Army national old soldiers' home in the U.S. was established inWashington, D.C., in 1851.[13]General Winfield Scott founded the Soldier's Home in Washington, D.C., and another (since fallen into disuse) inHarrodsburg, Kentucky with about $118,000 in leftover proceeds of assessments on occupied Mexican towns and the sale of captured tobacco in theMexican–American War.[14]
The Old Soldier's Home, now known as theArmed Forces Retirement Home, was the site ofPresident Lincoln's Cottage, a 34-room Gothic Revival cottage, which served as Lincoln's summer home during theAmerican Civil War.[15] It is adjacent toNational Cemetery, the firstfederal military cemetery in the United States. The Home has remained in continuous use since its establishment. It is located on a 250-acre (1.0 km2) wooded campus overlooking the U.S. Capitol in the heart of Washington, D.C., three miles from the White House,[15] and continues to serve as a retirement home for U.S. enlisted men and women. Both the Washington, D.C., and Gulfport soldiers' and sailors' homes are funded through a small monthly contribution from the pay of members of the U.S. Armed Services.
Following theAmerican Civil War the federal government increased the number ofNational Military Homes, and took over a few formerly state-run old soldiers' homes. By 1933 there were 17 federally managed veterans homes. All except the first two of these homes were eventually combined with other federal government agencies to become part of what is now called theVeterans Administration, or U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs established in 1930.[citation needed]
Caring for the disabled and elderly, and the widows and orphans of men who died in the war became a concern even before theCivil War ended. For example, in 1864Fitch's Home for Soldiers and Their Orphans was opened with private donations inConnecticut. Various female benevolent societies pushed for the creation of a long-term care federal or state soldier home system at the end of the war.[16] Large veterans organizations like theGrand Army of the Republic[17][18] andUnited Confederate Veterans eventually also worked for the creation of federal and state homes to care for disabled or elderly veterans. In a few cases veterans organizations on their own raised the money to buy property and build veterans homes. Most of these were quickly turned over to the state government to fund and manage. The majority of state legislatures established veterans homes paid for by state monies from the start. 43 states managed 55 functioning state veterans homes before 1933. Fourteen of those states also had a federal veterans home open at the same time as their state veterans home.
Eleven states had two or more state veterans homes in operation at the same time (two of which also had a federal home). Some states simply had several homes at once. A few states admitted veterans' widows, and a few other states established separate homes for the widows and orphans. A few states had separateUnion andConfederate old soldiers' homes. The first of 16 Confederate homes was opened in 1881 in Georgetown, Kentucky.[19] Confederate soldiers' homes were supported entirely by subscribers or by the states, with no funds from the federal government against which the Confederates had fought.
A few state-run old soldiers' homes were eventually folded into the federal veterans home system. As their last few Civil War veterans were dying in the 1930s, some states chose to close their old soldiers' homes, and other states began admission of veterans from more recent wars. Several of these state old soldiers' homes have been modernized and stopped serving veterans.
Soldier homes in major cities were among the earliest, usually starting more as hotels for men passing through town, but increasingly taking on disabled servicemen. These were usually operated as paying businesses rather than being fully funded by the government.[16]Philadelphia had two soldiers' homes which were associated with nearbysaloons and got their start as a part of the refreshment and lodging business.[20] Women activists also helped establish disabled soldiers' homes inBoston,Chicago, andMilwaukee, or in conjunction with theU.S. Sanitary Commission in 25 other cities. The Boston home closed in 1869, the Philadelphia homes closed in 1872, the Chicago Soldiers' Home lasted until 1877, and Milwaukee turned into a federal home.[21]
During the Civil War, theUS Sanitary Commission provided Union servicemen "[t]emporary aid and protection,—food, lodging, care, etc.,—for soldiers in transitn[sic], chiefly the discharged, disabled, and furloughed." By 1865 the Commission operated 18 "soldiers' homes," 11 "lodges," and one "rest" in 15 states north and south (for a list seeCommission bulletin, 3:1279). Most of their homes were war-time facilities and were closed at war's end. They are not included in the following list.
List of historic old soldiers' and sailors' homes in the United States
^J. Bold, P. Guillery, D. Kendall,Greenwich: an architectural history of the Royal Hospital for Seamen and the Queen's House (Yale University Press) 2001.
^Kemp, Peter (1970).The British Sailor: a Social History of the Lower Deck. Aldine Press. p. 64.ISBN0460039571.
^"Memorial: M2378".Maritime Memorials. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved29 March 2016.
^R. B. Rosenburg,Living Monuments: Confederate Soldier's Homes in the New South (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1993), 28–29, citing GeorgetownWeekly Times, 13 July; 30 November 1881; 14 November 1883; "Confederate Soldiers' Home," "Subscribers to Confederate Soldiers' Home and Widows' and Orphans' Asylum," Kentucky State Archives, Frankfort;Southern Historical Society Papers, 11 (1883): 432.
^Library Company of Philadelphia, "McA 5778.F Civil War Volunteer Saloons and Hospitals Ephemera Collection 1861‐1868" ([Philadelphia, Pa.: LCP, 2006), 5.Digitized (Retrieved 16 December 2009).
