Old Town San Diego Historic District | |
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| Location | San Diego, California |
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| Coordinates | 32°45′16.77″N117°11′50.42″W / 32.7546583°N 117.1973389°W /32.7546583; -117.1973389 |
| Area | 29.08 acres (117,700 m2) |
| Built | 1825 |
| Architectural style | Colonial |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000182[1] |
| CHISL No. | 830[2] |
| SDHL No. | 14 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | September 3, 1971 |
| Designated SDHL | November 6, 1970[3] |
Old Town San Diego State Historic Park is a state protected historical park in theOld Town neighborhood ofSan Diego, California. The park commemorates the early days of San Diego; it includes many historic buildings from the period 1820 to 1870. The park was established in 1968.[4] In 2005 and 2006,California State Parks listed Old Town San Diego as the most visited state park in California.
In 1969, the site was registered asCalifornia Historical Landmark No. 830.[2] Then on September 3, 1971, it was added to theNational Register of Historic Places asOld Town San Diego Historic District.[1]
The first European settlement on theWest Coast of the present-day United States was theSan Diego Presidio, a military outpost ofSpanish California, founded byGaspar de Portolà in 1769.Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by FatherJunípero Serra the same year. The Presidio and Mission were originally built on a bluff above theSan Diego River, Presidio Hill, which is now the site of the city-ownedPresidio Park and which is immediately adjacent to Old Town State Historic Park.
After five years the Mission moved to a location several miles upriver at the present site of Mission San Diego de Alcalá. Presidio Hill remained the primary settlement for several decades because it was defensible against attack by European enemies or hostile Native Americans. As the need for defense decreased, settlers preferred to live at the base of the hill because of greater convenience. In the 1820s the town of San Diego grew up at the base of the bluff, at the site commemorated by Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The Presidio was abandoned and fell into disrepair.[5]
During thepueblo period following Mexican independence, the Old Town area was the commercial and governmental hub of the region, even though its population was never more than a few hundred. San Diego during this period is vividly described byRichard Henry Dana Jr. in his classic bookTwo Years Before the Mast. In 1834 the Mexican government granted San Diego the status of apueblo or chartered town; however, its pueblo status was revoked in 1838 due to declining population. One problem limiting the town's growth was its location far from navigable water. All imports and exports had to be brought ashore inPoint Loma and carried several miles overLa Playa Trail to the town.[6]
When California was admitted to the United States in 1850, San Diego (still largely limited to the Old Town area) was made thecounty seat ofSan Diego County, even though the town's population was only 650.[7]
The Old Town area remained the heart of the city of San Diego until the 1860s, when a newcomer to San Diego namedAlonzo Horton began to promote development at the site of present-daydowntown San Diego. Residents and businesses quickly abandoned "Old Town" for Horton's "New Town" because of New Town's proximity to shipping. In 1871 government records were moved from Old Town to a new county courthouse in New Town, and Downtown permanently eclipsed Old Town as the focal point of San Diego.[8]
Old Town San Diego State Historic Park preserves and recreates Old Town as it existed during the Mexican and early American periods, from its settlement in 1821, through 1872 when it lost its dominant position to Downtown.
The Old Town area is a popular tourist destination, known especially for its Mexican restaurants. The state park itself hosts several eating establishments, and other restaurants and gift shops are found in the surrounding neighborhood.
Five originaladobe buildings are part of the complex, which includes shops, restaurants and museums. Other historic buildings include a schoolhouse, a blacksmith shop, San Diego's first newspaper office, a cigar and pipe store, houses and gardens, and a stable with a carriage collection. There are also stores, with local artisans demonstrating their craft. The shops located in this area are festive and distinctive capturing the cultural history of San Diego. They have boutiques, antique stores, retro shops, outlet centers, and local independently owned shops. They also have diverse shops that highlight upcoming artists' work and their culture.[9] There is no charge to enter the state park or any of its museums.
The museums include:
The commercial facilities in Old Town State Park, such as restaurants and gift shops, are managed by outside contractors. For more than 30 years the largest single contractor was Bazaar del Mundo ("Bazaar of the World"), run by San Diego businesswoman Diane Powers. In a controversial move, in 2005 the state park agency did not renew her contract but awarded it to Plaza del Pasado ("Plaza of the Past"), run by Delaware North Companies.[13] The goal was to create a more authentic and historically accurate presentation and appreciation of life and commerce in San Diego from 1821 to 1872. However revenue plunged under the new management.[14] In spring 2009, Delaware North withdrew from its contract with the state and management changed hands to the Old Town Family Hospitality Corporation, headed by local restaurateur Chuck Ross.[15] The commercial area is now called Fiesta de Reyes ("Festival of the Kings").
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