^This list does not include soldiers' orphans' homes separate from the old soldiers' home, norU.S. Sanitary Commission soldiers' homes.
^R. B. Rosenburg,Living Monuments: Confederate Soldier's Homes in the New South (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1993), 215, says the Alabama Dept. of Archives and History, Montgomery, has cemetery rosters, insurance papers, and superintendent reports.
^"VA Hospital Began with 250 Beds, Now Has 2,307" inThe Tuskegee News, 8 February 1973. Atarchived on 27 January 2010
^Rosenburg, 215, says the Arkansas State Archives, Little Rock, has applications for admission, Board of Managers reports, and superintendent's reports.
^Rosenburg, 215 and 218, says the Jacksonville Public Library, Jacksonville, has applications for admission, Board of Directors letters received, and Florida Soldiers' Home Papers.
^Rosenburg, 215 and 218, says the Georgia Dept. of Archives and History, Atlanta, has applications for admission, Board of Trustees letters received, minutes, and reports, hospital record book, invoices, list of persons subscribing contributions, payrolls, record of miscellaneous functions, record of admissions, discharges and deaths, record of donations, register of inmates, George N. Saussey Diary, and visitors' register, and the Atlanta Historical Society, Atlanta, has a Confederate veterans file.
^Rosenburg, 216, says the Kentucky State Archives, Frankfort, has a list of Subscribers to the Confederate Soldiers' Home and Widows' and Orphans' Asylum.
^Rosenburg, 216, says the Kentucky State Archives, Frankfort, has Board of Trustees minutes, clothing issue book, commandant reports, hospital register, inmates register, miscellaneous reports, officer and employee payroll, physician and undertaker records, purchase ledgers, and rules and regulations.
^Rosenburg, 216, says the Louisiana Historical Association Collection at the Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane Univ., New Orleans, has Board of Directors correspondence, House Committee reports, Investigating Committee reports, membership lists, minutes, President reports, reports 1886–1938, Secretary reports; clippings and pamphlets, financial reports, rules and regulations, Superintendent reports, and Surgeon reports.
^Associated Topeka Libraries Automated System catalog description citing Discharged Soldiers' Home (Boston, Mass.), "Sixth Annual Report of the Discharged Soldiers' Home [microform] : with the Constitution, By-laws, and a List of the Officers" (Boston: Press of Geo. C. Rand and Avery, 1868) athttp://lib.wuacc.edu/search/o?19691777[permanent dead link] (Retrieved 18 December 2009), and "Sixth Annual Report of the Board of State Charities of Massachusetts" (Boston, Mass.: Wright and Potter, 1870). Digitized by Google Books athttps://books.google.com/books?id=APTJAAAAMAAJ (Retrieved 18 December 2009), 111–13.]
^Rosenburg, 216, says the William D. McCain Library, Univ. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, has Board of Directors correspondence, minute books 1920–1936, and reports, and the Mississippi Dept. of Archives and History, Jackson, has the register of inmates.
^Kearny High School "Home for Disabled Soldiers" in Kearny Photos: Landmarks [Internet site] at"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved7 September 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (Retrieved 5 December 2009), and Deborah Fitts, "Kearny Veterans Home Statue Will Be Replaced" inCivil War News [Internet site] at"Kearny Veterans Home Statue Will be Replaced". Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved7 September 2011. (Retrieved 5 December 2009).
^Deborah Fitts, "Kearny Veterans Home Statue Will Be Replaced" inCivil War News [Internet site] at"Kearny Veterans Home Statue Will be Replaced". Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved7 September 2011. (Retrieved 5 December 2009).
^Frank John Urquhart,History of the City of Newark, New Jersey (New York: Lewis Historical Publ., 1913; digitized by Google Books, 2006), 2:719.
^New York State Legislature, Documents of the Senate of the State of New York – One Hundred and Fortieth Session (Albany, N.Y.: J.B. Lyon Co., 1917; Digitized by Google Books), 133 (Retrieved 12 January 2010).
^Rosenburg, 216-17, says the North Carolina Div. of Archives and History, Raleigh, has Board of Incorporators minutes, building and maintenance expenses, drug and whiskey account, hospital record of patients, hospital register, inmate expenses, inmate record, inmate register, inmate roll book, ledger accounts paid, record of clothing issued, Superintendent's inmate behavior log, visitors' register, and warrants and weekly payroll.
^"Philadelphia City National Cemetery Haines Street and Limekiln Pike Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19138" at"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 August 2009. Retrieved19 December 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (Retrieved 16 December 2009), page 223.
^United States, National Archives, "Sample Case Files of Members, Battle Mountain Sanitarium, 1907–1934" inSelected Military Personnel Records in ARC at www.archives.gov/research/arc/topics/personnel-files (Retrieved 16 December 2009).
Locating Old Soldiers Home Records in the United States before World War II, showing the name of each home, years of operation, some Internet links to related sites, and in some cases the known manuscript collections of their records.
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